title: Improving School Experiences for Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus (diabetes) is one of the most common metabolic diseases in children worldwide and the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is growing. T1D is complicated to manage and adolescents with diabetes face unique, age-specific challenges. The purpose of this article is to discuss ways in which schools can create a positive environment and improve the experiences and outcomes for adolescents with T1D.
  
  
  
  The Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PubMed databases were searched and yielded a total of 27 articles that were used in this integrative literature review.
  
  
  
  Common concerns identified by students with T1D and their parents included a lack of full-time school nurses, lack of teacher knowledge of diabetes, lack of access to diabetes tools, lack of freedom to perform diabetes self-care, lack of nutritional information in cafeterias, and lack of communication between parents and school personnel. Students who are unable to attend school on a daily basis may not be able to achieve their academic potential.
  
  
  
  Implications for school health including specifics for school nurses, teachers, students, and school environment were identified.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 910 West Benton Street, Apartment 304 D, Iowa City, IA.
authors.forename: Saori S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kise
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Illinois Wesleyan University, 203 Beecher St., Bloomington, PO Box 2900, IL 61702-2900.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.affiliation: Goldfarb School of Nursing at Barnes Jewish College, 4483 Duncan Avenue, St. Louis, Office 512, MO 63110.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000458:organization & administration; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011361:Professional Competence; D012572:School Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: adolescent health; integrated literature review; school nurse; type 1 diabetes