title: Clinical meaning and implications of serum hemoglobin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: Anemia is a common problem in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), associated with radiographic progression and disability. We explored the association of hemoglobin with a comprehensive set of variables in RA patients.
  
  
  
  We included RA outpatients in the routine setting. For each patient we performed measurements (clinical measures, blood tests including serology, markers of acute phase response and iron metabolism, including hepcidin, and circulating hematopoietic precursor levels) at baseline and 12 weeks thereafter, and analyzed their changes in patients with a treatment adaptation at baseline. We performed principal component analysis (PCA) to identify thematic groups hemoglobin was related to. Then we constructed multivariable linear models to assess the contribution of individual variables to the variability of hemoglobin.
  
  
  
  In total, 88 patients were included (age: 58 ± 12; disease duration: 9.3 ± 9.6 years). Cross-sectionally (at baseline and week 12) hemoglobin levels were tied to iron metabolism and hematopoiesis, but not to clinical activity, based on thematic groups extracted from the PCA. In contrast, longitudinal changes in hemoglobin levels were closely linked to changes in clinical activity. Conversely, hepcidin reflected iron metabolism cross-sectionally, but changes in acute phase response longitudinally. In multivariable analysis variability components of hemoglobin were explainable by ferritin, ESR, evaluator global assessment (EGA), and iron levels, while components of hemoglobin changes were explained by changes in EGA mostly. Hepcidin was not independently associated with hemoglobin.
  
  
  
  Besides its dependence on body iron status, changes in hemoglobin levels are strongly tied to disease activity, possibly revealing more about disease activity than other laboratory markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: ivan_padjen@yahoo.ca.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Padjen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, St. Josef Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Leopold
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Öhler
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Studenic
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Thasia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Woodworth
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Center for Rheumatic Diseases, 2nd Department of Medicine, Hietzing Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smolen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aletaha
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D005293:Ferritins
keywords: Anemia; Hepcidin; Inflammation; Rheumatoid arthritis