title: Selection of reference genes for gene expression studies in heart failure for left and right ventricles.
abstract: Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) is a feasible tool for determining gene expression profiles, but the accuracy and reliability of the results depends on the stable expression of selected housekeeping genes in different samples. By far, researches on stable housekeeping genes in human heart failure samples are rare. Moreover the effect of heart failure on the expression of housekeeping genes in right and left ventricles is yet to be studied. Therefore we aim to provide stable housekeeping genes for both ventricles in heart failure and normal heart samples. In this study, we selected seven commonly used housekeeping genes as candidates. By using the qRT-PCR, the expression levels of ACTB, RAB7A, GAPDH, REEP5, RPL5, PSMB4 and VCP in eight heart failure and four normal heart samples were assessed. The stability of candidate housekeeping genes was evaluated by geNorm and Normfinder softwares. GAPDH showed the least variation in all heart samples. Results also indicated the difference of gene expression existed in heart failure left and right ventricles. GAPDH had the highest expression stability in both heart failure and normal heart samples. We also propose using different sets of housekeeping genes for left and right ventricles respectively. The combination of RPL5, GAPDH and PSMB4 is suitable for the right ventricle and the combination of GAPDH, REEP5 and RAB7A is suitable for the left ventricle.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. Electronic address: fw_lmm@163.com.
authors.forename: Mengmeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. Electronic address: tccbrm@163.com.
authors.forename: Man
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. Electronic address: ck_2003@126.com.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. Electronic address: 13910619712@139.com.
authors.forename: Jianye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. Electronic address: fwsongjiangping@126.com.
authors.forename: Jiangping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D020043:Genes, Essential; D056726:Genetic Association Studies / Q000592:standards*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000235:genetics*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009928:Organ Specificity; D012016:Reference Values; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Heart failure; Housekeeping gene; Right and left ventricles; qRT-PCR