title: Ecology of cold environments: new insights of bacterial metabolic adaptation through an integrated genomic-phenomic approach.
abstract: Cold environments dominate Earth's biosphere, hosting complex microbial communities with the ability to thrive at low temperatures. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the metabolic pathways involved in bacterial cold-adaptation mechanisms are still not fully understood. Herein, we assessed the metabolic features of the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 (PhTAC125), a model organism for cold-adaptation, at both 4 °C and 15 °C, by integrating genomic and phenomic (high-throughput phenotyping) data and comparing the obtained results to the taxonomically related Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. TB41 (PspTB41). Although the genome size of PspTB41 is considerably larger than PhTAC125, the higher number of genes did not reflect any higher metabolic versatility at 4 °C as compared to PhTAC125. Remarkably, protein S-thiolation regulated by glutathione and glutathionylspermidine appeared to be a new possible mechanism for cold adaptation in PhTAC125. More in general, this study represents an example of how 'multi-omic' information might potentially contribute in filling the gap between genotypic and phenotypic features related to cold-adaptation mechanisms in bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e la Pedologia (CREA-ABP), via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125, Firenze, Italy. stefano.mocali@crea.gov.it.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1173-7206
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mocali
authors.affiliation: Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e la Pedologia (CREA-ABP), via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125, Firenze, Italy.|Department of Biology, LEMM, Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution Florence, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiellini
authors.affiliation: Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e la Pedologia (CREA-ABP), via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125, Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fabiani
authors.affiliation: Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrobiologia e la Pedologia (CREA-ABP), via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125, Firenze, Italy.|Department of Biology, LEMM, Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution Florence, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Decuzzi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Pascale
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Complesso Universitario, Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Ermenegilda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parrilli
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Complesso Universitario, Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Tutino
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, LEMM, Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution Florence, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, LEMM, Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution Florence, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, LEMM, Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution Florence, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fondi
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council (IAMC-CNR), Spianata San Raineri 86, 98122, Messina, Italy.|Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontrès 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lo Giudice
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, LEMM, Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution Florence, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fani
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D003080:Cold Temperature; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D031161:Pseudoalteromonas / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013095:Spermidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C012333:glutathionylspermidine; D005978:Glutathione; D013095:Spermidine