title: Human papillomavirus 16 is an aetiological factor of scrotal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Squamous cell scrotal carcinoma (SCSC) is an infrequent skin cancer associated historically with occupational carcinogens. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA has been associated with SCSC but there is no definitive proof of its oncogenic role.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human papillomavirus-DNA and -E6*I mRNA were analysed in six invasive histologically typed SCSC. LCM-PCR was used to localise HPV DNA to tumour cells. P16INK4aand p53 expression were studied by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In three warty or basaloid SCSC HPV16-DNA and E6*I-mRNA were detected. LCM-PCR confirmed HPV16 was in p16INK4a-positive malignant cells. However, of three usual-type SCSC, all were HPV-negative and two expressed p53 protein but not p16INK4a.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human papillomavirus 16 was present in tumour cells and oncogenically active in basaloid and warty SCSC, whereas usual SCSC was HPV-negative and showed immunostaining, suggesting p53 mutation. The dual pathways of oncogenesis and relation between histological type of SCSC and HPV are similar to that in penile cancers.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Guimerà
authors.affiliation: Infections and Cancer Unit, IDIBELL, Institut Català d'Oncologia-Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.|Department of Epidemiology, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Laia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alemany
authors.affiliation: Division of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, Infections and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.|Department of OB/Gyn, UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Halec
authors.affiliation: Division of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, Infections and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pawlita
authors.affiliation: Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Gerard Vincent
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Wain
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Hospital de León, León, Spain.
authors.forename: José Santos Salas
authors.initials: JSS
authors.lastname: Vailén
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu Campus, Orlu, Nigeria.|Department of Surgery, Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Jerome E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Azike
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Infections and Cancer Unit, IDIBELL, Institut Català d'Oncologia-Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.|Department of Epidemiology, CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Sanjosé
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Quint
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Bosch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004279:DNA, Viral; C068651:E6 protein, Human papillomavirus type 16; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53