title: Sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE phases I and II) based on microscale bioassays for diagnosing causes of toxicity in coastal areas affected by domestic sewage.
abstract: Domestic sewage is a major problem in highly urbanized coastal areas worldwide. In the present study, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) phases I and II were applied to sediment interstitial water from 2 locations along the São Paulo coast in southeastern Brazil: the sewage outfalls from the city of Santos, a densely urbanized area, and the city of Bertioga, a less urbanized area. An adapted microscale sea urchin embryo-larval development bioassay was employed. Phase TIE-I manipulations were 1) ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) addition, 2) aeration at modified pH, 3) C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE), and 4) addition of Na2S2O3. The results of the Santos TIE-I indicated toxicity by sulfides and substances with affinity to C18 resin. In Bertioga, toxicity was the result of NH3, metals, and arsenic, as well as substances with affinity to C18 resin. Phase TIE-II aimed to specify the causes of toxicity by testing the toxicity of eluates of the sublation and C18 SPE manipulation. The results reinforced the role of both surfactants and nonpolar compounds as causative agents of toxicity in both Santos and Bertioga. Chemical analyses of sediment interstitial water or whole sediment ruled out the influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the toxicity of both sampling sites. Other hydrophobic substances may play a role in the toxicity of Santos and Bertioga effluents. Efforts to remove such substances from sanitary effluents must be prioritized. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1820-1832. © 2017 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana Aliceda
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferraz
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.|Graduate Program in Integrated Environmental Analysis, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Vecchio
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Cássia Muniz
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio Hermes
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Pusceddu
authors.affiliation: Cellular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.|Laboratory for the Study of Aquatic Pollution and Ecotoxicology (NEPEA), São Paulo State University, São Vicente Campus (UNESP), Campus do Litoral Paulista, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paloma Kachel
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Gusso-Choueri
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aldo Ramos
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Integrated Environmental Analysis, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Brasil
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Choueri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013885:Thiosulfates / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012722:Sewage; D013885:Thiosulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004492:Edetic Acid; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; C017717:sodium thiosulfate
keywords: Municipal effluents; Sea urchin; Sediment assessment; Sediment porewater; Toxic identification evaluation; Toxicant identification