title: Putative sex-specific human pheromones do not affect gender perception, attractiveness ratings or unfaithfulness judgements of opposite sex faces.
abstract: Debate continues over the existence of human sex pheromones. Two substances, androstadienone (AND) and estratetraenol (EST), were recently reported to signal male and female gender, respectively, potentially qualifying them as human sex pheromones. If AND and EST truly signal gender, then they should affect reproductively relevant behaviours such as mate perception. To test this hypothesis, heterosexual, Caucasian human participants completed two computer-based tasks twice, on two consecutive days, exposed to a control scent on one day and a putative pheromone (AND or EST) on the other. In the first task, 46 participants (24 male, 22 female) indicated the gender (male or female) of five gender-neutral facial morphs. Exposure to AND or EST had no effect on gender perception. In the second task, 94 participants (43 male, 51 female) rated photographs of opposite-sex faces for attractiveness and probable sexual unfaithfulness. Exposure to the putative pheromones had no effect on either attractiveness or unfaithfulness ratings. These results are consistent with those of other experimental studies and reviews that suggest AND and EST are unlikely to be human pheromones. The double-blind nature of the current study lends increased support to this conclusion. If human sex pheromones affect our judgements of gender, attractiveness or unfaithfulness from faces, they are unlikely to be AND or EST.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology , The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia 6009 , Australia.
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hare
authors.affiliation: Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology , The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia 6009 , Australia.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schlatter
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychology , The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia 6009 , Australia.
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.affiliation: Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Leigh W
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0562-1474
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Simmons
keywords: androstadienone; attractiveness; estratetraenol; humans; mate choice; pheromones