title: Mycotoxin risk assessment for consumers of groundnut in domestic markets in Nigeria.
abstract: The fungal and multi-mycotoxin profiles of groundnuts sold in domestic markets in Nigeria as well as the associated risk to consumers were assessed in the present study. Four hundred fungal isolates representing mainly Aspergillus [58.6%: Aspergillus section Flavi (37.1%) and A. niger-clade (21.5%)], Penicillium (40.9%) and Fusarium (0.5%) were isolated from 82 (97.6%, n=84) groundnut samples collected from four agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Nigeria. The incidence of aflatoxin-producing A. flavus isolates (71%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the groundnuts than that of the non-aflatoxigenic isolates (29%). Fifty-four fungal metabolites [including aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2and AFM1), beauvericin (BEAU), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), moniliformin, nivalenol and ochratoxin A] and four bacterial metabolites were detected in the groundnuts by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Aflatoxins (39%; max: 2076μg/kg; mean: 216μg/kg) were detected in more samples than any other mycotoxin. About 25, 23 and 14% of the samples respectively were above the 2μg/kg AFB1, 4 and 20μg/kg total aflatoxin limits of the European Union and US FDA respectively. The mean margins of exposure of AFB1and total aflatoxins for adult consumers were 1665 and 908, respectively, while mean estimated daily intake values for infants, children and adults were <0.1% for BEAU and 4% for CPA. Consumers of mycotoxin contaminated groundnuts in Nigeria may therefore be at a risk of liver cancer in addition to other combinatory effects of mycotoxin/metabolite cocktails. There is need for increased targeted interventions in the groundnut value chain in Nigeria for public health benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Oluwawapelumi A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Oyedele
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria. Electronic address: chaugez@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chibundu N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Ezekiel
authors.affiliation: Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sulyok
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Modupeade C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Adetunji
authors.affiliation: Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Warth
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olusegun O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Atanda
authors.affiliation: Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krska
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis; D010367:Arachis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D001231:Aspergillus flavus / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003503:Cyclobutanes / Q000032:analysis; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000032:analysis; D005670:Fusarium / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000032:analysis; D007223:Infant; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis; D010407:Penicillium / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D018570:Risk Assessment; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D003503:Cyclobutanes; D047630:Depsipeptides; D007211:Indoles; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C025589:ochratoxin A; C004456:beauvericin; C008539:moniliformin; C038405:nivalenol; C000543:cyclopiazonic acid
keywords: Aflatoxin; Consumer safety; Fungi; Groundnut; Mycotoxins; Risk assessment; Trade