title: Distinct activity of the bone-targeted gallium compound KP46 against osteosarcoma cells - synergism with autophagy inhibition.
abstract: Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary malignant bone tumor. Although survival has distinctly increased due to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the past, patients with metastatic disease and poor response to chemotherapy still have an adverse prognosis. Hence, development of new therapeutic strategies is still of utmost importance.
  
  
  
  Anticancer activity of KP46 against osteosarcoma cell models was evaluated as single agent and in combination approaches with chemotherapeutics and Bcl-2 inhibitors using MTT assay. Underlying mechanisms were tested by cell cycle, apoptosis and autophagy assays.
  
  
  
  KP46 exerted exceptional anticancer activity at the nanomolar to low micromolar range, depending on the assay format, against all osteosarcoma cell models with minor but significant differences in IC50values. KP46 treatment of osteosarcoma cells caused rapid loss of cell adhesion, weak cell cycle accumulation in S-phase and later signs of apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, already at sub-cytotoxic concentrations KP46 reduced the migratory potential of osteosarcoma cells and exerted synergistic effects with cisplatin, a standard osteosarcoma chemotherapeutic. Moreover, the gallium compound induced signs of autophagy in osteosarcoma cells. Accordingly, blockade of autophagy by chloroquine but also by the Bcl-2 inhibitor obatoclax increased the cytotoxic activity of KP46 treatment significantly, suggesting autophagy induction as a protective mechanism against KP46.
  
  
  
  Together, our results identify KP46 as a new promising agent to supplement standard chemotherapy and possible future targeted therapy in osteosarcoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerguertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kubista
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schoefl
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Sushilla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Schoonhoven
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.|Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University Vienna and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heffeter
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerguertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Windhager
authors.affiliation: Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University Vienna and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.|Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstr. 42, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Bernhard K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Keppler
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria. walter.berger@meduniwien.ac.at.|Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University Vienna and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria. walter.berger@meduniwien.ac.at.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015125:Oxyquinoline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011758:Pyrroles; C408502:tris(8-quinolinolato)gallium (III); D015125:Oxyquinoline; C520962:obatoclax
keywords: Anticancer gallium compound; Autophagy; KP46; Obatoclax; Osteosarcoma