title: Neurodevelopmental consequences in offspring of mothers with preeclampsia during pregnancy: underlying biological mechanism via imprinting genes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preeclampsia is known to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among mothers and their infants. Approximately 3-8% of all pregnancies in the US are complicated by preeclampsia and another 5-7% by hypertensive symptoms. However, less is known about its long-term influence on infant neurobehavioral development. The current review attempts to demonstrate new evidence for imprinting gene dysregulation caused by hypertension, which may explain the link between maternal preeclampsia and neurocognitive dysregulation in offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pub Med and Web of Science databases were searched using the terms "preeclampsia," "gestational hypertension," "imprinting genes," "imprinting dysregulation," and "epigenetic modification," in order to review the evidence demonstrating associations between preeclampsia and suboptimal child neurodevelopment, and suggest dysregulation of placental genomic imprinting as a potential underlying mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The high mortality and morbidity among mothers and fetuses due to preeclampsia is well known, but there is little research on the long-term biological consequences of preeclampsia and resulting hypoxia on the fetal/child neurodevelopment. In the past decade, accumulating evidence from studies that transcend disciplinary boundaries have begun to show that imprinted genes expressed in the placenta might hold clues for a link between preeclampsia and impaired cognitive neurodevelopment. A sudden onset of maternal hypertension detected by the placenta may result in misguided biological programming of the fetus via changes in the epigenome, resulting in suboptimal infant development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Furthering our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which neurodevelopmental trajectories of the fetus/infant are affected by preeclampsia and hypertension will represent an important first step toward preventing adverse neurodevelopment in infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queens College, the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA. yoko.nomura@qc.cuny.edu.|Graduate Center, the City University of New York, Flushing, USA. yoko.nomura@qc.cuny.edu.|Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA. yoko.nomura@qc.cuny.edu.|Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA. yoko.nomura@qc.cuny.edu.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2143-3257
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Rosalind M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Anna Bugge
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queens College, the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Finik
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Queens College, the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.|Graduate Center, the City University of New York, Flushing, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buthmann
authors.affiliation: Imperial Collage of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Vivette
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.|Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lambertini
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D006801:Humans; D046110:Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced / Q000235:genetics*; D007223:Infant; D010920:Placenta / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Genomic imprinting; Neurobehavioral development; Placenta Epigenetics; Preeclampsia