title: Central command increases muscular oxygenation of the non-exercising arm at the early period of voluntary one-armed cranking.
abstract: This study aimed to examine whether central command increases oxygenation in non-contracting arm muscles during contralateral one-armed cranking and whether the oxygenation response caused by central command differs among skeletal muscles of the non-exercising upper limb. In 13 male subjects, the relative changes in oxygenated-hemoglobin concentration (Oxy-Hb) of the non-contracting arm muscles [the anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, biceps brachii, and extensor carpi radialis (ECR)] were measured during voluntary one-armed cranking (intensity, 35-40% of maximal voluntary effort) and mental imagery of the one-armed exercise for 1 min. Voluntary one-armed cranking increased (P<0.05) the Oxy-Hb of the triceps, biceps, and ECR muscles to the same extent (15 ± 4% of the baseline level, 17 ± 5%, and 16 ± 4%, respectively). The greatest increase in the Oxy-Hb was observed in the deltoid muscle. Intravenous injection of atropine (10-15μg/kg) and/or propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) revealed that the increased Oxy-Hb of the arm muscles consisted of the rapid atropine-sensitive and delayed propranolol-sensitive components. Mental imagery of the exercise increased the Oxy-Hb of the arm muscles. Motor-driven passive one-armed cranking had little influence on the Oxy-Hb of the arm muscles. It is likely that central command plays a role in the initial increase in oxygenation in the non-contracting arm muscles via sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation at the early period of one-armed cranking. The centrally induced increase in oxygenation may not be different among the distal arm muscles but may augment in the deltoid muscle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.|Automotive Human Factors Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan matsuk@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kanji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsukawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Asahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Idesako
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Analysis and Therapeutic Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care for Adults, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care for Adults, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Tae
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care for Adults, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001285:Atropine; D011433:Propranolol; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Central command; cholinergic and β‐adrenergic vasodilatation; exercise; near‐infrared spectroscopy; proximal and distal arm muscles