title: Low Risk of Producing an Opioid Use Disorder in Primary Care by Prescribing Opioids to Prescreened Patients with Chronic Noncancer Pain.
abstract: To examine the risk of developing aberrant behaviors that might lead to a substance use disorder (addiction) when prescribing opioids for the relief of chronic noncancer pain in primary care settings.
  
  
  
  Longitudinal, prospective, descriptive design with repeated measures.
  
  
  
  Private community-based internal medicine and family medicine clinics.
  
  
  
  Patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.
  
  
  
  Standardized measures of patient status (pain, functional impairment, psychiatric disorders, family history) and treatments provided, urine drug monitoring, and medical chart audits (presence of aberrant drug-related behaviors) were obtained in a cohort of 180 patients at the time of initiating opioids for chronic noncancer pain and at three, six, and 12 months thereafter.
  
  
  
  Over the 12-month follow-up period, subjects demonstrated stable, mild to moderate levels of depression (PHQ-9 scores ranging from 9.43 to 10.92), mild anxiety (BAI scores ranging from 11.80 to 14.67), minimal aberrant drug-related behaviors as assessed by chart reviews, and a low percentage of illicit drug use as revealed by results of urine drug monitoring. Less than 5% of our study population revealed any evidence of substance use disorder.
  
  
  
  This prospective study suggests that patients without a recent or prior history of substance use disorder who were prescribed primarily short-acting opioids in low doses for chronic noncancer pain have a low risk for developing a substance use disorder. This finding supports the importance of prescreening patients being considered for opioid therapy and that prescription of opioids for noncancer pain may carry a lower risk of abuse in selected populations such as in private, community-based practices.
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cheatle
authors.affiliation: Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.|Departments of Psychiatry and Anesthesiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Rollin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.affiliation: Center for Studies of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid