title: Effects of audiovisual distraction in children with special healthcare needs during dental restorations: a randomized crossover clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Audiovisual distraction using video eyeglasses is useful in managing distress and reducing fear and anxiety in healthy children during dental treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of audiovisual distraction on behavior and self-reported pain of children with special healthcare needs (SHCN) without intellectual disability during dental restorations and its influence on the operator stress and the time of the appointment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized controlled crossover trial comprised 48 children with SHCN requiring at least two dental restorations. One restoration was done wearing the video eyeglasses and one wearing conventional behavior management techniques. Subjective and objective pain was evaluated using the Faces Pain Scale - Revised (FPS-R) and the revised Face, Leg, Activity, Cry, and Consolability scale (r-FLACC). The operator stress using a VAS, the time of the appointment, and the child satisfaction were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of video eyeglasses significantly reduced the operator stress. The bivariate analysis showed that the mean FPS-R score and the mean r-FLACC score were significantly lower using the video eyeglasses only during the second clinical session.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Audiovisual distraction could be useful in managing distress in SHCN children without intellectual disability but cannot replace the conventional behavior management techniques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), Unit of Dental Care for Special Needs Patients and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1047-363X
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bagattoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), Unit of Dental Care for Special Needs Patients and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), Unit of Dental Care for Special Needs Patients and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Agnese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), Unit of Dental Care for Special Needs Patients and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alkhamis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), Unit of Dental Care for Special Needs Patients and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piana
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019140:Dental Care for Children; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014741:Video Recording