title: Nonhuman primate models of focal cerebral ischemia.
abstract: Rodents have been widely used in the production of cerebral ischemia models. However, successful therapies have been proven on experimental rodent stroke model, and they have often failed to be effective when tested clinically. Therefore, nonhuman primates were recommended as the ideal alternatives, owing to their similarities with the human cerebrovascular system, brain metabolism, grey to white matter ratio and even their rich behavioral repertoire. The present review is a thorough summary of ten methods that establish nonhuman primate models of focal cerebral ischemia; electrocoagulation, endothelin-1-induced occlusion, microvascular clip occlusion, autologous blood clot embolization, balloon inflation, microcatheter embolization, coil embolization, surgical suture embolization, suture, and photochemical induction methods. This review addresses the advantages and disadvantages of each method, as well as precautions for each model, compared nonhuman primates with rodents, different species of nonhuman primates and different modeling methods. Finally it discusses various factors that need to be considered when modelling and the method of evaluation after modelling. These are critical for understanding their respective strengths and weaknesses and underlie the selection of the optimum model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Province Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Province Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Province Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Province Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoting
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Province Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martions Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Shasha
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2498-6893
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: cerebral ischemia; middle cerebral artery occlusion; model selection; nerve regeneration; neural regeneration; nonhuman primates; stroke