title: Human-landing rate, gonotrophic cycle length, survivorship, and public health importance of Simulium erythrocephalum in Zaragoza, northeastern Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simulium (Boophthora) erythrocephalum (De Geer, 1776) is one of the blackfly species responsible for major public health problems in Europe. Blackfly outbreaks of this species are becoming more frequent, threatening public health in Spain. In the present study, bionomic parameters of S. erythrocephalum in northeastern Spain were estimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Simulium erythrocephalum was collected from May through June 2015 in Zaragoza, Spain, using the human-landing-collection (HLC) method. Daily pattern of total and parous landing activity was estimated, as was the gonotrophic cycle (GC) length and survivorship (S) rate, using time series analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Host-seeking females of S. erythrocephalum showed a bimodal human-landing activity pattern, with a minor and major peak at dawn and dusk, respectively; there was a significant negative association between human daily landing rate and temperature (P = 0.003) and solar radiation (P < 0.001). Overall, a daily landing rate (DLR) of 34 lands/person/day was estimated. Series of sequential data analysis on parity showed the highest significant (P < 0.001) correlation indices (r = 0.45 and r = 0.39 for raw and filtered data) for a 2-day time lag, indicating that the GC length corresponded to 2 days. Daily survivorship and parity rate were 0.85 and 0.72, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulium erythrocephalum was confirmed as a nuisance species in Zaragoza, using the HLC method for the first time in Spain. The data offer insights into the ecology of S. erythrocephalum, which can improve management strategies of this pest in Spain.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. iruizarr@unizar.es.|Centro de Rickettsiosis y Enfermedades Transmitidas por Artrópodos Vectores, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), La Rioja, Spain. iruizarr@unizar.es.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Arrondo
authors.affiliation: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico.|Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma Agraria "Antonio Narro" Unidad Laguna, Coahuila, Mexico.
authors.forename: Javier A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Garza-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
authors.forename: Filiberto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reyes-Villanueva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lucientes-Curdi
authors.affiliation: Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Pérez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology*; D009866:Oogenesis; D011634:Public Health; D012098:Reproduction; D012843:Simuliidae / Q000502:physiology*; D013030:Spain
keywords: Blackfly; Gonotrophic cycle; Host-seeking behavior; Human landing activity; Parous rate; Simulium erythrocephalum; Survival rate