title: Parylene scaffold for cartilage lesion.
abstract: Evaluate parylene scaffold feasibility in cartilage lesion treatment, introducing a novel paradigm combining a reparative and superficial reconstructive procedure. Fifteen rabbits were used. All animals had both knees operated and the same osteochondral lesion model was created bilaterally. The parylene scaffold was implanted in the right knee, and the left knee of the same animal was used as control. The animals were euthanized at different time points after surgery: four animals at three weeks, three animals at six weeks, four animals at nine weeks, and four animals at 12 weeks. Specimens were analyzed by International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic evaluation, modified Pineda histologic evaluation of cartilage repair, and collagen II immunostaining. Parylene knees were compared to its matched contra-lateral control knees of the same animal using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank. ICRS mean ± SD values for parylene versus control, three, six, nine and twelve weeks, respectively: 7.83 ± 1.85 versus 4.42 ± 1.08, p = 0.0005; 10.17 ± 1.17 versus 6.83 ± 1.17, p = 0.03; 10.89 ± 0.60 versus 7.33 ± 2.18, p = 0.007; 10.67 ± 0.78 versus 7.83 ± 3.40, p = 0.03. Modified Pineda mean ± SD values for parylene versus control, six, nine and twelve weeks, respectively: 3.37 ± 0.87 versus 6.94 ± 1.7, p < 0.0001; 5.73 ± 2.05 versus 6.41 ± 1.7, p = 0.007; 3.06 ± 1.61 versus 6.52 ± 1.51, p < 0.0001. No inflammation was seen. Parylene implanted knees demonstrated higher collagen II expression via immunostaining in comparison to the control knees. Parylene scaffolds are a feasible option for cartilage lesion treatment and the combination of a reparative to a superficial reconstructive procedure using parylene scaffolds led to better results than the reparative procedure alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, 5th Floor, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil. cacarlos66@hotmail.com.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 2000, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. cacarlos66@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo da Silveira
authors.initials: CEDS
authors.lastname: Franciozi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 2000, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Carleton Thomas
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Vangsness
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 2000, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
authors.forename: James Eugene
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tibone
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology - USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.|USC Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Room 6534, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology - USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.|USC Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Room 6534, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rodger
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Mail Code 136-93, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
authors.forename: Tzu-Chieh
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Mail Code 136-93, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Chong
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 821, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brant
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 712, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.|InVitro Cell Research, LLC, Englewood, NJ, 07631, USA.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 783, 5th Floor, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rene Jorge
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Healthcare Consultation Center 4, Suite 6200, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 712, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evseenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology - USC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.|USC Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, Room 6534, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Humayun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002357:Cartilage Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011108:Polymers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014992:Xylenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D014992:Xylenes; C011055:parylene
keywords: Biomaterial; Cartilage; Cartilage treatment; Parylene; Scaffold; Tissue engineering