title: Fluorescence and confocal imaging of mammalian cells using conjugated oligoelectrolytes with phenylenevinylene core.
abstract: Over the last few years, considerable efforts are taken, in order to find a molecular fluorescent probe fulfilling their applicability requirements. Due to a good optical properties and affinity to biological structures conjugated oligoelectrolytes (COEs) can be considered as a promising dyes for application in fluorescence-based bioimaging. In this work, we synthetized COEs with phenylenevinylene core (PV-COEs) and applied as fluorescent membranous-specific probes. Cytotoxicity effects of each COE were probed on cancerous and non-cancerous cell types and little to no toxicity effects were observed at the high range of concentrations. The intensity of cell fluorescence following the COE staining was determined by the photoluminescence analysis and fluorescence activated cell sorting method (FACS). Intercalation of tested COEs into mammalian cell membranes was revealed by fluorescent and confocal microscopy colocalization with commercial dyes specific for cellular structures including mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. The phenylenevinylene conjugated oligoelectrolytes have been found to be suitable for fluorescent bioimaging of mammalian cells and membrane-rich organelles. Due to their water solubility coupled with spontaneous intercalation into cells, favorable photophysical features, ease of cell staining, low cytotoxicity and selectivity for membranous structures, PV-COEs can be applied as markers for fluorescence imaging of a variety of cell types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Milczarek
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Roza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pawlowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Remigiusz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zurawinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lukasik
authors.affiliation: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Pkwy, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
authors.forename: Logan E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland. Electronic address: achworos@cbmm.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Arkadiusz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chworos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D041702:BALB 3T3 Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007364:Intercalating Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D020014:K562 Cells; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007364:Intercalating Agents
keywords: Cell imaging; Conjugated oligoelectrolytes; Cytotoxicity; Fluorescence imaging; Membrane stain