title: The Effect of Breast Pump Use on Exclusive Breastfeeding at 2 Months Postpartum in an Inner-City Population.
abstract: Breastfeeding is the optimal form of infant nutrition, yet national rates are below recommendations with persistent disparities. Breast pumps may address the reasons that mothers discontinue breastfeeding.
  
  
  
  To determine whether breast pump use increases exclusive breastfeeding at 1.5-3.5 months postpartum.
  
  
  
  We reviewed charts for maternal-infant descriptors and feeding type for infants born between November 2013 and June 2014 who received any breast milk at a visit <14 days of age in our inner-city pediatric practice. We compared feeding at 1.5-3.5 months between those with breast pump and those without breast pump.
  
  
  
  Of the 905 infants with feeding type recorded, 487 (54%) received any breast milk, of whom 355 (72.9%) had a visit at 1.5-3.5 months [95.4% African American (AA)]. Rates of any breastfeeding (93.8% vs. 38.9%) and exclusive breastfeeding (50.0% vs. 17.8%) were significantly higher in non-AAs than in AAs. Due to small numbers of non-AAs, further analyses were conducted for AAs only. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding at 1.5-3.5 months (19.4% vs. 16.3%) was similar between those with a breast pump and those without a breast pump, whereas rates of any breastfeeding were higher among those with no breast pump (46.9% vs. 31.4%, p = 0.004). Also, among AA mothers, rates of feeding at the breast were lower (21.5% vs. 44.4%, p < 0.0001) and rates of feeding expressed breast milk were higher (16.6% vs. 8.2%, p = 0.02) among those with a breast pump versus those without a breast pump.
  
  
  
  Although breast pumps were free, breast pump use among predominantly AA WIC-eligible mothers was not associated with increased rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 1.5-3.5 months postpartum.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital , Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bream
authors.affiliation: 2 Center for Clinical Investigation, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital , Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Furman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D061186:Breast Milk Expression / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009820:Ohio / Q000453:epidemiology; D049590:Postpartum Period; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: African Americans; breast pump; exclusive breastfeeding; expressed breast milk