title: Flow method based on liquid-liquid extraction using deep eutectic solvent for the spectrofluorimetric determination of procainamide in human saliva.
abstract: In the current study, liquid-liquid extraction, using deep eutectic solvent (DES) as a "green" extraction solvent, was coupled with a stepwise injection system for the first time. The suggested approach was applied for the development of spectrofluorimetric method for procainamide determination. The method is based on aspiration of saliva sample and DES (choline chloride with glycerol at a 1:2M ratio) solution into the mixing chamber of a flow system, followed by injection of acetonitrile into the mixed DES-sample solution. The extraction process and final phase separation were then promoted by air-bubbling. After phase separation, the DES phase, containing the extracted procainamide, was transported to a spectrofluorimetric detector. The excitation and emission wavelengths were set at 280nm and 347nm, respectively. The calibration plot was linear in the range of 5×10-6to 5×10-5molL-1. The limit of detection, calculated as 3σ of a blank test (n=10), was found to be 1.5×10-6molL-1. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of procainamide in human saliva samples, and the analytical results agreed rather well with the results obtained by the reference HPLC-UV method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, RU-420015 Kazan, Russia. Electronic address: lorenskobb@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nugbienyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, RU-198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shishov
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, RU-420015 Kazan, Russia.
authors.forename: Sergei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garmonov
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, RU-198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moskvin
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of P.J. Šafárik, SK-04154 Košice, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Vasil
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Andruch
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, RU-198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bulatov
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011342:Procainamide / Q000032:analysis*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D012997:Solvents; D011342:Procainamide
keywords: Deep eutectic solvent; Liquid-liquid extraction; Procainamide; Saliva; Spectrofluorimetry; Stepwise injection analysis