title: Transcriptomic profiling of the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens in rhesus macaques following long-term cocaine self-administration.
abstract: The behavioral consequences associated with addiction are thought to arise from drug-induced neuroadaptation. The mesolimbic system plays an important initial role in this process, and while the dopaminergic system specifically has been strongly interrogated, a complete understanding of the broad transcriptomic effects associated with cocaine use remains elusive.
  
  
  
  Using next generation sequencing approaches, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of gene expression differences in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens of rhesus macaques that had self-administered cocaine for roughly 100days and saline-yoked controls. During self-administration, the monkeys increased daily consumption of cocaine until almost the maximum number of injections were taken within the first 15min of the one hour session for a total intake of 3mg/kg/day.
  
  
  
  We confirm the centrality of dopaminergic differences in the ventral tegmental area, but in the nucleus accumbens we see the strongest evidence for an inflammatory response and large scale chromatin remodeling.
  
  
  
  These findings suggest an expanded understanding of the pathology of cocaine addiction with the potential to lead to the development of alternative treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, United States; University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, United States. Electronic address: evallender@umc.edu.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Vallender
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, United States; Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
authors.forename: Dharmendra B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Goswami
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, United States; University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
authors.forename: Nina M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Shinday
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, United States.
authors.forename: Susan V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Westmoreland
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, United States; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States.
authors.forename: Wei-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, United States; University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States; Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, United States; University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Rowlett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012646:Self Administration; D017557:Ventral Tegmental Area / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Cocaine; Genetics; Mesolimbic pathway; Neuroinflammation; Rhesus monkey