title: Sensitivity of Rhizoctonia Isolates to Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid and Biological Control by Phenazine-Producing Pseudomonas spp.
abstract: Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis groups (AG)-8 and AG-2-1 and R. oryzae are ubiquitous in cereal-based cropping systems of the Columbia Plateau of the Inland Pacific Northwest and commonly infect wheat. AG-8 and R. oryzae, causal agents of Rhizoctonia root rot and bare patch, are most commonly found in fields in the low-precipitation zone, whereas R. solani AG-2-1 is much less virulent on wheat and is distributed in fields throughout the low-, intermediate-, and high-precipitation zones. Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that produce the antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) also are abundant in the rhizosphere of crops grown in the low-precipitation zone but their broader geographic distribution and effect on populations of Rhizoctonia is unknown. To address these questions, we surveyed the distribution of PCA producers (Phz+) in 59 fields in cereal-based cropping systems throughout the Columbia Plateau. Phz+Pseudomonas spp. were detected in 37 of 59 samples and comprised from 0 to 12.5% of the total culturable heterotrophic aerobic rhizosphere bacteria. The frequency with which individual plants were colonized by Phz+pseudomonads ranged from 0 to 100%. High and moderate colonization frequencies of Phz+pseudomonads were associated with roots from fields located in the driest areas whereas only moderate and low colonization frequencies were associated with crops where higher annual precipitation occurs. Thus, the geographic distribution of Phz+pseudomonads overlaps closely with the distribution of R. solani AG-8 but not with that of R. oryzae or R. solani AG-2-1. Moreover, linear regression analysis demonstrated a highly significant inverse relationship between annual precipitation and the frequency of rhizospheres colonized by Phz+pseudomonads. Phz+pseudomonads representative of the four major indigenous species (P. aridus, P. cerealis, P. orientalis, and P. synxantha) suppressed Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat when applied as seed treatments. In vitro, mean 50% effective dose values for isolates of AG-8 and AG-2-1 from fields with high and low frequencies of phenazine producers did not differ significantly, nor was there a correlation between virulence of an isolate and sensitivity to PCA, resulting in rejection of the hypothesis that tolerance in Rhizoctonia spp. to PCA develops in nature upon exposure to Phz+pseudomonads.
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430; and third, fourth, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430.
authors.forename: Ahmad Kamil Mohd
authors.initials: AKM
authors.lastname: Jaaffar
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430; and third, fourth, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Parejko
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430; and third, fourth, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430.
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Paulitz
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430; and third, fourth, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430; and third, fourth, and fifth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430.
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Thomashow
mesh_terms: D061046:Biological Control Agents; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000382:microbiology; D005843:Geography; D001467:Hordeum / Q000382:microbiology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010619:Phenazines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D012232:Rhizoctonia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D058441:Rhizosphere; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents; D010619:Phenazines; C037165:1-phenazinecarboxylic acid
keywords: barley