title: Effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate diets with high vs low glycemic index on exercise performance: a meta-analysis.
abstract: Although pre-exercise consumption of a low-glycemic-index (LGI) carbohydrate meal is generally recommended, the findings regarding subsequent exercise performance are inconsistent.
  
  
  
  This meta-analytic study was conducted to determine whether a pre-exercise LGI carbohydrate meal leads to greater endurance performance than a pre-exercise high-glycemic-index (HGI) meal.
  
  
  
  The following electronic databases were searched until April 2016: MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The reference lists of selected articles were searched manually.
  
  
  
  Randomized controlled or crossover trials comparing the effects of LGI and HGI pre-exercise carbohydrate meals on subsequent exercise performance of healthy participants were included.
  
  
  
  The Jadad scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. A fixed-effects model was used to evaluate overall and subgroup estimates.
  
  
  
  In total, 15 eligible studies from 727 articles were included in this meta-analysis. All included studies were of low research quality. The synthesized effect size ( d  = 0.42, z  = 3.40, P  = 0.001) indicated that the endurance performance following an LGI meal was superior to that following an HGI meal. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that the treatment effect did not vary across outcome measures (exercise to exhaustion, time trial, and work output) or athletic status (trained or recreational participants).
  
  
  
  Weak evidence supports the claim that endurance performance following a pre-exercise LGI meal is superior to that following a pre-exercise HGI meal. Further high-quality research in this area is warranted.
authors.affiliation: S. H.-S. Wong is with the Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong. F-H. Sun and C. Li are with the Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong. Y.-J. Chen is with the Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Y.-J. Zhang is with the School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. W.Y.-J. Huang is with the Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heung-Sang Wong
authors.affiliation: S. H.-S. Wong is with the Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong. F-H. Sun and C. Li are with the Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong. Y.-J. Chen is with the Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Y.-J. Zhang is with the School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. W.Y.-J. Huang is with the Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Feng-Hua
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: S. H.-S. Wong is with the Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong. F-H. Sun and C. Li are with the Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong. Y.-J. Chen is with the Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Y.-J. Zhang is with the School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. W.Y.-J. Huang is with the Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Ya-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: S. H.-S. Wong is with the Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong. F-H. Sun and C. Li are with the Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong. Y.-J. Chen is with the Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Y.-J. Zhang is with the School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. W.Y.-J. Huang is with the Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Chunxiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: S. H.-S. Wong is with the Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong. F-H. Sun and C. Li are with the Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong. Y.-J. Chen is with the Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Y.-J. Zhang is with the School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. W.Y.-J. Huang is with the Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Yan-Jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: S. H.-S. Wong is with the Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong. F-H. Sun and C. Li are with the Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong. Y.-J. Chen is with the Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Y.-J. Zhang is with the School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. W.Y.-J. Huang is with the Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ya-Jun Huang
mesh_terms: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D015444:Exercise; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D062407:Meals; D010807:Physical Endurance
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates
keywords: endurance performance; low glycemic index; research synthesis