title: Infantile Hemangiomas: An Updated Review on Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, and Treatment.
abstract: Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common vascular tumors in infants, appearing in early infancy and ultimately regressing with time. Clinical presentation may vary, with a minority of lesions causing impairment of vital function (e.g., respiratory or visual obstruction), permanent scarring, and/or disfigurement. The pathogenesis of IH is complex and poorly understood. Risk factors implicated in their development include preterm birth and placental anomalies. IH presents a myriad of clinical challenges, including correct diagnosis and whether or not to pursue treatment. This article is a review of the current literature regarding pathogenesis, clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis of IH. Birth Defects Research 109:809-815, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Chelsey J Forbess
authors.initials: CJF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Sheila Fallon
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guma
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavanaugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.|Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Christina D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018324:Hemangioma, Capillary / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010922:Placenta Diseases; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019043:Vascular Neoplasms / Q000150:complications
keywords: beta blockade; glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1); hemangioma; hypoxia; pregnancy; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)