title: Antiangiogenic therapy combined with immune checkpoint blockade in renal cancer.
abstract: Antiangiogenic therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors is the current first-line treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitor has been recently added to the armamentarium of mRCC treatment. These therapies are based on treatment with antibodies that block programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathways, demonstrating impressive response rates and improved survival in several tumour types. So far, nivolumab is the only approved anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody after VEGF therapy in mRCC. According to preclinical and clinical studies, combination therapies with VEGF- and checkpoint inhibitors have synergistic effect achieving improved response rates. However, toxicity in some combinations is high. In this article, we present a review of the ongoing trials with these drug combinations for RCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Teele
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuusk
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Albiges
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Escudier
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grivas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Free NHS Trust and Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Powles
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.bex@nki.nl.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bex
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000077594:Nivolumab; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000077594:Nivolumab
keywords: Angiogenesis inhibitors; Cell cycle checkpoints; Drug combinations; Immunotherapy; Renal cancer