title: Fluid intelligence, traits of personality and personality disorders in a cohort of adult KS patients with the classic 47, XXY karyotype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) is associated with specific neurobehavioral features and personality traits. The aim of our study was to investigate fluid intelligence, personality traits and personality disorders (PD) and possible correlations with testosterone in a cohort of adult KS patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed 58 adult KS patients with the classic 47, XXY karyotype. The Structured Clinical Interview for axis II disorders was used to assess DSM IV personality disorders. Personality traits were assessed using MMPI-2. Fluid intelligence was tested by using Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) Test. Testosterone blood concentration was measured by CMIA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PD prevalence was 31%. Four altered MMPI scales (Social Responsibility, Dominance, Ego Strength and Repression) were found in more than 40% of patients. Overcontrolled hostility and MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised scales were altered in the PD- group only. Biz-Odd Thinking and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder scale were associated with the presence of personality disorder. The raw SPM score was 44 ± 10.8 without any significant correlation with testosterone. No significant difference in mean age, SPM raw score and MMPI score was observed between eugonadal, hypogonadal and treated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most KS patients had average fluid intelligence. PD prevalence was higher than in the general population. Testosterone was not correlated with fluid intelligence, personality traits or PD, but a reduction in marital distress was observed in treated patients. This could suggest that testosterone therapy can improve physical symptoms and this effect could also improve relationship abilities and wellness awareness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liberato
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy. simona.granato@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3509-1446
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Granato
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tahani
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gianfrilli
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anzuini
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cavaggioni
authors.affiliation: Section of Medical Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A F
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5349-6498
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Radicioni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D059785:Karyotype; D007713:Klinefelter Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010551:Personality; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D010641:Phenotype
keywords: Fluid intelligence; Hypogonadism; Klinefelter syndrome; Personality; Testosterone