title: Indoor air pollution and its association with poor lung function, microalbuminuria and variations in blood pressure among kitchen workers in India: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: The present study is an attempt to explore the association between kitchen indoor air pollutants and physiological profiles in kitchen workers with microalbuminuria (MAU) in north India (Lucknow) and south India (Coimbatore).
  
  
  
  The subjects comprised 145 control subjects, 233 kitchen workers from north India and 186 kitchen workers from south India. Information related to the personal and occupational history and health of the subjects at both locations were collected using a custom-made questionnaire. Worker lung function was measured using a spirometer. Blood pressure was monitored using a sphygmomanometer. Urinary MAU was measured using a urine analyzer. Indoor air monitoring in kitchens for particulate matter (PM), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) was conducted using indoor air quality monitors. The size and shape of PM in indoor air was assessed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to detect organic or inorganic compounds in the air samples.
  
  
  
  Particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5and PM1) were significantly higher in both north and south Indian kitchens than in non-kitchen areas. The concentrations of TVOC, CO and CO2were higher in the kitchens of north and south India than in the control locations (non-kitchen areas). Coarse, fine and ultrafine particles and several elements were also detected in kitchens in both locations by SEM and elemental analysis. The FTIR spectra of kitchen indoor air at both locations show the presence of organic chemicals. Significant declines in systolic blood pressure and lung function were observed in the kitchen workers with MAU at both locations compared to those of the control subjects. A higher prevalence of obstruction cases with MAU was observed among the workers in the southern region than in the controls (p < 0.01).
  
  
  
  Kitchen workers in south India have lower lung capacities and a greater risk of obstructive and restrictive abnormalities than their north Indian counterparts. The study showed that occupational exposure to multiple kitchen indoor air pollutants (ultrafine particles, PM2.5, PM1, TVOC, CO, CO2) and FTIR-derived compounds can be associated with a decline in lung function (restrictive and obstructive patterns) in kitchen workers with microalbuminuria. Further studies in different geographical locations in India among kitchen workers on a wider scale are required to validate the present findings.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) , Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.|Department of Biochemistry, Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Amarnath
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) , Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India. ckesavachandran@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chandrasekharan Nair
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Kesavachandran
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) , Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ritul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) , Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Vipin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bihari
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) , Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Afzal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, Anaikatty, Coimbatore, 641108, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Parappurath Abdul
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Azeez
authors.affiliation: Advance Imaging Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Prem Narain
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Anil Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ks
authors.affiliation: Environmental Monitoring Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Altaf Hussain
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D003296:Cooking; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D052638:Particulate Matter; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide
keywords: Blood pressure; Indoor air; Kitchen workers; Lung function; Microalbuminuria