title: Nursing students' clinical competencies: a survey on clinical education objectives.
abstract: Developing clearly defined competencies and identifying strategies for their measurement remain unfortunately a critical aspect of nursing training. In the current international context, which continues to be characterised by deep economic crisis, universities have a fundamental role to play in redefining the educational goals to respond to the expectations of certain geographical areas of interest, as underscored in the Bologna Process (Joint Declaration of the European Ministers of Education Convened in Bologna 19 June 1999).
  
  
  
  The aim of this observational study was to examine the clinical learning context of nursing students using a tool developed by a team of teachers for the analysis of clinical learning.
  
  
  
  Redefinition of the clinical learning objectives with reference to the competencies set out in the questionnaire validated by Venturini et al. (2012) and the subsequent use of the tool created by the team of teachers for students in the first, second and third-year courses of the 2013/14 academic year, covering all the internships called for in those years.
  
  
  
  All nursing students enrolled in the first, second and third year of the nursing undergraduate degree program at the University of Pavia (no. 471) participated in this survey. A total of 1,758 clinical internships were carried out: 461 for the first year, 471 for the second year and 826 for the third year. Setting objectives, beginning with the educational offerings in the several clinical contexts, represents a strong point for this process. The results highlight a level of heterogeneity and complexity intrinsic to the University of Pavia educational system, characterized by clinical settings with different clinical levels (Research hospital and other traditional hospitals) that offering different levels of training.
  
  
  
  The use of the self-evaluation form for clinical learning made it possible to perform real-time observations of the training activities of the entire student body. An educational model structured in this way allows the student to develop their capacity for critical thinking. For educational activities, such a self-evaluation form represents an ideal instrument for identifying areas in need of improvement. This explorative study, carried out by means of a self-evaluation form, is the first-step toward the development of an educational programme that is more uniform and easily traceable within the academic system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Hygiene, University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arrigoni
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grugnetti
authors.affiliation: Health Professions Research and Development Unit IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milano Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caruso
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Hygiene, University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gallotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borrelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puci
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004506:Education, Nursing; D006040:Goals; D057566:Self Report; D013338:Students, Nursing
keywords: Clinical context; Clinical education objectives; Competencies; Learning; Nursing education