title: The Higher the Insulin Resistance the Lower the Cardiac Output in Men with Type 1 Diabetes During the Maximal Exercise Test.
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the hemodynamic parameters analyzed in bioimpedance cardiography during maximal exercise in patients with type 1 diabetes differing in insulin resistance.
  
  
  
  The study group consisted of 40 men with type 1 diabetes. Tissue sensitivity to insulin was assessed on the basis of the glucose disposal rate (GDR) analyzed during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Patients were divided into groups with GDR <4.5 mg/kg/min (G1 group-lower insulin sensitivity) and GDR ≥4.5 mg/kg/min (G2 group-higher insulin sensitivity). During the exercise test, the heart rate, systolic volume, cardiac output, cardiac index were measured by the impedance meter (PhysioFlow).
  
  
  
  Compared with the G2 group, the G1 group had a lower cardiac output (CO): during exercise 8.6 (IQR 7.7-10.0) versus 12.8 (IQR 10.8-13.7) L/min; P < 0.0001, at the maximal effort 13.1 (IQR 12.2-16.7) versus 18.6 (IQR 16.9-20.2) L/min; P = 0.001, and during observation after exercise 8.4 (IQR 6.3-9.6) versus 11.9 (IQR 10.1-13.1) L/min; P < 0.0001. We noticed a positive correlation of GDR and cardiac output: during the exercise test (r = 0.63, P = 0.0002), at the maximal effort (Rs 0.56, P = 0.001), and during observation after the exercise test (r = 0.72, P < 0.0001). In multivariate logistic regression, cardiac output during exercise and during observation was associated with high GDR, regardless of the age and duration of diabetes [OR: 1.98 (95% CI 1.10-3.56), P = 0.02 and OR: 1.91 (95% CI 1.05-3.48), P = 0.03; respectively].
  
  
  
  In nonobese subjects with type 1 diabetes, with good metabolic control, insulin resistance is associated with cardiac hemodynamic parameters assessed during and after exercise. The higher the insulin resistance the lower the cardiac output during maximal exercise in men with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan, Poland .
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Niedzwiecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan, Poland .
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Naskret
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan, Poland .
authors.forename: Stanislaw
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pilacinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan, Poland .
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pempera
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan, Poland .
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uruska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan, Poland .
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adamska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan, Poland .
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin
keywords: bioimpedance; cardiac output; diabetes type 1; exercise; insulin resistance