title: Dairy intake in relation to breast and pubertal development in Chilean girls.
abstract: Background:Frequent dairy consumption in childhood has been related to higher growth-hormone concentrations that may affect mammary gland and pubertal development.Objective:We evaluated the relation of dairy intake to breast composition at Tanner stage 4 and age at menarche.Design:A total of 515 Chilean girls are included in the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study. The subjects have been followed longitudinally since they were 3-4 y old (from 2006 to the present). Starting in 2013, diet was assessed every 6 mo via a 24-h recall. The breast fibroglandular volume (FGV) was measured with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at Tanner stage 4. The date of menarche was reported every 6 mo. Our analysis included 290 girls with data on prospective diet and breast composition and 324 girls with data on prospective diet and age at menarche.Results:The mean ± SD breast FGV and percentage of fibroglandular volume (%FGV) (i.e., FGV divided by total breast volume times 100) at Tanner stage 4 was 81.7 ± 32.2 cm3and 42.0% ± 16.7%, respectively. Only sweetened, artificially flavored milk-based drinks were associated with the %FGV with girls who consumed >125 g/d having a %FGV that was 4.5% (95% CI: 0.9%, 8.1%) higher than that of girls who consumed none (P-trend = 0.007). Yogurt intake was associated with a lower FGV. Specifically, girls who consumed >125 g yogurt/d had -10.2 cm3(95% CI: -20.2, -0.3 cm3) less FGV than did girls who consumed no yogurt (P-trend = 0.03). The majority (90.7%) of girls in our cohort attained menarche before the data analyses with a mean ± SD age at menarche of 11.9 ± 0.7 y. In multivariable models, low-fat dairy, low-fat milk, and yogurt intakes were associated with a later age at menarche. In particular, girls who consumed >125 g yogurt/d had menarche, on average, 4.6 mo (95% CI: 1.9, 7.4 mo) later than girls who consumed no yogurt (P-trend = 0.01).Conclusion:More-frequent consumption of sweetened, artificially-flavored milk-based drinks is associated with a higher %FGV, whereas higher yogurt intake is associated with a lower FGV and delayed age at menarche in Chilean girls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.|Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Audrey J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gaskins
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Daiana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Quintiliano
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA.|The University of California, Berkeley-University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.|Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.|London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; and.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uauy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3766-7709
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corvalán
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA k.michels@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Karin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Michels
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001940:Breast / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D002677:Chile; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human; D008572:Menarche; D011939:Mental Recall; D008892:Milk; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011629:Puberty, Precocious / Q000209:etiology; D012741:Sexual Maturation; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose
keywords: age at menarche; breast composition; dairy; development; puberty