title: Extracorporeal CO2removal by hemodialysis: in vitro model and feasibility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease often develop hypercapnia and require mechanical ventilation. Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal can manage hypercarbia by removing carbon dioxide directly from the bloodstream. Respiratory hemodialysis uses traditional hemodialysis to remove CO2from the blood, mainly as bicarbonate. In this study, Stewart's approach to acid-base chemistry was used to create a dialysate that would maintain blood pH while removing CO2as well as determine the blood and dialysate flow rates necessary to remove clinically relevant CO2volumes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bench studies were performed using a scaled down respiratory hemodialyzer in bovine or porcine blood. The scaling factor for the bench top experiments was 22.5. In vitro dialysate flow rates ranged from 2.2 to 24 mL/min (49.5-540 mL/min scaled up) and blood flow rates were set at 11 and 18.7 mL/min (248-421 mL/min scaled up). Blood inlet CO2concentrations were set at 50 and 100 mmHg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results are reported as scaled up values. The CO2removal rate was highest at intermittent hemodialysis blood and dialysate flow rates. At an inlet pCO2of 50 mmHg, the CO2removal rate increased from 62.6 ± 4.8 to 77.7 ± 3 mL/min when the blood flow rate increased from 248 to 421 mL/min. At an inlet pCO2of 100 mmHg, the device was able to remove up to 117.8 ± 3.8 mL/min of CO2. None of the test conditions caused the blood pH to decrease, and increases were ≤0.08.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the bench top data is scaled up, the system removes a therapeutic amount of CO2standard intermittent hemodialysis flow rates. The zero bicarbonate dialysate did not cause acidosis in the post-dialyzer blood. These results demonstrate that, with further development, respiratory hemodialysis can be a minimally invasive extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal treatment option.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA.|Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Ayan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA.|Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cove
authors.affiliation: McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA.|Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kellum
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. wfedersp@pitt.edu.|McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. wfedersp@pitt.edu.|Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, USA. wfedersp@pitt.edu.|Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. wfedersp@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: William J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7068-6779
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Federspiel
keywords: ARDS; COPD; ECCO2R; Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal; Respiratory hemodialysis