title: Exercise but not metformin improves health-related quality of life and mood states in older adults with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: The aim of this cohort study is to analyse the effect of three types of treatment: (i) exercise training with multicomponent exercise (E); (ii) pharmacologic treatment with oral hypoglycaemic drug - metformin (M); and (iii) a combined therapy - exercise and metformin (E + M) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and mood states in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with comorbidity in an early stage of the disease. Participants (n = 284) underwent 1 of the following 3 conditions: (i) E (n = 59) trained three times/week; (ii) M (n = 30) used 850 mg of metformin twice daily; and (iii) E + M (n = 195) combined exercise and metformin. Furthermore, participants completed baseline and 2-year follow-up evaluations including a Shortform Health Survey 36, Profile of Mood States - Short-form, the health history questionnaires, anthropometric, and blood biochemistry. E and E + M revealed improved mood states, with large effect size on the vigour domain, and moderate effect size in the anger and total mood disturbance (TMD) domains (P < 0.05), in comparison with the M group. After 24 months' intervention, the E and E + M groups perceived better physical and mental HRQoL than the M group. The M group unchanged HRQoL domains (P > 0.05). Metformin had no significant effect on the self-referred HRQoL in T2D participants aged above 60 years, in an early stage of the disease. The E and E + M were the most effective long-term therapies to improve mood states and HRQoL in older adults with T2D.
authors.affiliation: a Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física , Universidade de Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Liliana C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.affiliation: a Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física , Universidade de Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Aristides M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Machado-Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: a Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física , Universidade de Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Raul A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000628:therapy*; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D008687:Metformin
keywords: Diabetes; exercise; metformin; mood states; older adults; quality of life