title: Maternal food restrictions during breastfeeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated self-food restriction during breastfeeding, reviewed the literature showing the effect of maternal diet on the health of breast-fed infants, and explored the validity of dietary restrictions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaire data were collected from breastfeeding Korean mothers who visited the pediatric clinic of Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center from July 2015 through August 2015. The survey included items assessing maternal age, number of children, maternal educational attainment, household income, degree of difficulty with self-food restriction, types of self-restricted foods, dietary customs during breastfeeding, and sources of information about breastfeeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaire was completed by 145 mothers. More than a third (n=56, 39%) had discomfort from and usually avoided 4-5 types of food (mean, 4.92). Mothers younger than 40 years had more discomfort (odds ratio [OR], 12.762;P=0.017). Primiparas felt less discomfort than multiparas (OR, 0.436;P=0.036). Dietary practices were not influenced by maternal educational attainment or household income. The most common self-restricted foods were caffeine (n=131, 90.3%), spicy foods (n=124, 85.5%), raw foods (n=109, 75.2%), cold foods (n=100, 69%), and sikhye (traditional sweet Korean rice beverage) (n=100, 69%). Most mothers (n=122, 84.1%) avoided foods for vague reasons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most mothers restricted certain foods unnecessarily. Literature review identified no foods that mothers should absolutely avoid during breastfeeding unless the infant reacts negatively to the food.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Goun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yeon Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Son Moon
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shin
keywords: Attitudes practice health knowledge; Breastfeeding; Health care surveys; Infant; Lactation