title: Regulation of heat-shock genes in bacteria: from signal sensing to gene expression output.
abstract: The heat-shock response is a mechanism of cellular protection against sudden adverse environmental growth conditions and results in the prompt production of various heat-shock proteins. In bacteria, specific sensory biomolecules sense temperature fluctuations and transduce intercellular signals that coordinate gene expression outputs. Sensory biomolecules, also known as thermosensors, include nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) and proteins. Once a stress signal is perceived, it is transduced to invoke specific molecular mechanisms controlling transcription of genes coding for heat-shock proteins. Transcriptional regulation of heat-shock genes can be under either positive or negative control mediated by dedicated regulatory proteins. Positive regulation exploits specific alternative sigma factors to redirect the RNA polymerase enzyme to a subset of selected promoters, while negative regulation is mediated by transcriptional repressors. Interestingly, while various bacteria adopt either exclusively positive or negative mechanisms, in some microorganisms these two opposite strategies coexist, establishing complex networks regulating heat-shock genes. Here, we comprehensively summarize molecular mechanisms that microorganisms have adopted to finely control transcription of heat-shock genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roncarati
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Scarlato
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins
keywords: CtsR repressor; HrcA repressor; HspR repressor; alternative σ factors; heat-shock response; transcriptional regulation