title: Effects of strength, explosive and plyometric training on energy cost of running in ultra-endurance athletes.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-week home-based strength, explosive and plyometric (SEP) training on the cost of running (Cr) in well-trained ultra-marathoners and to assess the main mechanical parameters affecting changes in Cr. Twenty-five male runners (38.2 ± 7.1 years; body mass index: 23.0 ± 1.1 kg·m-2; V˙O2max: 55.4 ± 4.0 mlO2·kg-1·min-1) were divided into an exercise (EG = 13) and control group (CG = 12). Before and after a 12-week SEP training, Cr, spring-mass model parameters at four speeds (8, 10, 12, 14 km·h-1) were calculated and maximal muscle power (MMP) of the lower limbs was measured. In EG, Cr decreased significantly (p < .05) at all tested running speeds (-6.4 ± 6.5% at 8 km·h-1; -3.5 ± 5.3% at 10 km·h-1; -4.0 ± 5.5% at 12 km·h-1; -3.2 ± 4.5% at 14 km·h-1), contact time (tc) increased at 8, 10 and 12 km·h-1by mean +4.4 ± 0.1% and tadecreased by -25.6 ± 0.1% at 8 km·h-1(p < .05). Further, inverse relationships between changes in Cr and MMP at 10 (p = .013; r = -0.67) and 12 km·h-1(p < .001; r = -0.86) were shown. Conversely, no differences were detected in the CG in any of the studied parameters. Thus, 12-week SEP training programme lower the Cr in well-trained ultra-marathoners at submaximal speeds. Increased tcand an inverse relationship between changes in Cr and changes in MMP could be in part explain the decreased Cr. Thus, adding at least three sessions per week of SEP exercises in the normal endurance-training programme may decrease the Cr.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical and Biological Sciences , University of Udine , Udine , Italy.|b School of Sport Sciences , University of Udine , Udine , Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6914-2117
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Giovanelli
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical and Biological Sciences , University of Udine , Udine , Italy.|b School of Sport Sciences , University of Udine , Udine , Italy.|c Integrative Physiology Department , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Taboga
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical and Biological Sciences , University of Udine , Udine , Italy.|b School of Sport Sciences , University of Udine , Udine , Italy.|d Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rejc
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical and Biological Sciences , University of Udine , Udine , Italy.|b School of Sport Sciences , University of Udine , Udine , Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lazzer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010807:Physical Endurance; D059385:Plyometric Exercise; D055070:Resistance Training; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Running mechanics; muscle power; running economy; strength training; ultra-marathon