title: Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
abstract: Objective:The aim of this study was to identify any potential genetic overlap between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). We hypothesized that since these disorders share a sub-phenotype, they may share common risk alleles. In this manuscript, we report the overlap found between these two disorders.Methods:A meta-analysis was conducted between ADHD and OCD, and polygenic risk scores (PRS) were calculated for both disorders. In addition, a protein-protein analysis was completed in order to examine the interactions between proteins;p-values for the protein-protein interaction analysis was calculated using permutation.Conclusion:None of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reached genome wide significance and there was little evidence of genetic overlap between ADHD and OCD.
authors.affiliation: Unit on Statistical Genomics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: McKenzie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.affiliation: Unit on Statistical Genomics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jack F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Nestadt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krasnow
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Abby J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: McCracken
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Geller
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grados
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Riddle
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicole C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Erika L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Nurmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Kathleen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Askland
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piacentini
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pauls
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bienvenu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Fernando S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Goes
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Brion
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ann E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pulver
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrated Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public HealthBoston, MA, USA; Department of Genomic Mathematics, University of BonnBonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mattheisen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Life Science Institutes, Fudan University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nestadt
authors.affiliation: Unit on Statistical Genomics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Yin Yao
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Shugart
keywords: ADHD; GWAS; OCD; eQTL; meta-analysis; polygenic score; protein-protein link analysis