title: Role of CPS1 in Cell Growth, Metabolism and Prognosis in LKB1-Inactivated Lung Adenocarcinoma.
abstract: Liver kinase B1 ( LKB1 ) is a tumor suppressor in lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). We investigated the proteomic profiles of 45 LADC cell lines with and without LKB1 inactivation. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1), the first rate-limiting mitochondrial enzyme in the urea cycle, was distinctively overexpressed in LKB1-inactivated LADC cell lines. We therefore assessed the role of CPS1 and its clinical relevance in LKB1-inactivated LADC.
  
  
  
  Mass spectrometric profiling of proteome and metabolome and function of CPS1 were analyzed in LADC cell lines. CPS1 and LKB1 expression in tumors from 305 LADC and 160 lung squamous cell carcinoma patients was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were applied to assess the association between overall survival and CPS1 and LKB1 expression. All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  
  CPS1 knockdown reduced cell growth, decreased metabolite levels associated with nucleic acid biosynthesis pathway, and contributed an additive effect when combined with gemcitabine, pemetrexed, or CHK1 inhibitor AZD7762. Tissue microarray analysis revealed that CPS1 was expressed in 65.7% of LKB1-negative LADC, and only 5.0% of LKB1-positive LADC. CPS1 expression showed statistically significant association with poor overall survival in LADC (hazard ratio = 3.03, 95% confidence interval = 1.74 to 5.25, P < .001).
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest functional relevance of CPS1 in LKB1-inactivated LADC and association with worse outcome of LADC. CPS1 is a promising therapeutic target in combination with other chemotherapy agents, as well as a prognostic biomarker, enabling a personalized approach to treatment of LADC.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Müge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Çeliktas
authors.affiliation: Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ichidai
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Satyendra Chandra
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Johannes F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fahrmann
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Clemente
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Bonavides
authors.affiliation: Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Villalobos
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Dilsher
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dhillon
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Edwin J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ostrin
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Behrens
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Kim-Anh
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Do
authors.affiliation: Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Adi F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Gazdar
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Samir M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hanash
authors.affiliation: Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ayumu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taguchi
mesh_terms: D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D002222:Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia) / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000737:chemistry*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D000068437:Pemetrexed / Q000494:pharmacology; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020543:Proteome; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015996:Survival Rate; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: C532363:3-(carbamoylamino)-5-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(3-piperidyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide; D020543:Proteome; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013876:Thiophenes; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D014508:Urea; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C109790:STK11 protein, human; D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D002222:Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia); D000093542:Gemcitabine