title: Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders.
abstract: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is clinically characterized by severe optic neuritis and transverse myelitis, but recent studies with anti-aquaporin-4-antibody specific to NMO have revealed that the clinical spectrum is wider than previously thought. International consensus diagnostic criteria propose NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD) as the term to define the entire spectrum including typical NMO, optic neuritis, acute myelitis, brain syndrome, and their combinations. NMOSD is now divided into anti-aquaporin-4-antibody-seropositive NMOSD and -seronegative NMOSD (or unknown serostatus). MR imaging and optical coherence tomography are indispensable in the diagnosis and evaluation of NMOSD. This article reviews the clinical and MR imaging findings of anti-aquaporin-4-antibody-seropositive and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-seropositive NMOSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akaishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; Brain Institute, The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - Building 63, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Douglas Kazutoshi
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; Department of Neurology, Yonezawa National Hospital, 26100-1 Misawa, Yonezawa 992-1202, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Multiple Sclerosis & Neuromyelitis Optica Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 7-115 Yatsuyamada, Koriyama 963-8563, Japan. Electronic address: fujikazu@med.tohoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujihara
mesh_terms: D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000276:immunology; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein / Q000276:immunology*; D009188:Myelitis, Transverse; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D009902:Optic Neuritis
chemical_list: D051401:Aquaporin 4; D001323:Autoantibodies; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
keywords: Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody; Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody; MR imaging; Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders; Optical coherence tomography