title: Diagnostic features of malignancy-associated pseudoachalasia.
abstract: Pseudoachalasia is a condition in which clinical and manometric signs of achalasia are mimicked by another abnormality, most often a malignancy.
  
  
  
  To identify risk factors that suggest presence of malignancy-associated pseudoachalasia.
  
  
  
  In this retrospective cohort study, achalasia patients newly diagnosed by manometry were included. Patients with a normal initial endoscopy, clinical and manometric signs of achalasia who were afterwards found to have an underlying malignant cause were classified as pseudoachalasia. Clinical and diagnostic findings were compared between malignant pseudoachalasia and achalasia.
  
  
  
  We included 333 achalasia patients [180 male, median age 50 (38-62)]. Malignant pseudoachalasia was diagnosed in 18 patients (5.4%). Patients with malignancy-associated pseudoachalasia were older at time of diagnosis [67 (54-71) vs. 49 (37-60) years], had a shorter duration of symptoms [6 (5-10) vs. 25 (11-60) months] and lost more weight [12 (9-17) vs. 5 (0-12) kg). In 61% of the pseudoachalasia patients, the oesophagogastric junction (OGJ) was difficult or impossible to pass during endoscopy, compared to 23% in achalasia. Age ≥55 years (OR 5.93), duration of symptoms ≤12 months (OR 14.5), weight loss ≥10 kg (OR 6.73) and difficulty passing the OGJ during endoscopy (OR 6.06) were associated with a higher risk of malignant pseudoachalasia.
  
  
  
  Advanced age, short duration of symptoms, considerable weight loss and difficulty in passing the OGJ during endoscopy, are risk factors that suggest potential malignancy-associated pseudoachalasia. To exclude pseudoachalasia, additional investigations are warranted when two or more risk factors are present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F A
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5137-3171
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ponds
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: van Raath
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S M M
authors.initials: SMM
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J P M
authors.initials: AJPM
authors.lastname: Smout
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bredenoord
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors