title: Pregnancy Reprograms Large-Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+Channel in Uterine Arteries: Roles of Ten-Eleven Translocation Methylcytosine Dioxygenase 1-Mediated Active Demethylation.
abstract: The large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+(BKCa) channel is of critical importance in pregnancy-mediated increase in uterine artery vasodilation and blood flow. The present study tested the hypothesis that active DNA demethylation plays a key role in pregnancy-induced reprogramming and upregulation of BKCachannel β1 subunit (BKβ1) in uterine arteries. Uterine arteries were isolated from nonpregnant and near-term pregnant sheep. Pregnancy significantly increased the expression of ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) in uterine arteries. A half-palindromic estrogen response element was identified at the TET1 promoter, and estrogen treatment increased TET1 promoter activity and TET1 expression in uterine arteries. In accordance, pregnancy and steroid hormone treatment resulted in demethylation of BKβ1 promoter by increasing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and decreasing 5-methylcytosine at the CpG in the Sp1-380binding site that is of critical importance in the regulation of the promoter activity and BKβ1 expression. Inhibition of TET1 with fumarate significantly decreased BKβ1 expression in uterine arteries of pregnant animals and blocked steroid hormone-induced upregulation of BKβ1. Functionally, fumarate treatment inhibited pregnancy and steroid hormone-induced increases in BKCachannel current density and BKCachannel-mediated relaxations. In addition, fumarate blocked pregnancy and steroid hormone-induced decrease in pressure-dependent myogenic tone of the uterine artery. The results demonstrate a novel mechanism of estrogen-mediated active DNA demethylation in reprogramming of BKCachannel expression and function in the adaption of uterine circulation during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (X.-Q.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (X.-Q.H., C.D., D.X., X.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino (S.Y.).
authors.forename: Xiang-Qun
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (X.-Q.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (X.-Q.H., C.D., D.X., X.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino (S.Y.).
authors.forename: Chiranjib
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.affiliation: Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (X.-Q.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (X.-Q.H., C.D., D.X., X.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino (S.Y.).
authors.forename: Man
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (X.-Q.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (X.-Q.H., C.D., D.X., X.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino (S.Y.).
authors.forename: Daliao
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (X.-Q.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (X.-Q.H., C.D., D.X., X.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino (S.Y.).
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (X.-Q.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (X.-Q.H., C.D., D.X., X.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino (S.Y.).
authors.forename: Limin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (X.-Q.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (X.-Q.H., C.D., D.X., X.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino (S.Y.).
authors.forename: Shumei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (X.-Q.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (X.-Q.H., C.D., D.X., X.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino (S.Y.).
authors.forename: Zhice
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China (X.-Q.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA (X.-Q.H., C.D., D.X., X.H., Z.X., L.Z.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino (S.Y.). lzhang@llu.edu.
authors.forename: Lubo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D044503:5-Methylcytosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049308:Dioxygenases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D017136:Ion Transport; D008745:Methylation / Q000187:drug effects*; D024681:Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012756:Sheep; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D015854:Up-Regulation; D055988:Uterine Artery / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D024681:Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated; D004958:Estradiol; D044503:5-Methylcytosine; D049308:Dioxygenases; D011493:Protein Kinase C
keywords: 5-hydroxymethylcytosine; 5-methylcytosine; RNA, small interfering; estrogens; pregnancy