title: High folate and low vitamin B12 status during pregnancy is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: B-vitamins and homocysteine may contribute to the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but existing studies are inconsistent. We examined the cross-sectional associations of plasma folate, vitamins B6, B12, and homocysteine concentrations with GDM and glycemia in a sample of multi-ethnic Asian pregnant women.
  
  
  
  Plasma concentrations of folate, vitamins B6, B12, homocysteine and glucose were measured at 26-weeks' gestation in 913 pregnant women. GDM was diagnosed using the 1999 World Health Organization criteria. Associations were examined with linear or logistic regression, adjusted for confounders and stratified by ethnicity.
  
  
  
  Higher plasma folate was associated with higher 2-h glucose and higher odds of GDM [0.15 (0.02, 0.23) per 1-SD increment in folate, OR 1.29 (1.00, 1.60)], mainly among Indian mothers. Higher plasma vitamin B12 and homocysteine were associated with lower fasting and 2-h glucose, and lower odds of GDM [-0.04 (-0.07, -0.01) per 1-SD increment in B12 and -0.09 (-0.18, -0.003) respectively, OR: 0.81 (0.68, 0.97); -0.05 (-0.08, -0.02) per 1-SD increment in homocysteine and -0.12 (-0.21, -0.02) respectively, OR: 0.76 (0.62, 0.92)]. The highest odds of GDM were observed among women with combined vitamin B12 insufficiency and high folate concentration [OR: 1.97 (1.05, 3.68)]. An association between higher vitamin B6 and higher 2-h glucose shifted towards null adjusting for other B-vitamins.
  
  
  
  Higher maternal folate coupled with vitamin B12 insufficiency was associated with higher GDM risk. This finding has potential implications for antenatal supplement recommendations but will require confirmation in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jun S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Wei Wei
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Shirong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yung Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jerry K Y
authors.initials: JKY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lynette P C
authors.initials: LPC
authors.lastname: Shek
authors.affiliation: Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Fabian K P
authors.initials: FKP
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kok Hian
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit & NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Rob M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yap Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: ephmcff@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Mary F F
authors.initials: MFF
authors.lastname: Chong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood*; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12
keywords: Folate; Gestational diabetes; Homocysteine; Pregnancy; Vitamin B12; Vitamin B6