title: Targeting the tyrosine kinase signalling pathways for treatment of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis: from bench to bedside and beyond.
abstract: Glomerulonephritis (GN) affects patients of all ages and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Non-selective immunosuppressive drugs have been used in immune-mediated GN but often result in systemic side effects and occasionally fatal infective complications. There is increasing evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies that abnormal activation of receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated GN. Activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) have been demonstrated in anti-GBM disease. SYK is implicated in the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated GN. SYK, BTK, PDGFR, EFGR, DDR1 and Janus kinase are implicated in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. A representative animal model of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is lacking. Based on the results from in vitro and human renal biopsy study results, a phase II clinical trial is ongoing to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fostamatinib (an oral SYK inhibitor) in high-risk IgAN patient. Various tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been approved for cancer treatment. Clinical trials of TKIs in GN may be justified given their long-term safety data. In this review we will discuss the current unmet medical needs in GN treatment and research as well as the current stage of development of TKIs in GN treatment and propose an accelerated translational research approach to investigate whether selective inhibition of tyrosine kinase provides a safer and more efficacious option for GN treatment.
authors.affiliation: Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK.|Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Terry King-Wing
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: McAdoo
authors.affiliation: Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK.
authors.forename: Frederick Wai Keung
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Tam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
keywords: IgA nephropathy; crescentic glomerulonephritis; glomerulonephritis; immunosuppression; lupus nephritis; tyrosine kinase