title: Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from children and environmental sources in urban and suburban areas.
abstract: Campylobacteriosis is a dominant bacterial cause of foodborne infection and is considered the main public health problem in Europe and many other countries worldwide. In the study lasting from 2011 to 2013 we compared the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from children, domestic animals, poultry meat and surface water in Northern Poland.
  
  
  
  During a 3-years study 1973 samples were analysed. The results proved the presence of Campylobacter spp. in 306 (15.5%) samples. The percentage of Campylobacter-positive samples differed among the sample types, from 0% (freshwater beaches) to 38.6% (poultry meat in 2011). Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in children isolates was 9.6%. It decreased from 13.2% in 2011 to 8.0% in 2013. It should be highlighted with a particular concern that Campylobacter jejuni was detected in 20.0% of fountains. All children and poultry meat isolates were susceptible to azithromycin. Two C. coli (3.7%) and four C. jejuni (3.3%) isolated from poultry meat were resistant to erythromycin. The highest percentage of C. jejuni isolates with resistance to ciprofloxacin were found in samples from 80% dogs and 85% ponds. Among isolates resistant to two antimicrobials 74.7% C. jejuni and 59.2% C. coli isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin as well as to tetracycline. Only one cat C. coli isolate was resistant to both azithromycin and erythromycin. One C. jejuni isolate from a fountain was resistant to four antimicrobial agents (erythromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin).
  
  
  
  The study proved that surface water, poultry meat and pets constituted potential sources of Campylobacter to children. Fountains can be a direct source of children campylobacteriosis but can also pollute other environments with multidrug-resistant Campylobacter. The high resistance to some antimicrobials among the isolates may lead to increasing numbers of difficult-to-treat campylobacteriosis cases among children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 Sklodowska-Curie Str, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, PL, Poland. b.szczepanska@cm.umk.pl.
authors.forename: Bernadeta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Szczepanska
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 Sklodowska-Curie Str, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, PL, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrzejewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 Sklodowska-Curie Str, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, PL, Poland.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spica
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 Sklodowska-Curie Str, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, PL, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Klawe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D017000:Campylobacter coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002415:Cats; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004285:Dogs; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D057805:Pets / Q000382:microbiology; D011044:Poland; D011200:Poultry; D015995:Prevalence; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D004917:Erythromycin; D017963:Azithromycin; D013752:Tetracycline
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Campylobacter; Children; Fountains; Pets; Poultry meat; Surface water