title: Swimming training induces liver adaptations to oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity in rats submitted to high-fat diet.
abstract: Oxidative stress, physical inactivity and high-fat (FAT) diets are associated with hepatic disorders such as metabolic syndrome (MS). The therapeutic effects of physical training (PT) were evaluated in rats with MS induced by FAT diet for 13 weeks, on oxidative stress and insulin signaling in the liver, during the last 6 weeks. FAT-sedentary (SED) rats increased body mass, retroperitoneal fat, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), and total cholesterol, serum alanine aminotransferase, glucose and insulin. Livers of FAT-SED rats increased superoxide dismutase activity, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, protein carbonyl and oxidized glutathione (GSSG); and decreased catalase activity, reduced glutathione/GSSG ratio, and the mRNA expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and serine/threonine kinase 2. FAT-PT rats improved in fitness and reduced their body mass, retroperitoneal fat, and glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, MAP and HR; and their livers increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, the reduced glutathione/GSSG ratio and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and insulin receptor compared to FAT-SED rats. These findings indicated adaptive responses to PT by restoring the oxidative balance and insulin signaling in the liver and certain biometric and biochemical parameters as well as MAP in MS rats.
authors.affiliation: b Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Cruz
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2574-1775
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Zacarias
authors.affiliation: b Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.|c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Andrea
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.|b Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guerra-Sá
authors.affiliation: b Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.
authors.forename: Uberdan Guilherme Mendes
authors.initials: UGM
authors.lastname: De Castro
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.|b Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.
authors.forename: Frank Silva
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Bezerra
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.|b Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.
authors.forename: Wanderson Geraldo
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: de Lima
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.|b Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: d Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil.
authors.forename: Robson Augusto Souza Dos
authors.initials: RASD
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: d Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Campagnole-Santos
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.|b Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.|c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição , Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , MG , Brazil.
authors.forename: Andréia Carvalho
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5543-2140
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Alzamora
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007328:Insulin; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide
keywords: Physical training; high-fat diet; insulin signaling pathway; liver; oxidative stress