title: A sensitive method for the determination of Sulfonamides in seawater samples by Solid Phase Extraction and UV-Visible spectrophotometry.
abstract: The authors have developed a sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of sulfonamide derivatives such as sulfanilamide (SAA), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfacetamide (SCT) sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfadimethoxine (SDX), sulfamethiazole (SMT) and Sulfathiazole (STZ). This method is based on the Bratton-Marshall reaction, which involves the diazotization of sulfonamides with sodium nitrite under acidic conditions, followed by coupling with N-(1-naphtyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NED) to form a pink colored compound. Therefore, the Bratton-Marshall method was modified by optimizing the reaction conditions, which allows us to determine a low concentration range of sulfonamides compared to the reported methods. The limits of detection and quantification obtained were 0.019-0.05 and 0.06-0.16μgmL-1, respectively. In comparison with other reported methods using different coupling agents, the proposed method was found to be the most simple and sensitive for sulfonamides determination. In this paper, the modified method was successfully employed for the determination of sulfonamides in drinking water, seawater and pharmaceutical and veterinary formulations. The purpose of this work is to optimize and develop a simple method for extraction and concentration of sulfonamides present as residues in seawater and their quantification with the recommended spectrophotometric method. Solid phase extraction (SPE) of sulfonamides from seawater samples was evaluated using Oasis HLB cartridges (3mL, 540mg). The recovery efficiency was investigated in the sulfonamides concentration range comprised between 0.19 and 126ngmL-1. The ease of use of this extraction method makes it very useful for routine laboratory work.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 146, 20650 Mohammedia, Morocco; ENEA, C.R. Casaccia, via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Sophia Ait
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Errayess
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 146, 20650 Mohammedia, Morocco.
authors.forename: Abdellatif Ait
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lahcen
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 146, 20650 Mohammedia, Morocco.
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Idrissi
authors.affiliation: ENEA, C.R. Casaccia, via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marcoaldi
authors.affiliation: ENEA, C.R. Casaccia, via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiavarini
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 146, 20650 Mohammedia, Morocco. Electronic address: azizamine@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Aziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amine
mesh_terms: D057230:Limit of Detection; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000379:methods*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D013449:Sulfonamides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Drug analysis; Pre-concentration; Seawater; Solid phase extraction; Spectrophotometric method; Sulfonamides