title: Rhodopsin in plasma from patients with diabetic retinopathy - development and validation of digital ELISA by Single Molecule Array (Simoa) technology.
abstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most frequent cause of blindness among younger adults in the western world. No blood biomarkers exist to detect DR. Hypothetically, Rhodopsin concentrations in blood has been suggested as an early marker for retinal damage. The aim of this study was therefore to develop and validate a Rhodopsin assay by employing digital ELISA technology, and to investigate whether Rhodopsin concentrations in diabetes patients with DR are elevated compared with diabetes patients without DR.
  
  
  
  A digital ELISA assay using a Simoa HD-1 Analyzer (Quanterix©, Lexington, MA 02421, USA) was developed and validated and applied on a cohort of diabetes patients characterised with (n=466) and without (n=144) DR.
  
  
  
  The Rhodopsin assay demonstrated a LOD of 0.26ng/l, a LLOQ of 3ng/l and a linear measuring range from 3 to 2500ng/l. Total CV% was 32%, 23%, 19% and 17% respectively at the following Rhodopsin concentrations: 1, 3, 5 and 13ng/l. Recovery was 17%, 34%, 51% and 55% respectively at Rhodopsin concentrations of 2, 10, 50 and 250ng/l. There was no statistically significant difference in the plasma concentration of Rhodopsin between the diabetes patients with or without DR, but significantly increased number of DR patients having concentrations above the LOD.
  
  
  
  We developed and validated a digital ELISA method for quantification of Rhodopsin in plasma but found no statistically significant difference in the plasma concentration of Rhodopsin between diabetes patients with DR compared to diabetes patients without DR, though significantly more DR patients had values above the LOD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. Electronic address: eva.rabing.brix.petersen@rsyd.dk.
authors.forename: Eva Rabing Brix
authors.initials: ERB
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dorte Aalund
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren Berndt
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Vejle, Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark.
authors.forename: Cramer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Denmark; Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Brandslund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012243:Rhodopsin
keywords: Diabetic retinopathy; Digital ELISA; Rhodopsin; SIMOA; Validation