title: Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of children born to prospectively followed pregnancies of women with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome.
abstract: Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) are autoimmune diseases that affect women of childbearing age. Maternal IgG antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) can cross the placenta during pregnancy and theoretically reach the fetal brain. Some studies showed an increased number of learning disabilities in these children. Objectives To evaluate the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of 40 children (median age 7.4 years) born to mothers with SLE and/or APS carrying positive IgG aPL during the third trimester of pregnancy. Methods Children were checked for neurological physical exam and intellectual/cognitive functioning by the Wechsler scale for corrected age. We submitted to the mothers the Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL) and a homemade set of questions created by pediatric neurologists. Results In all children neurological physical exam and intelligence levels were found to be normal. A cognitive impairment or a discrepant cognitive profile was found in 3 (7%) and 11 (28%) children, respectively. Learning disabilities were diagnosed in 3 children (19% of school-age children), all born to mothers with triple aPL positivity. A history of epilepsy was shown in four children (10%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children born to women with SLE and/or APS may need a long-term follow-up focusing on milestones of neurodevelopment in order to detect and correct any alteration as early as possible.
authors.affiliation: 1 Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nalli
authors.affiliation: 2 Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iodice
authors.affiliation: 1 Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Andreoli
authors.affiliation: 3 Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.affiliation: 4 Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lojacono
authors.affiliation: 5 Neonatology and NICU, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motta
authors.affiliation: 3 Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fazzi
authors.affiliation: 1 Rheumatology and Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tincani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000378:metabolism; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000276:immunology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D014888:Wechsler Scales
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid
keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); antiphospholipid syndrome (APS); behavioral disorders; children’s outcome; learning disabilities