title: Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on C-peptide preservation in pregnant women with type-1 diabetes: randomized placebo controlled clinical trial.
abstract: Type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by autoimmune insulitis. There are evidences that pregnancy and n-3 fatty acids exhibit suppressive effect on human inflammatory system.
  
  
  
  Ninety pregnant women with T1DM were included in the prospective randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Forty-seven of them were put on standard diabetic diet enriched with EPA and DHA twice a day (EPA 120 mg and DHA 616 mg; Study group) and 43 pregnant diabetic women were on standard diabetic diet with placebo (Control group). Duration of T1DM in all participants was between 5 to 30 years. Blood samples were analyzed from all pregnant women for fasting C-peptide (FC-peptide), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c in each trimester throughout pregnancy and after delivery. Umbilical vein blood was analyzed for fetal C-peptide level, glucose concentration and insulin resistance.
  
  
  
  In the Study group FC-peptide concentration raised from 59.6±103.9 pmol/l in first trimester, to 67.7±101.3 pmol/l in the second trimester and to 95.1±152.7 pmol/l in the third trimester. Comparing the FC-peptide values during first and third trimester a statistically significant increase in third trimester was found (P<0.001). In the Control group FC-peptide concentration ranged from 41.7±91.6 pmol/l in the first trimester to 41.2±70.9 mmol/l in the second trimester while in the third trimester it reached 52.4±95.3 pmol/l. Comparing the FC-peptide values during first and third trimester the statistical difference was not significant.
  
  
  
  Combining of LC n-3 PUFAs and pregnancy yields immunological tolerance and stimulates the production of endogenous insulin in women with T1DM.
authors.affiliation: Referral Center for Diabetes in pregnancy Ministry of Health Republic of Croatia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horvaticek
authors.affiliation: Referral Center for Diabetes in pregnancy Ministry of Health Republic of Croatia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0815-3584
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Djelmis
authors.affiliation: Referral Center for Diabetes in pregnancy Ministry of Health Republic of Croatia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ivanisevic
authors.affiliation: Referral Center for Diabetes in pregnancy Ministry of Health Republic of Croatia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oreskovic
authors.affiliation: Referral Center for Diabetes in pregnancy Ministry of Health Republic of Croatia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002096:C-Peptide; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human