title: Trimming the Vascular Tree in Tumors: Metabolic and Immune Adaptations.
abstract: Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, has become a well-established hallmark of cancer. Its functional importance for the manifestation and progression of tumors has been further validated by the beneficial therapeutic effects of angiogenesis inhibitors, most notably ones targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways. However, with the transient and short-lived nature of the patient response, it has become evident that tumors have the ability to adapt to the pressures of vascular growth restriction. Several escape mechanisms have been described that adapt tumors to therapy-induced low-oxygen tension by either reinstating tumor growth by vascular rebound or by altering tumor behavior without the necessity to reinitiate revascularization. We review here two bypass mechanisms that either instigate angiogenic and immune-suppressive polarization of intratumoral innate immune cells to facilitate VEGF-independent angiogenesis or enable metabolic adaptation and reprogramming of endothelial cells and tumor cells to adapt to low-oxygen tension.
authors.affiliation: KU-Leuven and VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: KU-Leuven and VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Rindert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Missiaen
authors.affiliation: KU-Leuven and VIB-Center for Cancer Biology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bergers
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply*; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A