title: Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae) Leaf Morpho-Anatomy, Essential Oil Composition, and Its Biological Activity Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).
abstract: The roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., a well-known medicinal plant from Eastern Asia, are used worldwide for their known beneficial medicinal properties. Recently, the leaves have been used as an alternative to the roots. The present study was aimed at exploring the leaf essential oil as a potential source of compounds for mosquito management. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the leaf essential oil revealed 87 compounds, constituting 95.2% of the oil. α-Bisabolol (26.46%), β-caryophyllene (7.45%), germacrene D (6.87%), β-bisabolene (4.95%), and α-humulene (3.50%) were five of the major constituents. The essential oil was subjected to biting deterrence and repellent activity against mosquito Aedes aegypti. The biting deterrence of the oil produced a proportion not biting (PNB) value of 0.62 at 10 µg/cm2 as compared with 0.86 of control DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) at a standard dose of 25 nmol/cm2. Among individually selected compounds present in the oil (α-bisabolol, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and caryophyllene oxide), only α-bisabolol produced a PNB value of 0.80, equivalent to DEET at 25 nmol/cm2, whereas the others were not repellent. The artificial mixture (AMES-1) of these four selected compounds produced a relatively high PNB value of 0.80. The repellent activity measured by minimum effective dosage (MED) for α-bisabolol and α-humulene produced MED values of 0.094 and 0.104 mg/cm2, respectively, as compared with 0.023 mg/cm2 of DEET. The leaf essential oil, the artificial mixture (AMES-1), and other binary and tertiary combinations of major compounds showed no repellent activity. In addition, morpho-anatomical features of the leaf are provided for correct identification of the species.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677 ( zhaicm163@163.com; meiwang@olemiss.edu; vraman@olemiss.edu; jurehman@olemiss.edu; ymeng@olemiss.edu; jianping@olemiss.edu; bavula@olemiss.edu; wangyh@olemiss.edu; ikhan@olemiss.edu ).|Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150040, China.
authors.forename: Chunmei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677 (zhaicm163@163.com; meiwang@olemiss.edu; vraman@olemiss.edu; jurehman@olemiss.edu; ymeng@olemiss.edu; jianping@olemiss.edu; bavula@olemiss.edu; wangyh@olemiss.edu; ikhan@olemiss.edu).
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677 (zhaicm163@163.com; meiwang@olemiss.edu; vraman@olemiss.edu; jurehman@olemiss.edu; ymeng@olemiss.edu; jianping@olemiss.edu; bavula@olemiss.edu; wangyh@olemiss.edu; ikhan@olemiss.edu).
authors.forename: Vijayasankar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677 (zhaicm163@163.com; meiwang@olemiss.edu; vraman@olemiss.edu; jurehman@olemiss.edu; ymeng@olemiss.edu; jianping@olemiss.edu; bavula@olemiss.edu; wangyh@olemiss.edu; ikhan@olemiss.edu).
authors.forename: Junaid U
authors.initials: JU
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677 ( zhaicm163@163.com; meiwang@olemiss.edu; vraman@olemiss.edu; jurehman@olemiss.edu; ymeng@olemiss.edu; jianping@olemiss.edu; bavula@olemiss.edu; wangyh@olemiss.edu; ikhan@olemiss.edu ).|Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150040, China.
authors.forename: Yonghai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677 (zhaicm163@163.com; meiwang@olemiss.edu; vraman@olemiss.edu; jurehman@olemiss.edu; ymeng@olemiss.edu; jianping@olemiss.edu; bavula@olemiss.edu; wangyh@olemiss.edu; ikhan@olemiss.edu).
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677 (zhaicm163@163.com; meiwang@olemiss.edu; vraman@olemiss.edu; jurehman@olemiss.edu; ymeng@olemiss.edu; jianping@olemiss.edu; bavula@olemiss.edu; wangyh@olemiss.edu; ikhan@olemiss.edu).
authors.forename: Bharathi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Avula
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677 (zhaicm163@163.com; meiwang@olemiss.edu; vraman@olemiss.edu; jurehman@olemiss.edu; ymeng@olemiss.edu; jianping@olemiss.edu; bavula@olemiss.edu; wangyh@olemiss.edu; ikhan@olemiss.edu).
authors.forename: Yan-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150040, China.
authors.forename: Zhenkun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677 ( zhaicm163@163.com; meiwang@olemiss.edu; vraman@olemiss.edu; jurehman@olemiss.edu; ymeng@olemiss.edu; jianping@olemiss.edu; bavula@olemiss.edu; wangyh@olemiss.edu; ikhan@olemiss.edu ).|Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677.
authors.forename: Ikhlas A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D028001:Eleutherococcus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D007306:Insecticides; D009822:Oils, Volatile
keywords: Aedes aegypti; Biting deterrence and repellent activity; Eleutherococcus senticosus; Essential oil composition; Morpho-anatomy