title: Source apportionment of Pb-containing particles in Beijing during January 2013.
abstract: Although leaded gasoline has been banned in some megacities in China since 1997 and nationally since 2000, atmospheric lead (Pb) pollution is still an important issue in China, as its concentration in megacities such as Beijing remains high. To measure the Pb concentration and identify sources of Pb-containing particles in Beijing during January 2013, both an online Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS) and offline filters analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) were used at a monitoring site on the Peking University (PKU) campus. The average Pb concentration in PM2.5was 370 ng/m3in January 2013 and the highest daily concentration was as high as 1.3 μg/m3during our sampling period. Based on the mass spectra from the SPAMS, these particles were classified into 4 major types, including NO3-rich (61%), ECOC-rich (18%), Fe-rich (14%), and SO4-rich (7%). Results from this study suggest that combustion processes and the iron/steel industry were the major primary sources of Pb in Beijing. On clean days, the importance of the primary combustion particle type (ECOC-rich) increased, while during severe haze episodes, Pb-containing particles mixed with secondary ions and Fe were dominant. Based on estimates from the CMAQ model, on average 45% of Pb in PM2.5in urban Beijing was transported in January 2013, with a much higher percent transported during the haze episodes. The percentage of transported Pb increased with the concentration of Pb and PM2.5, indicating that emissions from the surrounding areas need to be controlled during high Pb episodes in Beijing in winter.
authors.affiliation: SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jiandong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Yanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Hezhong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
authors.forename: Chuanyong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, 1 N. College Street, Northfield, MN 55057, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.affiliation: SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Jiming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Kebin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Electronic address: shxwang@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shuxiao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Electronic address: mzheng@pku.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007477:Ions; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D007477:Ions; D052638:Particulate Matter; D007854:Lead
keywords: Beijing; CMAQ; Lead (Pb); SPAMS; Source apportionment