title: Measurement of muscle health in aging.
abstract: Muscle health is a critical component in the struggle against physical frailty and the efforts to maintain metabolic health until the limit of chronological age. Consensus opinion is to evaluate muscle health in terms of muscle mass, strength and functional capability. There has been considerable variability in the components of muscle health which have been investigated in addition to variability in the tools of assessment and protocol for measurement. This is in stark contrast to the validated measurement of bone health across the adult life span. The purpose of this review was to identify indices of muscle mass, strength and functional capability most responsive to change with ageing and where possible to provide an estimate of the rate of change. We suggest lean tissue mass (LTM) or skeletal muscle (SM) is best evaluated from the thigh region due to its greater responsiveness to ageing compared to the whole body. The anterior compartment of the thigh region undergoes a preferential age-related decline in SM and force generating capacity. Therefore, we suggest that knee extensor torque is measured to represent the force generating capacity of the thigh and subsequently, to express muscle quality (strength per unit tissue). Finally, we suggest measures of functional capability which allow participants perform to a greater maximum are most appropriate to track age-related difference in functional capacity across the adult lifespan. This is due to their ability encompass a broad spectrum of abilities. This review suggests indices of muscular health for which reference ranges can be generated across the lifespan.
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS13HE, UK. peter.francis@leedsbeckett.ac.uk.|Human Science Research Unit, Center for Intervention in Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. peter.francis@leedsbeckett.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9720-6253
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: Human Science Research Unit, Center for Intervention in Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.affiliation: School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piasecki
authors.affiliation: School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mc Phee
authors.affiliation: Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hind
authors.affiliation: Human Science Research Unit, Center for Intervention in Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jakeman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Functional capability; Healthy aging; Muscle strength; Sarcopenia