title: Comparison of Objective and Subjective Changes Induced by Multiple-Pinhole Glasses and Single-Pinhole Glasses.
abstract: Multiple-pinhole (MPH) glasses are currently sold in many countries with unproven advertisements; however, their objective and subjective effects have not been investigated. Therefore, to investigate the effects of MPH glasses excluding the single-pinhole (SPH) effect, we compared the visual functional changes, reading speed, and ocular discomfort after reading caused by MPH and SPH glasses. Healthy 36 participants with a mean age of 33.1 years underwent examinations of pupil size, visual acuity (VA), depth of focus (DOF), and near point accommodation (NPA); tests for visual field (VF), contrast sensitivity (CS), stereopsis, and reading speed; and a survey of ocular discomfort after reading. Both types of pinhole glasses enlarged pupil diameter and improved VA, DOF, and NPA. However, CS, stereopsis, and VF parameters deteriorated. In comparison with SPH glasses, MPH glasses induced smaller pupil dilation (5.3 and 5.9 mm, P < 0.001) and showed better VF parameters with preserved peripheral VF. However, no significant difference was observed for VA, DOF, NPA, stereopsis, and CS. Reading speed using pinhole glasses was significantly slower than baseline; SPH glasses showed the slowest reading speed. Both types of glasses caused significant ocular discomfort after reading compared with baseline, and symptoms were worst with MPH glasses. In conclusion, both types of pinhole glasses had positive effects due to the pinhole effect; however, they had negative effects on VF, CS, stereopsis, reading speed, and ocular discomfort. In spite of the increased luminance and preserved peripheral VF with MPHs, these glasses caused more severe ocular discomfort than SPH glasses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Won Soo
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4416-2197
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: In Ki
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1266-1693
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: YK Eye Clinic, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Kee
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9887-9620
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. yschun100@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Yeoun Sook
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2752-8185
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology; D005139:Eyeglasses / Q000145:classification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011932:Reading; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Pinhole Glasses; Reading Speed; Visual Function