title: Salmonella spp. contamination in commercial layer hen farms using different types of samples and detection methods.
abstract: The performance of detection methods (culture methods and polymerase chain reaction assay) and plating media used in the same type of samples were determined as well as the specificity of PCR primers to detected Salmonella spp. contamination in layer hen farms. Also, the association of farm characteristics with Salmonella presence was evaluated. Environmental samples (feces, feed, drinking water, air, boot-swabs) and eggs were taken from 40 layer hen houses. Salmonella spp. was most detected in boot-swabs taken around the houses (30% and 35% by isolation and PCR, respectively) follow by fecal samples (15.2% and 13.6% by isolation and PCR, respectively). Eggs, drinking water, and air samples were negative for Salmonella detection. Salmonella Schwarzengrund and S. Enteritidis were the most isolated serotypes. For plating media, relative specificity was 1, and the relative sensitivity was greater for EF-18 agar than XLDT agar in feed and fecal samples. However, relative sensitivity was greater in XLDT agar than EF-18 agar for boot-swab samples. Agreement was between fair to good depending on the sample, and it was good between isolation and PCR (feces and boot-swabs), without agreement for feed samples. Salmonella spp. PCR was positive for all strains, while S. Typhimurium PCR was negative. Salmonella Enteritidis PCR used was not specific. Based in the multiple logistic regression analyses, categorization by counties was significant for Salmonella spp. presence (P-value = 0.010). This study shows the importance of considering different types of samples, plating media and detection methods during a Salmonella spp. monitoring study. In addition, it is important to incorporate the sampling of floors around the layer hen houses to learn if biosecurity measures should be strengthened to minimize the entry and spread of Salmonella in the houses. Also, the performance of some PCR methods and S. Enteritidis PCR should be improved, and biosecurity measures in hen farms must be reinforced in the region of more concentrated layer hen houses to reduce the probability of Salmonella spp. presence.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Concepción del Uruguay, Ruta Provincial 39 Km 143,5, 3260, Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Soria
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Concepción del Uruguay, Ruta Provincial 39 Km 143,5, 3260, Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Soria
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Concepción del Uruguay, Ruta Provincial 39 Km 143,5, 3260, Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.affiliation: Tecnovo S.A., Parque Industrial C.C. 17, 3116, Crespo, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
authors.forename: E I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Godano
authors.affiliation: Fundación ArgenINTA, Ruta 11, Km 12.5, 3101, Oro Verde, Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Concepción del Uruguay, Ruta Provincial 39 Km 143,5, 3260, Concepción del Uruguay, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: ViaButron
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB) - ANLIS ''Dr Carlos G. Malbrán'', Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, C1282AFF, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Padin
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos (INPB) - ANLIS ''Dr Carlos G. Malbrán'', Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, C1282AFF, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rogé
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001118:Argentina / Q000453:epidemiology; D002645:Chickens; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers
keywords: Salmonella; detection; layer hen farm; sampling