title: Assessment of ketamine/medetomidine anaesthesia in the New Zealand White rabbit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the characteristics of anaesthesia induced with four dose combinations of ketamine/medetomidine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized study. Animals Five female New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits of approximately 2.3 kg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbits were given one of four drug combinations (25/0.25; 15/0.5; 15/0.25 and 10/0.5 mg kg-1IM) on four successive occasions with a four day interval. Response to injection and then arterial blood gas and cardiovascular parameters were recorded at predetermined time points. Toe and ear pinch reflexes gave measures of total duration of surgical anaesthesia and total sleep time. Analyses used repeated measures analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Induction was smooth with little reaction to injection and intubation achieved easily. Two combinations (15/0.25, 10/0.5) produced moderate hypoxaemia (mean pO2< 8.0 kPa) and two (25/0.25, 15/0.5) very marked hypoxaemia (mean pO2< 5.3 kPa). This was reversed within 15 minutes of oxygen administration and all rabbits recovered uneventfully. Heart rates fell in all cases, with only minimal effects on arterial blood pressure and no cardiac arrhythmias. Mean duration of surgical anaesthesia was significantly longer for dose groups 25/0.25 (57 ± 12 minutes) and 15/0.5 (59 ± 17 minutes, p = 0.01) compared to dose group 15/0.25 (27 ± 8 minutes). Only three animals in the 10/0.5 mg kg-1group achieved surgical anaesthesia. Mean duration of loss of the ear pinch reflex was similar between doses, being, respectively, 64 ± 13, 81 ± 7, 60 ± 22 and 62 ± 24 minutes. Sleep time was significantly longer for the 15/0.5 dose (112 ± 10 minutes) compared to 15/0.25 (86 ± 22 minutes, p = 0.04). Sleep times for the 25/0.25 and 10/0.5 mg kg-1doses were, respectively, 103 ± 23 and 108 ± 12 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine/medetomidine reliably produces smooth induction and recovery in the NZW rabbit, but due to the degree of hypoxaemia produced, should only be used with simultaneous provision of oxygen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently recommended dose rates of ketamine/medetomidine for minor procedures such as ovariohysterectomy in rabbits (25 mg/0.5 mg kg-1) are unnecessarily high; a dose of 15/0.25 mg kg-1should be adequate for 15-30 minutes of surgical anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, 171-77 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hedenqvist
authors.affiliation: Comparative Biology Centre, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Electronic address: J.V.Roughan@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jv
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roughan
authors.affiliation: Comparative Biology Centre, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.affiliation: Comparative Biology Centre, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Antunes
keywords: Anaesthesia; ketamine; medetomidine; rabbit