title: Magnitude of and gender differences in cardiovascular risk profiles among community residents in Shenzhen, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Understanding the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors has an impact on the public policy for initiating CVD prevention. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of current smoking, overweight/obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and dyslipidemia among Shenzhen residents and to investigate gender differences in CVD risk profiles to identify the subgroups at higher risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large cross-sectional study was conducted between April and May 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using multistage cluster random sampling methods, a total of 1784 residents finished the face-toface interview survey. Physical examinations and blood tests were performed by qualified professionals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of current smoking, overweight/obesity, hypertension, DM, and dyslipidemia were 21.8%, 40.6%, 17.6%, 4.8%, and 35.7%, respectively. Clustering of two or more or three or more of CVD risk factors was noted in 35.7% and 14.1% of participants. The prevalence of current smoking (45.0% vs 1.1%, P < 0.001), overweight/obesity (48.5% vs 33.4%, P < 0.001), hypertension (19.7% vs 15.7%, P < 0.05), and dyslipidemia (46.5% vs 20.5%, P < 0.001) was found higher among male than among female participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study adds to the evidence suggesting high prevalence rates of CVD risk factors and composite measures among Shenzhen residents. The higher level of CVD risk factors in male than in female residents is suggested. Effective population-based intervention programs such as smoking cessation, early detection, management, and treatment of hypertension, DM, and dyslipidemia should be initiated and enhanced especially among the males.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China. Electronic address: htli1223@szu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Longhua District Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen, China. Electronic address: feng810317@163.com.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Longhua District Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Longhua District Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Longhua District Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Longhua District Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Longhua District Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Longhua District Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Cardiovascular; Diabetes mellitus; Dyslipidemia; Gender; Hypertension; Risk factors; Smoking