title: Historical Oppression, Resilience, and Transcendence: Can a Holistic Framework Help Explain Violence Experienced by Indigenous People?
abstract: Although all minorities experience inequalities, indigenous peoples in the United States tend to experience the most severe violent victimization. Until now, an organizing framework to explain or address the disproportionate rates of violent victimization was absent. Thus, the purpose of this conceptual article is to (a) introduce the concept of historical oppression, expanding the concept of historical trauma to make it inclusive of contemporary oppression; (b) describe the framework of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence, which draws from distinct but related theoretical frameworks (that is, critical theory and resilience theory); and (c) apply the framework of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence to the problem of violence against indigenous women. The proposed framework of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence prioritizes social justice and strengths; it provides a culturally relevant framework, which can be used to explain, predict, and prevent violence. The article concludes with recommendations for future research, implications for practice, and recommended applications to other problems and populations.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, Tulane University,  New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine Elizabeth
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Burnette
authors.affiliation: Tulane Traumatology Institute,  Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Figley
mesh_terms: D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D011822:Race Relations / Q000523:psychology; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012935:Social Justice / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: American Indians; Native Americans; historical oppression; historical trauma; resilience