title: Intraspecific Variation in and Environment-Dependent Resource Allocation to Embryonic Development Time in Common Terns.
abstract: Embryonic development time is thought to impact life histories through trade-offs against life-history traits later in life, yet the inference is based on interspecific comparative analyses only. It is largely unclear whether intraspecific variation in embryonic development time that is not caused by environmental differences occurs, which would be required to detect life-history trade-offs. Here we performed a classical common-garden experiment by incubating fresh eggs of free-living common terns (Sterna hirundo) in a controlled incubation environment at two different temperatures. Hatching success was high but was slightly lower at the lower temperature. While correcting for effects of year, incubation temperature, and laying order, we found significant variation in the incubation time embryos required until hatching and in their heart rate. Embryonic heart rate was significantly positively correlated within clutches, and a similar tendency was found for incubation time, suggesting that intrinsic differences in embryonic development rate between offspring of different parents exist. Incubation time and embryonic heart rate were strongly correlated: embryos with faster heart rates required shorter incubation time. However, after correction for heart rate, embryos still required more time for development at the lower incubation temperature. This suggests that processes other than development require a greater share of resources in a suboptimal environment and that relative resource allocation to development is, therefore, environment dependent. We conclude that there is opportunity to detect intraspecific life-history trade-offs with embryonic development time and that the resolution of trade-offs may differ between embryonic environments.
authors.affiliation: 1 Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands.|2 Institute of Avian Research "Vogelwarte Helgoland," An der Vogelwarte 21, D-26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vedder
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Avian Research "Vogelwarte Helgoland," An der Vogelwarte 21, D-26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.|3 University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kürten
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Avian Research "Vogelwarte Helgoland," An der Vogelwarte 21, D-26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bouwhuis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046091:Charadriiformes / Q000196:embryology*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology*; D004777:Environment; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D013045:Species Specificity; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: common-garden experiment; embryonic development; hatching success; incubation; life-history evolution; prenatal growth