title: Isolation of dengue virus from the upper respiratory tract of four patients with dengue fever.
abstract: Dengue fever is an important arboviral disease. The clinical manifestations vary from a mild non-specific febrile syndrome to severe life-threatening illness. The virus can usually be detected in the blood during the early stages of the disease. Dengue virus has also been found in isolated cases in the cerebrospinal fluid, urine, nasopharyngeal sections and saliva. In this report, we describe the isolation of dengue virus from the upper respiratory tract of four confirmed cases of dengue.
  
  
  
  We reviewed all laboratory reports of the isolation of dengue virus from respiratory specimens at the clinical microbiology laboratory of the Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital during 2007 to 2015. We then examined the medical records of the cases from whom the virus was isolated to determine their demographic characteristics, family contacts, clinical signs and symptoms, course of illness and laboratory findings.
  
  
  
  Dengue virus was identified in four patients from a nasopharyngeal or throat culture. Two were classified as group A dengue (dengue without warning signs), one as group B (dengue with warning signs) and one as group C (severe dengue). All had respiratory symptoms. Half had family members with similar respiratory symptoms during the period of their illnesses. All of the patients recovered uneventfully.
  
  
  
  The isolation of dengue virus from respiratory specimens of patients with cough, rhinorrhea and nasal congestion, although rare, raises the possibility that the virus is capable of transmission by the aerosol route among close contacts. This concept is supported by studies that show that the virus can replicate in cultures of respiratory epithelium and can be transmitted through mucocutaneous exposure to blood from infected patients. However, current evidence is insufficient to prove the hypothesis of transmission through the respiratory route. Further studies will be needed to determine the frequency of respiratory colonization, viable virus titers in respiratory secretions and molecular genetic evidence of transmission among close contacts.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Nai-Ming
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3769-5654
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng Len
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8694-8588
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sy
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Bao-Chen
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsi-Shu
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Susan Shin-Jung
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.|Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yao-Shen
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000336:Aerosols; D002648:Child; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000821:virology*; D019595:Severe Dengue / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000635:transmission*; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D012367:RNA, Viral