title: Estimating the scale of adverse animal welfare consequences of movement restriction and mitigation strategies in a classical swine fever outbreak.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study aim was to quantify the impact of movement restriction on the well-being of pigs and the associated mitigation responses during a classical swine fever (CSF) outbreak. We developed a stochastic risk assessment model and incorporated Indiana swine industry statistics to estimate the timing and number of swine premises that would encounter overcrowding or feed interruption resulting from movement restriction. Our model also quantified the amount of on-farm euthanasia and movement of pigs to slaughter plants required to alleviate those conditions. We simulated various single-site (i.e., an outbreak initiated from one location) and multiple-site (i.e., an outbreak initiated from more than one location) outbreak scenarios in Indiana to estimate outputs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study estimated that 14% of the swine premises in Indiana would encounter overcrowding or feed interruption due to movement restriction implemented during a CSF outbreak. The number of premises that would experience animal welfare conditions was about 2.5 fold of the number of infected premises. On-farm euthanasia needed to be performed on 33% of those swine premises to alleviate adverse animal welfare conditions, and more than 90% of on-farm euthanasia had to be carried out within 2 weeks after the implementation of movement restriction. Conversely, movement of pigs to slaughter plants could alleviate 67% of adverse animal welfare conditions due to movement restriction, and only less than 1% of movement of pigs to slaughter plants had to be initiated in the first 2 weeks of movement restrictions. The risk of secondary outbreaks due to movement of pigs from movement restriction areas to slaughter plants was low and only seven pigs from each shipment needed to be tested for CSF infection to prevent a secondary outbreak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the scale of adverse animal welfare consequences of movement restriction during a CSF outbreak in Indiana was substantial, and controlled movement of pigs to slaughter plants was an efficient and low-risk alternative mitigation response to on-farm euthanasia. The output estimates generated from this study provide empirical evidence for decision makers to properly incorporate required resources for mitigating adverse animal welfare conditions in CSF outbreak management strategic planning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.|Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program (ORISE fellow), Orient Point, NY, 11957, USA.
authors.forename: Shankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. weng9@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Hsin-Yi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5514-099X
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Weng
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D006691:Classical Swine Fever / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003140:Communicable Disease Control / Q000379:methods; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D037901:Euthanasia, Animal; D007196:Indiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013552:Swine; D014186:Transportation
keywords: Animal welfare; Classical swine fever; Movement restriction; Outbreak control; Overcrowding; Pigs; Risk assessment; Swine