title: Clinical characteristics of latent classes of CO2hypersensitivity in adolescents and young adults.
abstract: Although breathing CO2-enriched air reliably increases anxiety, there is debate concerning the nature and specificity of CO2hypersensitivity to panic risk and panic disorder versus anxiety disorders and related traits broadly, particularly among adolescents and emerging adults. The present study sought to clarify the association of CO2hypersensitivity with internalizing conditions and symptoms among adolescents and young adults. Participants (N = 628) self-reported anxiety levels every 2 min while breathing air enriched to 7.5% CO2for 8 min. Growth mixture models were used to examine the structure of anxiety trajectories during the task and the association of each trajectory with dimensional and diagnostic assessments of internalizing disorders. Three distinct trajectories emerged: overall low (low), overall high (high), and acutely increased anxiety (acute). Compared to the low class, the acute class reported elevated neuroticism, anxiety sensitivity, and stress whereas the high class reported elevated anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, neuroticism, anxiety sensitivity, and increased likelihood of an anxiety disorder diagnosis. Moreover, the acute and high classes reported experiencing a panic-like event at a higher rate than the low class while participants in the high class terminated the task prematurely at a higher rate. The present study clarifies the nature of response to CO2challenge. Three distinct response profiles emerged, which clarifies the manifestation of CO2hypersensitivity in anxiety disorders with strong, though not unique, associations with panic-relevant traits.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Suite 101, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: Lance.Rappaport@vcuhealth.org.
authors.forename: Lance M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rappaport
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Suite 101, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: christina.sheerin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sheerin
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Suite 101, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: savagej@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Jeanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Suite 101, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: john.hettema@vcuhealth.org.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hettema
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Suite 101, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: roxann.robersonnay@vcuhealth.org.
authors.forename: Roxann
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roberson-Nay
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000075384:Neuroticism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010200:Panic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Adolescence; Anxiety; Carbon dioxide; Panic; Young adulthood