title: Interventions to reduce the risk of ovarian and fallopian tube cancer: A European Menopause and Andropause Society Postition Statement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female gynecological cancer-related death, and there are no effective screening procedures or early diagnostic approaches.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine risk factors and risk-reducing strategies for both sporadic and familial tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review and consensus of expert opinion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women with a genetic predisposition to ovarian cancer, salpingo-oophorectomy reduces the risk of ovarian malignancy, and to a lesser degree of breast cancer. Opportunistic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and bilateral salpingectomy may also prevent epithelial ovarian cancer. In premenopausal women, bilateral salpingectomy should be preferred to tubal ligation, and be performed when hysterectomy is carried out for benign uterine disease. Hysterectomy and the use of combined oral contraceptives and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs are also recognized to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, as do the prevention of obesity and smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zaragoza University Faculty of Medicine, Lozano-Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza 50009, Spain. Electronic address: faustino.perez@unizar.es.
authors.forename: Faustino R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Pérez-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 'Dr. I. Cantacuzino' Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Iuliana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ceausu
authors.affiliation: Breast Clinic and Menopause Clinic, University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Depypere
authors.affiliation: Lawson Tait Professor of Gynaecological Cancer, Institute of Cancer and Genomics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kehoe
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lambrinoudaki
authors.affiliation: University Women's Hospital of Tuebingen,Calwer Street 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mueck
authors.affiliation: Istanbul University Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, IVF Unit, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Levent M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Senturk
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 67, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simoncini
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Stevenson
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Women's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stute
authors.affiliation: Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rees
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D005185:Fallopian Tube Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D017697:Premenopause; D012307:Risk Factors; D058994:Salpingectomy
keywords: BRCA gene mutation; Bilateral oophorectomy; Bilateral salpingectomy; Combined oral contraceptives; Fallopian tubes cancer; Hysterectomy; Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; Obesity; Ovarian borderline tumors; Ovarian cancer; Smoking