title: Imaging of Renal Medullary Carcinoma.
abstract: Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is a rare, highly aggressive tumor recognized as an independent pathological entity. African-descent adolescents and young adults with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy are the most affected groups. This rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma has its own morphogenetic and pathological characteristics. The major clinical manifestations include gross hematuria, abdominal or flank pain, and weight loss. The prognosis is very poor, with 95% of cases diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. In this review, we summarize the morphologic and dynamic characteristics of RMC under various imaging modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance. Differential diagnosis and management strategies are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Eliodoro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faiella
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Domiziana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santucci
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo Augusto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mallio
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nezzo
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo Cosimo
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Quattrocchi
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beomonte Zobel
authors.affiliation: Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosario Francesco
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Grasso
keywords: Computed tomography; contrast-enhanced ultrasound; magnetic resonance imaging; renal cell carcinoma; renal medullary carcinoma