title: Protective effects of different exercise modalities in an Alzheimer's disease-like model.
abstract: Our aim was to investigate the probable protective effects of aerobic, resistance and combined exercise methods on ovariectomy and d-galactose induced Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-like model. d-galactose (100mg/kg) or saline were administered intraperitoneally for 6 weeks to ovariectomized or sham-operated rats (n=8/group). Aerobic (AE), resistance (RE) and combined exercises (CE) (aerobic+resistance) were performed for 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Anxiety level and cognitive functions were evaluated via hole-board and object recognition tests. Brain myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide activity, lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, glutathione and serum insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) assays were done. Hippocampal mRNA levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and amyloid precursor protein 695 (APP695) were measured. Amyloid Beta (Aβ), NGF, BDNF, IGF-I immunoreactive neurons were evaluated. Freezing time were increased in AD-like model and decreased back with AE (p<0.05). Deteriorated working memory in AD-like model was improved with all exercise types (p<0.05-0.001). Reduced glutathione levels in AD-like model were increased and increased malondialdehyde levels were reduced and serum IGF-I levels were increased by all exercises (p<0.05-0.001). Increased APP mRNA levels in AD-like model were decreased via CE (p<0.05). Elevated Aβ scores in AD-like model were decreased by RE and CE (p<0.01) in hippocampus and by all exercise types in cortex (p<0.05-0.01). Decreased cortical NGF immunocytochemical scores of AD-like model were increased by CE (p<0.05). Different exercise models may have protective effects in development stage of AD via reducing oxidative stress and Aβ scores, and by improving antioxidant system and brain plasticity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Maltepe, Basibuyuk, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: dilekozbeyli@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Özbeyli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University School of Medicine, Maltepe, Basibuyuk, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: gulcesari22@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gülce
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarı
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Pathology Techniques, Marmara University Vocational School of Health Services, Tibbiye cad, Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: naziyeoz@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Naziye
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Özkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University School of Medicine, Maltepe, Basibuyuk, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: betulkarademir@marmara.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Betül
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karademir
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Marmara University Vocational School of Health Services, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: meralyuksel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Meral
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology & Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Maltepe, Basibuyuk, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: ozlemtugcee@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Özlem Tuğçe
authors.initials: ÖT
authors.lastname: Çilingir Kaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Maltepe, Basibuyuk, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: ozgurkasimay@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Özgür
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Kasımay Çakır
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005690:Galactose; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010052:Ovariectomy; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005690:Galactose
keywords: Aerobic exercise; Alzheimer’s disease; Combined exercise; Oxidative stress; Resistance exercise; d-galactose