title: Direct-Contact Low-Frequency Ultrasound Clearance of Biofilm From Metallic Implant Materials.
abstract: Introduction:Biofilms are recognized as a significant deterrent to wound healing and to the management of exposed or infected surgical implants. Biofilms can be disrupted by a variety of enzymatic and mechanical interventions. This experiment was designed to determine whether direct-contact low-frequency ultrasound has the ability to clear biofilms and what then happens to the released bacteria.Methods:Staphylococcus epidermidisbiofilm was grown on the surfaces of metallic discs composed of titanium and stainless steel, comparable with the alloys used in surgical implants. The discs were treated with a control of irrigation and no ultrasound, followed by the ultrasound for a 10 second of exposure at a mid-level power setting. The irrigation materials used was either normal saline or hypochlorous acid. The effluent was cultured to determine colony-forming units, and the discs were stained with crystal violet to determine whether there was a residual biofilm.Results:The biofilm was cleared completely from all discs when treated with direct-contact low-frequency ultrasound. However, the released bacteria were viable and could be cultured from the effluent when saline was used as the irrigation medium. When hypochlorous acid was used as the irrigation medium, there was complete killing of all planktonic bacteria.Conclusion:Direct-contact low-frequency ultrasound is effective when used to clear biofilms from metallic implant materials. By using hypochlorous acid as the irrigant during treatment, all of the bacteria released from the biofilm were killed as well. The implications for clinical application are important and need to be independently studied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Granick
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers New Jersey Dental School, Newark.
authors.forename: Chaitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paribathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers New Jersey Dental School, Newark.
authors.forename: Mayilvahanan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shanmugam
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers New Jersey Dental School, Newark.
authors.forename: Narayanan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramasubbu
keywords: biofilm; chronic wound; debridement; infected implant; ultrasound