title: Occurrence, sources and human exposure assessment of SCCPs in indoor dust of northeast China.
abstract: Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are widely used chemicals in household products and might cause adverse human health effects. However, limited information is available on the occurrence of SCCPs in indoor environments and their exposure risks on humans. In this study the concentrations, profiles and human exposure of SCCPs in indoor dust from five different indoor environments, including commercial stores, residential apartments, dormitories, offices and laboratories were characterized. The SCCPs levels ranged from 10.1 to 173.0 μg/g, with the median and mean concentration of 47.2 and 53.6 μg/g, respectively. No significant difference was found on concentrations among the five microenvironments. The most abundant compounds in indoor dust samples were homologues of C13group, Cl7group and N20(N is the total number of C and Cl) group. In the five microenvironments, commercial stores were more frequently exposed to shorter carbon chained and higher chlorinated homologues. Three potential sources for SCCPs were identified by the multiple linear regression of factor score model and correspondence analysis. The major sources of SCCPs in indoor dust were technical mixtures of CP-42 (42% chlorine, w/w) and CP-52 b (52% chlorine, w/w). The total daily exposure doses and hazard quotients (HQ) were calculated by the human exposure models, and they were all below the reference doses and threshold values, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation was applied to predict the human exposure risk of SCCPs. Infants and toddlers were at risk of SCCPs based on predicted HQ values, which were exceeded the threshold for neoplastic effects in the worst case. Our results on the occurrences, sources and human exposures of SCCPs will be useful to provide a better understanding of SCCPs behaviors in indoor environment in China, and to support environmental risk evaluation and regulation of SCCPs in the world.
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
authors.forename: Li-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
authors.forename: Wan-Li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
authors.forename: Li-Yan
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Yan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Long
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
authors.forename: Chong-Jing
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Ling
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China. Electronic address: ijrc_pts_paper@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Yi-Fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada. Electronic address: laurie.chan@uottawa.ca.
authors.forename: Hing Man
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D007223:Infant; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010232:Paraffin / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D002244:Carbon; D010232:Paraffin
keywords: Concentration; Human exposure; Indoor dust; Profile; Short-chain chlorinated paraffins; Source identification