title: Accelerated Recovery of Consciousness after General Anesthesia Is Associated with Increased Functional Brain Connectivity in the High-Gamma Bandwidth.
abstract: Recent data from our laboratory demonstrate that high-frequency gamma connectivity across the cortex is present during consciousness and depressed during unconsciousness. However, these data were derived from static and well-defined states of arousal rather than during transitions that would suggest functional relevance. We also recently found that subanesthetic ketamine administered during isoflurane anesthesia accelerates recovery upon discontinuation of the primary anesthetic and increases gamma power during emergence. In the current study we re-analyzed electroencephalogram (EEG) data to test the hypothesis that functional cortical connectivity between anterior and posterior cortical regions would be increased during accelerated recovery induced by ketamine when compared to saline-treated controls. Rodents were instrumented with intracranial EEG electrodes and general anesthesia was induced with isoflurane anesthesia. After 37.5 min of continuous isoflurane anesthesia, a subanesthetic dose of ketamine (25 mg/kg intraperitoneal) was administered, with evidence of a 44% reduction in emergence time. In this study, we analyzed gamma and theta coherence (measure of undirected functional connectivity) and normalized symbolic transfer entropy (measure of directed functional connectivity) between frontal and parietal cortices during various levels of consciousness, with a focus on emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. During accelerated emergence in the ketamine-treated group, there was increased frontal-parietal coherence {p= 0.005, 0.05-0.23 [95% confidence interval (CI)]} and normalized symbolic transfer entropy [frontal to parietal:p< 0.001, 0.010-0.026 (95% CI); parietal to frontal:p< 0.001, 0.009-0.025 (95% CI)] in high-frequency gamma bandwidth as compared with the saline-treated group. Surrogates of cortical information exchange in high-frequency gamma are increased in association with accelerated recovery from anesthesia. This finding adds evidence suggesting a functional significance of high-gamma information transfer in consciousness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Duan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Viviane S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Hambrecht-Wiedbusch
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mashour
keywords: coherence; consciousness; electroencephalogram; functional connectivity; gamma; general anesthesia; ketamine; transfer entropy