title: Evolving technology: creating kidney organoids from stem cells.
abstract: The kidney is a complex organ whose excretory and regulatory functions are vital for maintaining homeostasis. Previous techniques used to study the kidney, including various animal models and 2D cell culture systems to investigate the mechanisms of renal development and regeneration have many benefits but also possess inherent shortcomings. Some of those limitations can be addressed using the emerging technology of 3D organoids. An organoid is a 3D cluster of differentiated cells that are developedex vivoby addition of various growth factors that result in a miniature organ containing structures present in the tissue of origin. Here, we discuss renal organoids, their development, and how they can be employed to further understand kidney development and disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Bridgette E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wingert
keywords: induced pluripotent stem cell; intermediate mesoderm; kidney; organoid; renal stem cell