title: Highly Soluble p-Terphenyl and Fluorene Derivatives as Efficient Dopants in Plastic Scintillators for Sensitive Nuclear Material Detection.
abstract: Plastic scintillators are commonly used as first-line detectors for special nuclear materials. Current state-of-the-art plastic scintillators based on poly(vinyltoluene) (PVT) matrices containing high loadings (>15.0 wt %) of 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) offer neutron signal discrimination in gamma radiation background (termed pulse shape discrimination, PSD), however, they suffer from poor mechanical properties. In this work, a series of p-terphenyl and fluorene derivatives were synthesized and tested as dopants in PVT based plastic scintillators as possible alternatives to PPO to address the mechanical property issue and to study the PSD mechanism. The derivatives were synthesized from low cost starting materials in high yields using simple chemistry. The photophysical and thermal properties were investigated for their influence on radiation sensitivity/detection performance, and mechanical stability. A direct correlation was found between the melting point of the dopants and the subsequent mechanical properties of the PVT based plastic scintillators. For example, select fluorene derivatives used as dopants produced scintillator samples with mechanical properties exceeding those of the commercial PPO-based scintillators while producing acceptable PSD capabilities. The physical properties of the synthesized dopants were also investigated to examine their effect on the final scintillator samples. Planar derivatives of fluorene were found to be highly soluble in PVT matrices with little to no aggregation induced effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
authors.forename: Henok A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Yemam
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tinkham
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Koubek
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Greife
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.|Materials Science Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6705-1548
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sellinger
keywords: Pd-catalyzed C−C coupling; energy transfer; fluorescence; polymerization; scintillation