title: Mild and Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Significant Progressive and Enduring Multiple Comorbidities.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can produce life-long disabilities, including anxiety, cognitive, balance, and motor deficits. The experimental model of closed head TBI (cTBI) induced by weight drop/impact acceleration is known to produce hallmark TBI injuries. However, comprehensive long-term characterization of comorbidities induced by graded mild-to- mild/moderate intensities using this experimental cTBI model has not been reported. The present study used two intensities of weight drop (1.0 m and 1.25 m/450 g) to produce cTBI in a rat model to investigate initial and long-term disability of four comorbidities: anxiety, cognitive, vestibulomotor, and spinal reflex that related to spasticity. TBI and sham injuries were produced under general anesthesia. Time for righting recoveries post-TBI recorded to estimate duration of unconsciousness, revealed that the TBI mild/moderate group required a mean of 1 min 27 sec longer than the values observed for noninjured sham animals. Screening magnetic resonance imaging images revealed no anatomical changes, mid-line shifts, or hemorrhagic volumes. However, compared to sham injuries, significant long-term anxiety, cognitive, balance, and physiological changes in motor reflex related to spasticity were observed post-TBI for both TBI intensities. The longitudinal trajectory of anxiety and balance disabilities tested at 2, 4, 8, and 18 weeks revealed progressively worsening disabilities. In general, disability magnitudes were proportional to injury intensity for three of the four measures. A natural hypothesis would pose that all disabilities would increase incrementally relative to injury severity. Surprisingly, anxiety disability progressed over time to be greater in the mildest injury. Collectively, translational implications of these observations suggest that patients with mild TBI should be evaluated longitudinally at multiple time points, and that anxiety disorder could potentially have a particularly low threshold for appearance and progressively worsen post-injury.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Physiological Sciences at the University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.|2 BRRC , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Jiamei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: 2 BRRC , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: 2 BRRC , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wilkie
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Physiological Sciences at the University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.|2 BRRC , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Golam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Physiological Sciences at the University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.|2 BRRC , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Shigeharu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Physiological Sciences at the University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.|2 BRRC , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.|3 Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Floyd J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Physiological Sciences at the University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.|2 BRRC , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.|4 Department of Neurology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Prodip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bose
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology*; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D018782:Maze Learning; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: H-reflex; anxiety; balance impairment; cognitive deficit; mild traumatic brain injury