title: Anion exchange through band 3 protein in canine leishmaniasis at different stages of disease.
abstract: Band 3 protein efficiency in mediating Cl-/HCO3-exchange through erythrocytes membrane is reduced by oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to verify whether and how anion transport through band 3 protein may be useful in monitoring canine leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum) development, a disease associated to membrane protein degradation and oxidative stress. To accomplish this aim, serological analysis to determine IFAT (immunofluorescence antibody test) titers against leishmaniasis has been performed and 1:160 and 1:540 titers, determined at diagnosis and after 6 months, were considered for experiments. Oxidative conditions have been assessed by estimating MDA (malondialdehyde) plasma levels, intracellular GSH (reduced glutathione) content, and membrane -SH groups. Band 3 protein anion exchange capability was evaluated by measuring the rate constant for SO4=uptake, and its expression levels, along with those of P-Tyr (phosphorylated tyrosine), involved in pathways underlying band 3 protein function, have been also determined. Our results show that, in infected dogs with 1:160 IFAT titer, high MDA plasma levels and oxidation of -SH groups are associated to increased P-Tyr expression levels, leading to a reduction in anion exchange capability throughout 6 months of diagnosis. On the other hand, infected dogs with 1:540 IFAT titer, exhibited oxidative conditions associated to an impaired anion exchange capability at diagnosis, were ameliorated after 6 months. Such findings suggest that (1) band 3 protein-mediated anion transport is reduced by oxidative conditions associated to leishmaniasis, putatively via phosphorylative pathways; (2) band 3 protein efficiency may account for canine leishmaniasis development; and (3) the assessment of band 3 protein function may represent an additional tool for canine leishmaniasis diagnosis and monitoring of its development, with potential application to humans, either in case of leishmaniasis or other oxidative-related pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Remigante
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cavallaro
authors.affiliation: Veterinary, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taormina
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: La Spada
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy. marinoa@unime.it.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001457:Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000097:blood* / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational
chemical_list: D001457:Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte; D015415:Biomarkers; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Band 3 protein; Canine leishmaniasis; Erythrocytes; Oxidative stress; Phosphorylation pathways; SO4 = uptake