title: Optimum Laser Beam Characteristics for Achieving Smoother Ablations in Laser Vision Correction.
abstract: Controversial opinions exist regarding optimum laser beam characteristics for achieving smoother ablations in laser-based vision correction. The purpose of the study was to outline a rigorous simulation model for simulating shot-by-shot ablation process. The impact of laser beam characteristics like super Gaussian order, truncation radius, spot geometry, spot overlap, and lattice geometry were tested on ablation smoothness.
  
  
  
  Given the super Gaussian order, the theoretical beam profile was determined following Lambert-Beer model. The intensity beam profile originating from an excimer laser was measured with a beam profiler camera. For both, the measured and theoretical beam profiles, two spot geometries (round and square spots) were considered, and two types of lattices (reticular and triangular) were simulated with varying spot overlaps and ablated material (cornea or polymethylmethacrylate [PMMA]). The roughness in ablation was determined by the root-mean-square per square root of layer depth.
  
  
  
  Truncating the beam profile increases the roughness in ablation, Gaussian profiles theoretically result in smoother ablations, round spot geometries produce lower roughness in ablation compared to square geometry, triangular lattices theoretically produce lower roughness in ablation compared to the reticular lattice, theoretically modeled beam profiles show lower roughness in ablation compared to the measured beam profile, and the simulated roughness in ablation on PMMA tends to be lower than on human cornea. For given input parameters, proper optimum parameters for minimizing the roughness have been found.
  
  
  
  Theoretically, the proposed model can be used for achieving smoothness with laser systems used for ablation processes at relatively low cost. This model may improve the quality of results and could be directly applied for improving postoperative surface quality.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Office, Research and Development, SCHWIND Eye-Tech-Solutions, Kleinostheim, Germany 2Experimental Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany 3Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Germany 4Central Institute for Computer Engineering (ZITI), Heidelberg University, Germany.
authors.forename: Shwetabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Experimental Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany 3Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Germany 4Central Institute for Computer Engineering (ZITI), Heidelberg University, Germany.
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hesser
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Office, Research and Development, SCHWIND Eye-Tech-Solutions, Kleinostheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arba-Mosquera
mesh_terms: D003315:Cornea / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D054018:Lasers, Excimer / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009216:Myopia / Q000601:surgery*; D018903:Photorefractive Keratectomy / Q000379:methods*