title: Application of ischemic postconditioning's algorithms in tissues protection: response to methodological gaps in preclinical and clinical studies.
abstract: Ischaemic postconditioning (IPostC) was introduced for the first time by Zhao et al. as a feasible method for reduction of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The cardioprotection by this protocol has been extensively evaluated in various species. Then, further research revealed that IPostC is a safe and convenient approach in limiting IR injury of non-myocardial tissues such as lung, liver, kidney, intestine, skeletal muscle, brain and spinal cord. IPostC has been conducted with different algorithms, resulting in diverse effects. The possible important factors leading to these differences are the difference in activation levels of signalling pathways and protective mediators by any algorithm, presence or absence of IPostC effectors in each tissue, or intrinsic characteristics of the tissues as well as the methodological biases. Also, the conflicting results have been shown with the application of the same algorithm of IPostC in certain tissues or animal species. The effectiveness of IPostC may depend upon various parameters including the species and the tissues characteristics. For example, different heart rates and metabolic rates of the species and unequal amounts of perfusion and blood flow of the tissues should be considered as the important determinants of IPostC effectiveness and should be thought about in designing IPostC algorithms for future studies. Due to these discrepancies, there is still no optimal single IPostC algorithm applicable to any tissue or any species. This issue is the main topic of the present article.
authors.affiliation: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feyzizadeh
authors.affiliation: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.|Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0339-5904
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Badalzadeh
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D057775:Ischemic Postconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D008168:Lung / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D009928:Organ Specificity; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
keywords: cardioprotection; clinical studies; ischaemia-reperfusion injuries; ischaemic postconditioning; methodology