title: Reproductive hormonal variations and adenohypophyseal lesions in pre-pubertal buffalo heifers inoculated with Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 and its immunogens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemorrhagic septicemia is a fatal disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by P. multocida. Although the pathogenesis of the bacteria has been well established in literature, there is a paucity of information on the possible role of the bacteria and its immunogens; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) on the reproductive capacity of buffalo heifers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, twenty one healthy prepubertal female buffaloes aged 8 months were divided into seven groups of 3 buffaloes each (G1-G7). Group 1 (G1) served as the negative control group and were inoculated orally with 10 mL sterile Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), groups 2 (G2) and 3 (G3) were inoculated orally and subcutaneously with 10 mL of 1012colony forming unit (cfu) of P.multocida type B: 2, while groups 4 (G4) and 5 (G5) received 10 mL of bacterial LPS orally and intravenously, respectively. Lastly, groups 6 (G6) and 7 (G7) were orally and subcutaneously inoculated with 10 mL of bacterial OMPs. Whole blood was collected in EDTA vials at stipulated time points (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 120, 168, 216, 264, 312, 360, 408, 456 and 504 h), while tissue sections of the pituitary glands were collected and transported to the histopathology laboratory in 10% buffered formalin for processing and Hematoxylin and eosin staining. Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (PG), estradiol (EST) and gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The histopathological lesions observed in the pituitary gland included hemorrhage, congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, hydropic degeneration, necrosis and edema. These changes were higher (p < 0.05) in distribution and severity in G3, G6 and G7. Hormonal concentrations of LH, FSH, PG, EST and GnRH declined in all inoculation groups as time elapsed and were lower (p < 0.05) than that of the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these findings, P.multocida B: 2 and its immunogens can be said to negatively affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, resulting in decreased levels of reproductive hormones which may predispose to infertility in buffalo heifers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia. jesseariasamy@gmail.com.|Research Centre for Ruminant Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia. jesseariasamy@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Faez Firdaus Abdullah
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Jesse
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.|BabilTechnical Institute, Al Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Al-Hillah, Iraq.
authors.forename: Hayder Hamzah
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia. yabbavet@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abba
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Eric Lim Teik
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.|Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qassim, Buraidah, Iraq.
authors.forename: Ali Dhiaa
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Marza
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mazlina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazlan
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zamri-Saad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abdul Rahman
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Md Zuki Abu Bakar
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Zakaria
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abdul Aziz
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Saharee
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abd Wahid
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Haron
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Azmi Mohd
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lila
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000382:microbiology*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D006483:Hemorrhagic Septicemia / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D016979:Pasteurella multocida / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000473:pathology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D006728:Hormones; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone
keywords: Buffaloes; Hemorrhagic septicemia; Lipopolysaccharide; Outer membrane protein; Pituitary gland; Reproductive hormones