title: Conscience, conscientious objection, and nursing: A concept analysis.
abstract: Ethical nursing practice is increasingly challenging, and strategies for addressing ethical dilemmas are needed to support nurses' ethical care provision. Conscientious objection is one such strategy for addressing nurses' personal, ethical conflicts, at times associated with conscience. Exploring both conscience and conscientious objection provides understanding regarding their implications for ethical nursing practice, research, and education.
  To analyze the concepts of conscience and conscientious objection in the context of nurses.
  Concept analysis using the method by Walker and Avant.
  Data were retrieved from Philosopher's Index, PubMed, and CINAHL with no date restrictions.
  This analysis was carried out per established, scientific guidelines.
  Ethical concepts are integral to nursing ethics, yet little is known about conscientious objection in relation to conscience for nurses. Of note, both concepts are well established in ethics literature, addressed in various nursing codes of ethics and regulatory bodies, but the meaning they hold for nurses and the impact they have on nursing education and practice remain unclear.
  This article discusses the relevance of conscience and conscientious objection to ethical nursing practice and proposes a model case to show how they can be appreciated in the context of nurses. Conscientious objection is an option for ethical transparency for nurses but is situated in contentious discussions over its use and has yet to be fully understood for nursing practice. Conscience is an element in need of more exploration in the context of conscientious objection. Further research is warranted to understand how nurses respond to conscience concerns in morally, pluralistic nursing contexts.
authors.affiliation: Western University, Canada.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.affiliation: Western University, Canada.
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Western University, Canada.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Babenko-Mould
authors.affiliation: Western University, Canada.
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Western University, Canada.
authors.forename: Ken W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kirkwood
mesh_terms: D003210:Concept Formation; D003242:Conscience; D000078383:Conscientious Refusal to Treat / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans
keywords: Concept analysis; conscience; conscientious objection; ethics; nursing practice