title: Nursing Staff Factors Contributing to Seclusion in Acute Mental Health Care - An Explorative Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seclusion is a controversial intervention. Efficacy with regard to aggressive behaviour has not been demonstrated, and seclusion is only justified for preventing safety hazards. Previous studies indicate that nursing staff factors may be predictors for seclusion, although methodological issues may have led to equivocal results.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a prospective cohort study to determine whether nursing staff characteristics are associated with seclusion of adult inpatients admitted to a closed psychiatric ward.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the association between nurses' demographics and incidence of seclusion during every shift. Data were collected during five months in 2013. Multiple logistic regression was used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In univariable analysis, we found a non-significant association between seclusion and female gender, odds ratio (OR) = 5.27 (0.98-28.49) and a significant association between seclusion and nurses' large physical stature, OR = 0.21 (0.06-0.72). We found that physical stature is the most substantial factor, although not significant: ORadjusted= 0.27 (0.07-1.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses' gender may be a predictor for seclusion, but it seems to be mediated by the effect of physical stature. We used a rigorous, census-based, prospective design to collect data on a highly detailed level and found a large effect of physical stature of nurses on seclusion. We found nurses' physical stature to be the most substantial predictor for seclusion. These and other factors need to be explored in further research with larger sample size.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.|b Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, ACHIEVE Centre of Applied Research , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Doedens
authors.affiliation: b Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, ACHIEVE Centre of Applied Research , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.|c Department of Clinical Epidemiology , Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jolanda M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Maaskant
authors.affiliation: b Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, ACHIEVE Centre of Applied Research , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Corine H M
authors.initials: CHM
authors.lastname: Latour
authors.affiliation: d Faculty of Health, Sports and Social Work , Inholland University of Applied Sciences , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.|e Department of Psychiatry , VU University Medical Centre , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.|f Parnassia Academy , The Hague , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Berno K G van
authors.initials: BKGV
authors.lastname: Meijel
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten W J
authors.initials: MWJ
authors.lastname: Koeter
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jitschak G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Storosum
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.|g GGZ Rivierduinen , Leiden , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.|h Arkin, Amsterdam , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lieuwe
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Haan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D049628:Body Size; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D010356:Patient Isolation; D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses'; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital; D012737:Sex Factors