title: The solid-state fermentation of Artemisia capillaris leaves with Ganoderma lucidum enhances the anti-inflammatory effects in a model of atopic dermatitis.
abstract: Artemisia capillaris, which belongs to the Asteraceae family and the genus Artemisia, has been reported to exert inhibitory effects on diabetes, cancer and inflammation. In this study, in order to enhance the bioactivity potential of the leaves of Artemisia by Ganoderma lucidum mycelium, we prepared aqueous samples of Artemisia capillaris (Ac) leaves, Ganoderma lucidum (Gl) and aqueous fractions produced by the solid fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum on Artemisia capillaris leaves (afAc/Gl). Thereafter, we evaluated whether these samples have potential to attenuate inflammation-related symptoms in an amimal model of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced atopic dermatitis. We found that afAc/Gl exhibited enhanced anti-inflamamatory activity following the solid fermentation process when compared with Ac or Gl on ear thickness, ear epidermal thickness and eosinophil infiltration in the skin tissues. The expression of nitric oxide (NO) synthases (NOSs) was measured by immunohistochemical staining. The results revealed that afAc/Gl decreased endothelial NOS and inducible NOS expression compared with the DNFB group, while neuronal NOS expression was not altered. By comparing NO production, we found that as opposed to Ac, afAc/Gl has potential to inhibit atopic dermatitis-related symptoms during the inflammatory event. As regards matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression patterns, afAc/Gl exerted potent inhibitory activity on the mRNA expression of MMP-2, -7, -9, -12, -14 and -19. Taken together, these results suggest that the solid state fermentation of Ac by Gl is an effective strategy to obtaining useful ingredients which are converted into valuable compounds during an atopic inflammatory insult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hyeong-U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Seul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genomics, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 41931, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Chul
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Sang-Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019306:Artemisia; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000378:metabolism*; D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001706:Biopsy; D002460:Cell Line; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004139:Dinitrofluorobenzene / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005285:Fermentation; D008297:Male; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004139:Dinitrofluorobenzene; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases