title: An enhancement method for color retinal images based on image formation model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The good quality of color retinal image is essential for doctors to make a reliable diagnose in clinics. Due to major reasons like acquisition process and retinal diseases, most retinal images can show poor illuminance, blur and low contrast, further impeding the process of identifying the underlying retinal condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Image formation model of scattering is proposed to enhance color retinal images in this paper. Two parameters of this model, background illuminance and transmission map, are estimated based on extracted background and foreground. The complex nature of the foreground of a retinal image, involving pixels with both low and high intensity, posed a challenge to the proper extraction of these pixels. Therefore, a new method combining Mahalanobis distance discrimination and global spatial entropy-based contrast enhancement is proposed to extract foreground pixels. It extracts background and foreground in high intensity region and low intensity region respectively and it can perform well in blurry image with tiny intensity range.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed method is evaluated using 319 color retinal images from three different databases. Experimental results indicated that the proposed method can perform well on illumination problems, contrast enhancement and color preservation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study proposes a new method of enhancing overall retinal image and produces better enhancement images than several state-of-the-art algorithms, especially for blurry retinal images. This method can facilitate analysis and reliable diagnosis for both ophthalmologists and computer-aided analysis.
authors.affiliation: School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No.5 South Zhong Guan Cun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China. Electronic address: xiongli892412@163.com.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No.5 South Zhong Guan Cun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China. Electronic address: huiqili@bit.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Huiqi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing 100730, China. Electronic address: xlbio1@163.com.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002386:Cataract / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003116:Color; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008027:Light; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D012160:Retina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation
keywords: Color retinal image; Contrast enhancement; Image formation model; Medical image processing