title: Apple Snail Perivitellin Precursor Properties Help Explain Predators' Feeding Behavior.
abstract: In contrast with vitellogenin maturation, it is unknown whether gastropod perivitellin precursors are subject to large structural changes. The gastropod reproductive tract includes an accessory organ, the albumen gland (AG), that produces and secretes perivitelline fluid. In the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, the large, reddish-pink AG provides eggs with perivitellins that are defensive against predators. Although the AG makes a considerable contribution to apple snail biomass, field observations indicate that it is rejected by avian and mammalian predators, although the underlying reason remains unknown. By analyzing the structure-function properties of P. canaliculata perivitellin precursors, we provide insight into perivitellin maturation and its relationship with apple snail predator feeding behavior. Structural analysis using small-angle X-ray scattering, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, electrophoresis, chromatography, and partial proteolysis showed that the size, shape, and structure of perivitellin precursors resemble those of egg mature forms. Functional analysis indicates that the precursors of the defensive perivitellins ovorubin (PcOvo) and perivitellin-2 (PcPV2) are highly stable and antinutritive, withstanding proteinase digestion and displaying structural stability of their quaternary structure under a wide pH range (4.0-10.0). Furthermore, AG extracts limit a predator's ability to digest nutrients and are toxic to mice (median lethal concentration 96 h after administration: 5.9 mg/kg). Treated mice displayed neurologic signs similar to those produced by egg PcPV2. Results indicate that apple snails store active precursors of egg proteins inside the AG, providing evidence that gastropod perivitellin precursors do not experience the large structural processing of invertebrate vitellogenin maturation. These defensive proteins provide the apple snail AG with neurotoxic, antinutritive, and antidigestive activity, a likely explanation for the predators' feeding behavior.
authors.affiliation: 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.
authors.forename: María Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cadierno
authors.affiliation: 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.|2 Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
authors.forename: Marcos Sebastián
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dreon
authors.affiliation: 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.|3 Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heras
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D004527:Egg Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D010063:Ovum / Q000737:chemistry*; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012908:Snails / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004527:Egg Proteins
keywords: animal defense; antinutritive protein; defensive protein; neurotoxin; perivitellin precursor; snail kite; structure-function; toxicity