title: The World Health Organization Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5.
abstract: Recognition that adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common, seriously impairing, and usually undiagnosed has led to the development of adult ADHD screening scales for use in community, workplace, and primary care settings. However, these scales are all calibrated to DSM-IV criteria, which are narrower than the recently developed DSM-5 criteria.
  
  
  
  To update for DSM-5 criteria and improve the operating characteristics of the widely used World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) for screening.
  
  
  
  Probability subsamples of participants in 2 general population surveys (2001-2003 household survey [n = 119] and 2004-2005 managed care subscriber survey [n = 218]) who completed the full 29-question self-report ASRS, with both subsamples over-sampling ASRS-screened positives, were blindly administered a semistructured research diagnostic interview for DSM-5 adult ADHD. In 2016, the Risk-Calibrated Supersparse Linear Integer Model, a novel machine-learning algorithm designed to create screening scales with optimal integer weights and limited numbers of screening questions, was applied to the pooled data to create a DSM-5 version of the ASRS screening scale. The accuracy of the new scale was then confirmed in an independent 2011-2012 clinical sample of patients seeking evaluation at the New York University Langone Medical Center Adult ADHD Program (NYU Langone) and 2015-2016 primary care controls (n = 300). Data analysis was conducted from April 4, 2016, to September 22, 2016.
  
  
  
  The sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), and positive predictive value (PPV) of the revised ASRS.
  
  
  
  Of the total 637 participants, 44 (37.0%) household survey respondents, 51 (23.4%) managed care respondents, and 173 (57.7%) NYU Langone respondents met DSM-5 criteria for adult ADHD in the semistructured diagnostic interview. Of the respondents who met DSM-5 criteria for adult ADHD, 123 were male (45.9%); mean (SD) age was 33.1 (11.4) years. A 6-question screening scale was found to be optimal in distinguishing cases from noncases in the first 2 samples. Operating characteristics were excellent at the diagnostic threshold in the weighted (to the 8.2% DSM-5/Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale population prevalence) data (sensitivity, 91.4%; specificity, 96.0%; AUC, 0.94; PPV, 67.3%). Operating characteristics were similar despite a much higher prevalence (57.7%) when the scale was applied to the NYU Langone clinical sample (sensitivity, 91.9%; specificity, 74.0%; AUC, 0.83; PPV, 82.8%).
  
  
  
  The new ADHD screening scale is short, easily scored, detects the vast majority of general population cases at a threshold that also has high specificity and PPV, and could be used as a screening tool in specialty treatment settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
authors.forename: Berk
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ustun
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York.|Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Lenard A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.|Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rudin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse.|Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse.
authors.forename: Stephen V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berglund
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014944:World Health Organization; D055815:Young Adult