title: Mitochondrial genetic haplogroups and depressive symptoms: A large study among people in North America.
abstract: A possible relationship between mitochondrial haplogroups and psychiatric diseases (e.g. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) has been postulated, but data regarding depression is still limited. We investigated whether any mitochondrial haplogroup carried a significant higher risk of depressive symptoms in a large prospective cohort of North American people included in the Osteoarthritis Initiative.
  
  
  
  Cross sectional data was derived from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. The haplogroup was assigned through a combination of sequencing and PCR-RFLP techniques. All the mitochondrial haplogroups were named following this nomenclature: H, U, K, J, T, V, SuperHV, I, W, X or Others. Depression was ascertained through the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D), with ≥16 indicating depressive symptoms.
  
  
  
  Overall, 3601 Caucasian participants (55.9% women), mean age of 61.7±9.3 years were included. No difference was observed in mitochondrial haplogroups frequency among those with depressive symptoms (n=285, =7.9% of the baseline population) compared to participants with no depressive symptoms (N=3316) (chi-square test=0.53). Using a logistic regression analysis, adjusted for eight potential confounders, with those having the haplogroup H as the reference group (the most common haplogroup), no significant mitochondrial haplogroup was associated with prevalent depressive symptoms. The same results were evident in secondary analysis in which we matched depressed and non-depressed participants for age and sex.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional design; only CES-D for evaluating mood; participants not totally representative of general population.
  
  
  
  We found no evidence of any relationship between specific mitochondrial haplogroups and depressive symptoms. Future longitudinal research is required to confirm/ refute these findings.
authors.affiliation: National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy; Institute for clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM), Padova, Italy. Electronic address: ilmannato@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Veronese
authors.affiliation: South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8 AF, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.affiliation: Institute for clinical Research and Education in Medicine (IREM), Padova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solmi
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Department, Azienda ULSS20 Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaona
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Department, Azienda USL Toscana Sud Est, Grosseto, Italy.
authors.forename: Jacopo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Demurtas
authors.affiliation: Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andre F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koyanagi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education and Health, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zoratti
authors.affiliation: National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maggi
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009656:North America; D011446:Prospective Studies; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Depression; Mitochondrial haplogroups; Osteoarthritis initiative