title: Proximity to agricultural fields as proxy for environmental exposure to pesticides among children: The PIAMA birth cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Agricultural pesticides are frequently used for crop protection. Residents living in close proximity to treated fields may be exposed to these pesticides. There is some indication that children living near agricultural fields have an increased risk of developing asthma and decreased lung function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the proximity of participants' homes to fields likely treated with pesticides as proxy for environmental exposure to agricultural pesticides among participants of a Dutch birth cohort study, and to combine acreage of fields with farmer-reported pesticide use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Potential pesticide exposure at the home address at the time of the 14-year follow-up was estimated for 2291 participants of the Dutch PIAMA birth cohort study. We used spatial data on the presence of crops during the year 2012 to calculate the surface area of specific crops relevant for pesticide use in The Netherlands cultivated within 50, 100, 500 and 1000m of the study homes. Farmer-reported pesticides use on specific crops from a national survey performed in 2012 was used to estimate the amount of all pesticides and pesticides with known irritant properties for the respiratory system applied within the aforementioned distances of the study homes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 3%, 7%, 40%, and 65% of the homes, any relevant crops were present within 50, 100, 500 and 1000m, respectively. Among these, the most frequent crops were corn, cereals, and potatoes. For almost the same percentages of homes, it was estimated that pesticides with known irritant properties for the respiratory system were potentially applied within these distances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed that a small proportion of the study participants lived in close proximity (<50 or <100m) to agricultural fields with crops relevant for pesticide use in The Netherlands. The percentage of study homes within 500 or 1000m of agricultural fields with these crops was much larger.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.s.bukulasa@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bukalasa
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. Electronic address: b.brunekreef@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: M.Brouwer1@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Maartje
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. Electronic address: R.C.H.Vermeulen@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Roel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.c.dejongste@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Johan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Jongste
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. Electronic address: L.vanRossem@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Lenie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Rossem
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.m.vonk@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vonk
authors.affiliation: Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: alet.wijga@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: Alet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wijga
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.huss@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huss
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: u.gehring@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gehring
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Agricultural pesticides; Birth cohort; Exposure; Geographical information system