title: Assessing the impact of a program for late surgical intervention in early-blind children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many blind children in the developing world are unable to obtain timely treatment due to lack of financial and medical resources. Can public health programs that identify and treat such children several years after the onset of blindness enhance their quality of life? The notion that visual development is subject to an early 'critical period' argues against this possibility. However, there are inadequate empirical data from humans on this issue. To address this need, we examined the quality of life of children living in India and who were treated for early-onset blindness (before one year of age), due to cataracts or corneal opacities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survey study.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of an ongoing scientific effort named Project Prakash, we screened over 40,000 children in rural northern India to identify those suffering from early-onset blindness. They were provided eye surgeries in a tertiary care ophthalmic center in New Delhi. We subsequently surveyed 64 Prakash children, ranging in age from 5 to 22 years and obtained their responses on a multi-dimensional quality of life questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly all of the subjects indicated that their quality of life had improved after treatment. Children reported marked enhancement in their mobility, independence, and safety, and also in social integration. Surprisingly, we found no significant correlations between quality of life metrics and factors such as age at treatment, gender, time since treatment, and pre-surgery and post-surgery acuity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A key question for public health policy makers is whether a program of surgical intervention for older blind children is likely to be beneficial, or if the resources are better spent on rehabilitation via vocational training and assistive devices. The marked improvements in quality of life we find in our data strongly argue for the provision of surgical care regardless of a child's age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA. Electronic address: akalia@mit.edu.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalia
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.affiliation: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.affiliation: Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Swami
authors.affiliation: Community Outreach Department, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dhillon
authors.affiliation: Community Outreach Department, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Community Outreach Department, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.affiliation: Community Outreach Department, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Lexington High School Lexington, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sinha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D001766:Blindness / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D002386:Cataract / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003318:Corneal Opacity / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011788:Quality of Life; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cataracts; Developing countries; Eye health; Outreach; Visual impairment