title: Whole genome sequencing of Brucella melitensis isolated from 57 patients in Germany reveals high diversity in strains from Middle East.
abstract: Brucellosis, a worldwide common bacterial zoonotic disease, has become quite rare in Northern and Western Europe. However, since 2014 a significant increase of imported infections caused by Brucella (B.) melitensis has been noticed in Germany. Patients predominantly originated from Middle East including Turkey and Syria. These circumstances afforded an opportunity to gain insights into the population structure of Brucella strains. Brucella-isolates from 57 patients were recovered between January 2014 and June 2016 with culture confirmed brucellosis by the National Consultant Laboratory for Brucella. Their whole genome sequences were generated using the Illumina MiSeq platform. A whole genome-based SNP typing assay was developed in order to resolve geographically attributed genetic clusters. Results were compared to MLVA typing results, the current gold-standard of Brucella typing. In addition, sequences were examined for possible genetic variation within target regions of molecular diagnostic assays. Phylogenetic analyses revealed spatial clustering and distinguished strains from different patients in either case, whereas multiple isolates from a single patient or technical replicates showed identical SNP and MLVA profiles. By including WGS data from the NCBI database, five major genotypes were identified. Notably, strains originating from Turkey showed a high diversity and grouped into seven subclusters of genotype II. MLVA analysis congruently clustered all isolates and predominantly matched the East Mediterranean genetic clade. This study confirms whole-genome based SNP-analysis as a powerful tool for accurate typing of B. melitensis. Furthermore it allows special allocation and therefore provides useful information on the geographic origin for trace-back analysis. However, the lack of reliable metadata in public databases often prevents a resolution below geographic regions or country levels and corresponding precise trace-back analysis. Once this obstacle is resolved, WGS-derived bacterial typing adds an important method to complement epidemiological surveys during outbreak investigations. This is the first report of a detailed genetic investigation of an extensive collection of B. melitensis strains isolated from human cases in Germany.
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Georgi
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathias C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Marie-Theres
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pfalzgraf
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Northoff
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Lesca M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Holdt
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany.|National Consultant Laboratory for Brucella, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany.|National Consultant Laboratory for Brucella, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zoeller
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany.|National Consultant Laboratory for Brucella, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zange
authors.affiliation: Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4013-8808
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Antwerpen
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D017347:Brucella melitensis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008877:Middle East; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide