title: Enantioseparation of Imazalil and Monitoring of Its Enantioselective Degradation in Apples and Soils Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
abstract: Imazalil is a widely used systemic chiral fungicide that is still being employed as a racemic mixture without distinguishing the difference between enantiomers, which often leads to its inaccurate risk assessment. In this study, a robust and highly sensitive chiral separation method was developed for imazalil enantiomers by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and was further applied to study the degradation dynamics of imazalil enantiomers in apples and field soils at three sites in China. The baseline enantioseparation for imazalil was achieved within 3.5 min on a Lux Cellulose-2 (CCMPC) column with acetonitrile (ACN)/water (65:35, v/v) with a mobile phase at 0.5 mL/min flow rate and a column temperature of 20 °C. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for each enantiomer was <0.60 μg/kg, with a baseline resolution of approximately 1.75. The research showed that (S)-(+)-imazalil degraded more rapidly than (R)-(-)-imazalil in Gala apples, whereas (R)-(-)-imazalil preferentially degraded in Golden Delicious apples. No significant enantioselectivity was observed in OBIR-2T-47 apples and field soils from the three sites. Results of this study provide useful references for risk assessment and the rational use of imazalil in further agricultural produce practice.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Runan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fengshou
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5375-3397
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xingang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaohu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xinglu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zenglong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yongquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007093:Imidazoles; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C017435:enilconazole
keywords: apple; enantioselectivity; field soil; imazalil; ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)