title: Assessment of Ficam VC (Bendiocarb) Residual Activity on Different Wall Surfaces for Control of Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Uganda.
abstract: Insecticide decay rate on different wall surfaces is of importance to indoor residual spray (IRS) programs used as a malaria control intervention. Past IRS operations showed increasing populations of endophilic malaria vectors resting on indoor surfaces from various sites in Uganda following use of Ficam VC (bendiocarb) insecticide; variability of insecticide life was believed to be primarily due to wall surface type. Bendiocarb longevity was tested in the northern Uganda districts of Amuru, Apac, and Pader to assess its residual efficacy on three commonly encountered wall surfaces. Wall types included mud and wattle, plain brick, and painted plaster. A susceptible mosquito strain (Anopheles gambiae Kisumu) was used in all trials. Nine houses in each of the three districts were set with three test cones and one control cone per house, divided evenly among the three wall surfaces. Bioassays were run monthly through 6 mo. Painted plastered surfaces produced 100% mortality (at 24 h) through 6 mo. Plain brick surfaces killed 100% of test mosquitoes through 4 mo, while mud and wattle wall surfaces produced a 98% mortality rate at 3 mo post spray. The KD60 (knockdown at 60 min) for painted plastered surfaces was 100% for 6 mo, plain brick surface KD60 was 80% at 6 mo, and the mud and wattle surface KD60 was >80% at 3 mo. There was a significant effect on Ficam VC longevity by wall type and evidence of a relationship between test period and wall type on the KD60.
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates Inc, USAID Uganda IRS Project, Kampala, Plot 86, Luthuli Ave., Bugolobi, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirunda
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okello-Onen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Opiyo
authors.affiliation: Technical Director, USAID Zimbabwe Assistance Program in Malaria, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rwakimari
authors.affiliation: Chief of Party, Abt Associates Inc., President's Malaria Initiative Africa Indoor Residual Spraying Project, Rua No. 102, Bairro Kapango Urbano Huambo, Angola.
authors.forename: Ranjith
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Alwis
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates Inc, USAID Uganda IRS Project, Kampala, Plot 86, Luthuli Ave., Bugolobi, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okia
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates Inc, USAID Uganda IRS Project, Kampala, Plot 86, Luthuli Ave., Bugolobi, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ambayo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda.
authors.forename: Benard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abola
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hoel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D006798:Housing; D007306:Insecticides; D009032:Mosquito Control; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D013997:Time Factors; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; C007725:bendiocarb
keywords: Anopheles gambiae; bendiocarb; indoor residual spraying; longevity; wall surface