title: Comorbidities in Heart Failure.
abstract: Comorbidities frequently accompany chronic heart failure (HF), contributing to increased morbidity and mortality, and an impaired quality of life. We describe the prevalence of several high-impact comorbidities in chronic HF patients and their impact on morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, we try to explain the underlying pathophysiological processes and the complex interaction between chronic HF and specific comorbidities. Although common risk factors are likely to contribute, it is reasonable to believe that factors associated with HF might cause other comorbidities and vice versa. Potential factors are inflammation, neurohormonal activation, and hemodynamic changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Haye H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: van der Wal
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: van Deursen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands. a.a.voors@umcg.nl.|, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands. a.a.voors@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Adriaan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Voors
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Anemia; Cognitive dysfunction; Comorbidities; Diabetes mellitus; Heart failure; Hematinic deficiencies; Hyperkalemia; Iron deficiency; Renal failure; Sleep apnea; Sleep-disordered breathing