title: Subcutaneous Emphysema, Pneumomediastinum and Pneumothorax in a Patient with Dermatomyositis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and subcutaneous emphysema are rare, but serious complications of inflammatory myopathies and occur more commonly in DM than PM. complications of dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM), both of which can be fatal.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 20-year-old woman was admitted with neck pain, dyspnea, cough, and fever. She had been diagnosed with dermatomyositis 21 months prior. A thorax computed tomography (CT) scan revealed ground glass opacities in her lungs, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and subcutaneous emphysema. Despite intensive immunosuppressive therapy, clinical deterioration and radiological progression were observed, ultimately the patient died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the care for a patient with dermatomyositis, the otorhinolaryngologist should be cautious of rapidly progressive and fatal neck subcutaneous emphysema. For a patient with dermatomyositis and with normal bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy, the main treatment is control of dermatomyositis with medical therapy. Therefore, a tracheostomy and/or mechanical ventilation may not be necessary.
authors.affiliation: Sinus and Surgical EndoscopicResearch Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakhshaee
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jokar
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mirfeizi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Atabati
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Somayeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tarighat
keywords: Dermatomyositis; Pneumomediastinum; Pneumothorax; Polymyositis; Subcutaneous emphysema