title: The estimation of skeletal maturity of patients with cleft lip and palate using statistical shape analysis: a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To propose a skeletal maturity assessment method by developing a statistical regression analysis model through the integration of lateral and axial images of the cervical vertebrae of patients with cleft lip and palate obtained through CBCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  49 patients with cleft lip and palate (28 females, 21 males; age range, 4-16 years) underwent CBCT examination, and the hand-wrist radiographic data were selected. With coordinates of landmarks from lateral and axial images of the cervical vertebrae, Procrustes analysis and principal component (PC) analysis yielded PC scores of each cervical vertebra, with the centroid size as the size factor. The meaningful PC scores from these were used for multiple regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When both axial and lateral cervical vertebrae were used together, there was a 6.7% increase in the Sempé maturation level explanatory power for skeletal maturation estimation in females and an 11.4% increase in males compared with that when only the chronological age was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study improved the estimating regression models using statistical shape analysis with lateral and axial cervical vertebral shapes. The obtained models had improved explanatory power for skeletal maturity estimation than previous studies with healthy people.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthodontics, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Hun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthodontics, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Youn-Kyung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Seok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsutaro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Koutaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Byung
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthodontics, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.|5 Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea.|6 Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Il
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip; D002972:Cleft Palate; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted
keywords: CBCT; CLP; cervical vertebrae; shape analysis; skeletal maturation