title: Isolation and identification of compounds from Kalanchoe pinnata having human alphaherpesvirus and vaccinia virus antiviral activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae) is a succulent plant that is known for its traditional antivirus and antibacterial usage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This work examines two compounds identified from the K. pinnata plant for their antivirus activity against human alphaherpesvirus (HHV) 1 and 2 and vaccinia virus (VACV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Compounds KPB-100 and KPB-200 were isolated using HPLC and were identified using NMR and MS. Both compounds were tested in plaque reduction assay of HHV-2 wild type (WT) and VACV. Both compounds were then tested in virus spread inhibition and virus yield reduction (VYR) assays of VACV. KPB-100 was further tested in viral cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay of HHV-2 TK-mutant and VYR assay of HHV-1 WT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KPB-100 and KPB-200 inhibited HHV-2 at IC50values of 2.5 and 2.9 μg/mL, respectively, and VACV at IC50values of 3.1 and 7.4 μg/mL, respectively, in plaque reduction assays. In virus spread inhibition assay of VACV KPB-100 and KPB-200 yielded IC50values of 1.63 and 13.2 μg/mL, respectively, and KPB-100 showed a nearly 2-log reduction in virus in VYR assay of VACV at 20 μg/mL. Finally, KPB-100 inhibited HHV-2 TK- at an IC50value of 4.5 μg/mL in CPE inhibition assay and HHV-1 at an IC90of 3.0 μg/mL in VYR assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both compounds are promising targets for synthetic optimization and in vivo study. KPB-100 in particular showed strong inhibition of all viruses tested.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cryer
authors.affiliation: a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.affiliation: a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Rex
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cates
authors.affiliation: c Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.affiliation: c Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Merritt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andrus
authors.affiliation: d Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Jiping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: e Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Marc D H
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: f Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Jillybeth
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burgado
authors.affiliation: f Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Subbian Satheshkumar
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Panayampalli
authors.affiliation: g Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: g Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Donald F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Smee
authors.affiliation: a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Brent F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D006367:HeLa Cells; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000187:drug effects; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D031962:Kalanchoe / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: HHV; VACV; antiviral; cytotoxicity