title: 3D-printed flow system for determination of lead in natural waters.
abstract: The development of 3D printing in recent years opens up a vast array of possibilities in the field of flow analysis. In the present study, a new 3D-printed flow system has been developed for the selective spectrophotometric determination of lead in natural waters. This system was composed of three 3D-printed units (sample treatment, mixing coil and detection) that might have been assembled without any tubing to form a complete flow system. Lead was determined in a two-step procedure. A preconcentration of lead was first carried out on TrisKem Pb Resin located in a 3D-printed column reservoir closed by a tapped screw. This resin showed a high extraction selectivity for lead over many tested potential interfering metals. In a second step, lead was eluted by ammonium oxalate in presence of 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR), and spectrophotometrically detected at 520nm. The optimized flow system has exhibited a linear response from 3 to 120µgL-1. Detection limit, coefficient of variation and sampling rate were evaluated at 2.7µgL-1, 5.4% (n=6) and 4 sampleh-1, respectively. This flow system stands out by its fully 3D design, portability and simplicity for low cost analysis of lead in natural waters.
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mattio
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Robert-Peillard
authors.affiliation: University of Toulon, MAPIEM, La Garde, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Branger
authors.affiliation: University of Toulon, MAPIEM, La Garde, France.
authors.forename: Kinga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Puzio
authors.affiliation: University of Toulon, MAPIEM, La Garde, France.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Margaillan
authors.affiliation: IFREMER, LBCM, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brach-Papa
authors.affiliation: IFREMER, LBCM, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Joël
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knoery
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Boudenne
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, Marseille, France. Electronic address: bruno.coulomb@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coulomb
mesh_terms: D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D057230:Limit of Detection; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007854:Lead
keywords: 3D-printed MPFS system; Lead determination; Natural waters; Stereolithography