title: Risks and Benefits of Swaddling Healthy Infants: An Integrative Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Swaddling has been practiced since antiquity; however, there is controversy about its safety.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to update and build upon previous reviews and synthesize evidence on risks and benefits of swaddling in healthy-term, near-term, or older infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE (1960-May 13, 2016) and CINAHL (1963-May 13, 2016) searches were conducted, relevant articles retrieved, and citation lists reviewed for other references.
  
  
  METHODS
  A table summarizes study details. Selected older references and supporting literature are integrated into the synthesis to provide context.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Swaddling calms infants and promotes sleep, but it is equally or less effective than other nonpharmacological methods in managing pain. There may be a slight risk for sudden infant death syndrome associated with supine swaddling, although the impact of confounding variables is unclear. Early skin-to-skin contact supports early breastfeeding, but swaddling does not have a negative impact on breastfeeding long term. Swaddling tightly around the hips is strongly associated with developmental dysplasia of the hip. More research is needed on the impact of swaddling on pain in term infants, infant vital signs, arousal thresholds, and a possible association between swaddling, vitamin D deficiency, and acute lower respiratory tract infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of studies was small, with few randomized control trials, and researchers used different definitions of swaddling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If a few precautions are taken, such as swaddling securely to minimize risk of unwrapping, avoiding overheating, placing infants to sleep supine, and discontinuing swaddling when infants first show signs of rolling over, swaddling presents minimal risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternity and neonatal nurses should model swaddling practices based on the evidence and promote informed decision-making among infant caregivers.
authors.affiliation: Antonia M. Nelson is an Associate Professor of Nursing, Saint Anselm College, Manchester, NH. The author can be reached via e-mail at anelson@anselm.edu.
authors.forename: Antonia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D001512:Bedding and Linens; D055318:Evidence-Based Nursing / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012890:Sleep; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000517:prevention & control; D016683:Supine Position / Q000502:physiology*