title: Safety of inhaled long-acting anti-muscarinic agents in COPD.
abstract: Evidence-based guidelines recommend inhaled long-acting anti-muscarinic agents (LAMAs) as first-line maintenance therapy for symptomatic patients with COPD. Several LAMAs are now available for use either as monotherapy or in combination with other COPD medications, including long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) or inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). The efficacy and long-term safety of these medications have been evaluated in multiple clinical trials and real-life studies. This review evaluates the evidence available on the safety of existing LAMAs alone or in combination with LABAs and ICS in patients with COPD.
authors.affiliation: a Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Nicola A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hanania
authors.affiliation: b College of Nursing , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , CO , USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lareau
authors.affiliation: c Department of Family and Community Health , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA.
authors.forename: Barbara P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Yawn
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D006801:Humans; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061214:Patient Safety; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists
keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); aclidinium; glycopyrronium; long-acting anti-muscarinics (LAMA); safety; tiotropium; umeclidinium