title: Urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) Concentrations among Workers in Industries that Manufacture and Use BPA in the USA.
abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity and exposure risk to humans has been the subject of considerable scientific debate; however, published occupational exposure data for BPA are limited.
  
  
  
  In 2013-2014, 77 workers at six US companies making BPA, BPA-based resins, or BPA-filled wax provided seven urine samples over two consecutive work days (151 worker-days, 525 samples). Participant information included industry, job, tasks, personal protective equipment used, hygiene behaviors, and canned food/beverage consumption. Total (free plus conjugated) BPA, quantified in urine by mass spectrometry, was detected in all samples.
  
  
  
  The geometric mean (GM) creatinine-adjusted total BPA (total BPACR) concentration was 88.0 µg g-1 (range 0.78-18900 µg g-1), ~70 times higher than in US adults in 2013-2014 (1.27 µg g-1). GM total BPACR increased during Day 1 (26.6-127 µg g-1), decreased by pre-shift Day 2 (84.4 µg g-1) then increased during Day 2 to 178 µg g-1. By industry, baseline and post-baseline total BPACR was highest in BPA-filled wax manufacturing/reclaim (GM = 111 µg g-1) and lowest in phenolic resin manufacturing (GM = 6.56 µg g-1). By job, total BPACR was highest at baseline in maintenance workers (GM = 157 µg g-1) and post-baseline in those working with molten BPA-filled wax (GM = 441 µg g-1). Workers in the job of flaking a BPA-based resin had the lowest concentrations at baseline (GM = 4.81 µg g-1) and post-baseline (GM = 23.2 µg g-1). In multiple regression models, at baseline, industry significantly predicted increased total BPACR (P = 0.0248); post-baseline, handling BPA containers (P = 0.0035), taking ≥3 process/bulk samples with BPA (P = 0.0002) and wearing a Tyvek® coverall (P = 0.0042) significantly predicted increased total BPACR (after adjusting for total BPACR at baseline, time point, and body mass index).
  
  
  
  Several work-related factors, including industry, job, and certain tasks performed, were associated with increased urinary total BPACR concentrations in this group of manufacturing workers. The potential for BPA-related health effects among these workers is unknown.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, R-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.affiliation: URS Professional Solutions/RCS Corporation, 2131 S. Centennial Ave, Aiken, SC 29803, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, R-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Deddens
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, R-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy. MS F17, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, R-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
authors.forename: Annette L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Christianson
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, R-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
authors.forename: Juliana W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy. MS F17, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Calafat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005557:Formaldehyde; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D009790:Occupations; D010636:Phenols / Q000652:urine*; D011108:Polymers; D014481:United States; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D005557:Formaldehyde; D010636:Phenols; D011108:Polymers; C011529:phenol-formaldehyde resin; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: biological monitoring; bisphenol A; determinants of exposure; exposure assessment; occupational groups; reproductive health; urine analysis