title: Clinical Comparison of Conventional and Mobile Endockscope Videocystoscopy Using an Air or Fluid Medium.
abstract: To compare conventional videocystoscopy (CVC) with a novel and affordable (approximately $45) mobile cystoscopy system, the Endockscope (ES). We evaluated the ES system using both fluid (Endockscope-Fluid [ES-F]) and air (Endockscope-Air [ES-A]) to fill the bladder in an effort to expand the global range of flexible cystoscopy.
  
  
  
  The ES system comprised a portable 1000 lumen LED self-contained cordless light source and a three-dimensional printed adaptor that connects a mobile phone to a flexible fiber-optic cystoscope. Patients undergoing in-office cystoscopic evaluation for either stent removal or bladder cancer surveillance received three examinations: conventional, ES-F, and ES-A cystoscopy. Videos of each examination were recorded and analyzed by expert endoscopists for image quality/resolution, brightness, color quality, sharpness, overall quality, and whether or not they were acceptable for diagnostic purposes.
  
  
  
  Six of the 10 patients for whom the conventional videos were 100% acceptable for diagnostic purposes were included in our analysis. The conventional videos scored higher on every metric relative to both the ES-F and ES-A videos (p < 0.05). There was no difference between ES-F and ES-A videos on any metric. Fifty-two percent and 44% of the ES-F and ES-A videos, respectively, were considered acceptable for diagnostic purposes (p = 0.384).
  
  
  
  The ES mobile cystoscopy system may be a reasonable option in settings where electricity, sterile fluid irrigant, or access to CVC equipment is unavailable.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, University of California , Irvine, Orange, California.|2 Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dutta
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, University of California , Irvine, Orange, California.
authors.forename: Renai
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, University of California , Irvine, Orange, California.
authors.forename: Roshan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Urology, Stanford University , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Spradling
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, University of California , Irvine, Orange, California.
authors.forename: Zhamshid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Okhunov
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Urology, Kaiser Permanente , Fontana, California.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: 5 Gordon Urology, Gordon Hospital , Calhoun, Georgia .
authors.forename: Hak J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, University of California , Irvine, Orange, California.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, University of California , Irvine, Orange, California.
authors.forename: Ralph V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Clayman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D040421:Cell Phone; D020684:Cystoscopes; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: Endockscope; air cystoscopy; mobile technology