title: An approach to clarify the effect mechanism of glyphosate on body malformations during embryonic development of zebrafish (Daino rerio).
abstract: In this study, it has been investigated that the effects of glyphosate, which is a herbicide within organophosphate and unselective widely used in agriculture on enzyme activity of carbonic anhydrase, production of reactive oxygen species, cell apoptosis and body morphology during the embryonic development of zebrafish. To this end, it has been treated embryo with 1, 5, 10 and 100 mg/L gyphosate at 96 h. The embryos treated with glyphosate from 4 hpf were evaluated by considering the survival rates, hatching rates, body malformations under the stereo microscope in 24, 48, 72 and 96th hours. In order to clarify the mechanism of the abnormalities ROS, enzyme activity of carbonic anhydrase and cellular death were detected end of the 96th hour. The data obtained in the present study have shown that glyphosate treatment inhibited CA activity, caused production of ROS especially branchial regions, triggered cellular apoptosis and caused several types of malformations including pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, spinal curvature and body malformation in a dose-dependent manner. As a conclusion, in light of present and previous studies, we can deduce that (1) the probable reason of ROS production was CA inhibition via decreasing of CO2extraction and developing respiratory acidosis (however, one needs to clarify), (2) abundance of ROS triggered cellular apoptosis and (3) as a result of cellular apoptosis malformations increased. These data will enable us to further understand potential toxic mechanism of glyphosate on embryonic development stage of zebrafish and may be useful for assessment in the toxicology studies.
authors.affiliation: Atatürk University, Fisheries Faculty, Aquaculture Department, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ekrem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sulukan
authors.affiliation: Atatürk University, Fisheries Faculty, Aquaculture Department, Erzurum, Turkey; Atatürk University, Fisheries Faculty, Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Köktürk
authors.affiliation: Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Molecular Biology and Genetic Department, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ceylan
authors.affiliation: Anadolu University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Şükrü
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Beydemir
authors.affiliation: Harran University, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Health Services Vocational School, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mesut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Işik
authors.affiliation: Atatürk University, Fisheries Faculty, Aquaculture Department, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atamanalp
authors.affiliation: Atatürk University, Fisheries Faculty, Aquaculture Department, Erzurum, Turkey; Atatürk University, Fisheries Faculty, Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: saltukceyhun@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Saltuk Buğrahan
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ceyhun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000187:drug effects; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000097797:Glyphosate
keywords: Apoptosis; Carbonic anhydrase; Danio rerio; Glyphosate; Pesticide; ROS; Toxicity