title: The Complex Interplay of Adverse Childhood Experiences, Race, and Income.
abstract: An extensive research base shows evidence of racial disparities in health outcomes, and a growing body of evidence points to associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and poor health. This study uses data from the 2011 and 2012 Wisconsin Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys to identify the relative contributions of ACEs, race, and adult income to predicting three sets of adverse adult health outcomes. The authors found that controlling for demographic factors, ACEs strongly predict health risk behaviors, indicators of poor general health, and chronic health conditions. Adult low-income status is associated with poor general health and chronic health conditions, but not health risk behaviors. African American race is marginally associated only with indicators of poor general health, and this association is attenuated when ACEs and adult income are controlled. These findings suggest a complex interplay among ACEs, race, and income.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1350 University Avenue, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Slack
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Criminology, College of the Liberal Arts, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,  Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Font
authors.affiliation: Child and Family System Innovation, Alliance for Strong Families and Communities, Milwaukee, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D005006:Ethnicity; D015438:Health Behavior; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: childhood trauma; health disparities; income; race