title: Elevated systolic blood pressure of children in the United States is associated with low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations related to body mass index: National Health and Examination Survey 2007-2010.
abstract: A negative association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamn D (25[OH]D) concentrations and blood pressure has been found in adults; whether a similar relationship exists in children remains unclear. We hypothesized that serum 25(OH)D concentrations of children would negatively correlate with blood pressure. Using a nationally representative sample of children aged 8 to 18years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010 (n=2908), we compared serum 25(OH)D levels with diastolic and systolic blood pressure by vitamin D nutritional status categories. A high percentage of children were either vitamin D deficient (28.8%) or vitamin D insufficient (48.8%). Prehypertension was defined as blood pressure as ≥90th to <95th percentile and hypertension as ≥95th percentile by age, height, and sex national blood pressure percentile norms for children. Vitamin D-deficient children aged 8 to 13years had higher systolic blood pressure (104.8±0.7mm Hg) than did vitamin D-sufficient children (102.3±0.6mmHg; P<.05). Controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and income, systolic blood pressure was inversely associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations (P<.03), but not when also controlling for body mass index (P=.63). A higher percentage of vitamin D-deficient and vitamin D-insufficient children (1.7%) vs vitamin D-sufficient children (0.6%) had prehypertension or hypertension. In conclusion, the association of low serum 25(OH)D concentrations with elevated systolic blood pressure in children is likely related to body weight and markers of adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: cmoore8@twu.edu.
authors.forename: Carolyn E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D058246:Prehypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25-HydroxyVvitamin D; Blood pressure; Children; Hypertension; Vitamin D