title: Early Childhood Development of Boys with Genital Anomalies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male genital anomalies often require surgery in early life to address functional and cosmetic consequences. However, there has been little assessment of developmental outcomes of affected boys.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a population-based cohort study of all boys born in New South Wales, Australia, and undergoing school-entry developmental assessment in 2009 or 2012. Health and developmental information was obtained by means of record-linkage of birth, hospital and Australian Early Development Census data. Boys with hypospadias or undescended testis (UDT) were compared with those without. Developmental outcomes were assessed in five domains (physical health, emotional maturity, communication, cognitive skills, and social competence), and boys were categorized as vulnerable (<10thcentile of national scores), developmentally high risk (DHR; vulnerable in 2+ domains), and special needs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 420 boys with hypospadias, 873 with UDT, and 77,176 unaffected boys. There was no difference in the proportion of boys developmentally vulnerable in any domain or DHR between boys with hypospadias (DHR: n = 49; 13.1%; p = 0.9), UDT (n = 116; 15.2%; p = 0.06), and unaffected boys (n = 9278; 12.9%). Compared with unaffected boys (n = 4826; 6.3%), boys with hypospadias (n = 43; 10.2%; p < 0.001) or UDT (n = 105; 12.0%; p < 0.001) were more likely to have special needs. Stratified analyses revealed that only boys with UDT and coexisting anomalies had increased risk of being DHR (odds ratio: 2.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.61-4.36) or special needs (odds ratio: 2.91; 95% confidence interval, 2.00-4.22).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no increased risk of poor development among boys with hypospadias or UDT. However, boys with UDT and coexisting anomalies were more likely to have poorer development and special needs. Birth Defects Research 109:535-542, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Menzies Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Schneuer
authors.affiliation: Menzies Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew J A
authors.initials: AJA
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.affiliation: Menzies Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Samantha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lain
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia.
authors.forename: Sarra E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jamieson
authors.affiliation: Grace Centre for Newborn Care, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Badawi
authors.affiliation: Menzies Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nassar
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: cognitive; cryptorchidism; early childhood development; emotional; hypospadias; physical health; social; undescended testis