title: Comprehensive survey of household radon gas levels and risk factors in southern Alberta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inhalation of naturally occurring radon (222Rn) gas from indoor air exposes lung tissue to α-particle bombardment, a highly mutagenic form of ionizing radiation that damages DNA and increases the lifetime risk of lung cancer. We analyzed household radon concentrations and risk factors in southern Alberta, including Calgary, the third-largest Canadian metropolis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2382 residential homes (2018 in Calgary and 364 in surrounding townships) from an area encompassing 82% of the southern Alberta population were tested for radon, per Health Canada guidelines, for at least 90 days (median 103 d) between 2013 and 2016. Participants also provided home metrics (construction year, build type, foundation type, and floor and room of deployment of the radon detector) via an online survey. Homes that were subsequently remediated were retested to determine the efficacy of radon reduction techniques in the region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average indoor air radon level was 126 Bq/m3, which equates to an effective absorbed radiation dose of 3.2 mSv/yr. A total of 1135 homes (47.6%) had levels of 100 Bq/m3 or higher, and 295 homes (12.4%) had levels of 200 Bq/m3 or higher; the range was less than 15 Bq/m3 to 3441 Bq/m3. Homes built in 1992 or later had radon levels 31.5% higher, on average, than older homes (mean 142 Bq/m3 v. 108 Bq/m3). For 90 homes with an average radon level of 575 Bq/m3 before mitigation, radon suppression successfully reduced levels to an average of 32.5 Bq/m3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that radon exposure is a genuine public health concern in southern Alberta, suggest that modern building practices are associated with increased indoor air radon accumulation, legitimatize efforts to understand the consequences of radon exposure to the public, and suggest that radon testing and mitigation are likely to be impactful cancer prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Oncology (Stanley, Zarezadeh, Goodarzi), Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Canadian Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists (C. Dumais, K. Dumais, MacQueen); Health Technology Assessment Unit (Clement), O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
authors.forename: Fintan K T
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Oncology (Stanley, Zarezadeh, Goodarzi), Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Canadian Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists (C. Dumais, K. Dumais, MacQueen); Health Technology Assessment Unit (Clement), O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
authors.forename: Siavash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zarezadeh
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Oncology (Stanley, Zarezadeh, Goodarzi), Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Canadian Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists (C. Dumais, K. Dumais, MacQueen); Health Technology Assessment Unit (Clement), O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
authors.forename: Colin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Dumais
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Oncology (Stanley, Zarezadeh, Goodarzi), Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Canadian Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists (C. Dumais, K. Dumais, MacQueen); Health Technology Assessment Unit (Clement), O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dumais
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Oncology (Stanley, Zarezadeh, Goodarzi), Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Canadian Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists (C. Dumais, K. Dumais, MacQueen); Health Technology Assessment Unit (Clement), O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: MacQueen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Oncology (Stanley, Zarezadeh, Goodarzi), Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Canadian Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists (C. Dumais, K. Dumais, MacQueen); Health Technology Assessment Unit (Clement), O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.affiliation: Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Oncology (Stanley, Zarezadeh, Goodarzi), Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Canadian Association of Radon Scientists and Technologists (C. Dumais, K. Dumais, MacQueen); Health Technology Assessment Unit (Clement), O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
authors.forename: Aaron A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Goodarzi