title: Gender differences in subjective health complaints in adolescence: The roles of self-esteem, stress from schoolwork and body dissatisfaction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to examine subjective health complaints among Norwegian adolescents and assess the development of gender differences in subjective health complaints between age 14 and 16; to investigate whether self-esteem, stress from schoolwork or body dissatisfaction affected adolescents' subjective health complaints; and determine whether these factors could explain the excess of subjective health complaints among girls.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used multiple linear regression analyses to analyse longitudinal survey data from 751 Norwegian adolescents at the ages of 14 and 16. The results from various cross-sectional and prospective analyses were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Girls reported more subjective health complaints than boys, and gender differences increased from age 14 to 16. Self-esteem and stress from schoolwork had cross-sectional and prospective associations with subjective health complaints. Stress from schoolwork at age 14 was also associated with changes in subjective health complaints from age 14 to 16. The cross-sectional mediation analyses indicated that self-esteem and stress from schoolwork accounted for 61% of the excess of subjective health complaints among girls at age 16. The same variables measured at age 14 accounted for 24% of the gender differences in subjective health complaints two years later. The investigated factors could not account for the increase in gender differences in subjective health complaints between ages 14 and 16.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings showed that self-esteem and stress from schoolwork were associated with subjective health complaints during adolescence. These factors could partially explain the excess of subjective health complaints among girls.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Health, Social and Welfare Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Tønsberg, Norway.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aanesen
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Eivind
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meland
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Health, Social and Welfare Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Tønsberg, Norway.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D012649:Self Concept; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Adolescence; body dissatisfaction; gender; mediation; school stress; self-esteem; subjective health complaints