title: Optical Imaging of the Breast: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications.
abstract: The objective of this article is to summarize the physical principles, technology features, and first clinical applications of optical imaging techniques to the breast.
  
  
  
  Light-breast tissue interaction is expressed as absorption and scattering coefficients, allowing image reconstruction based on endogenous or exogenous contrast. Diffuse optical spectroscopy and imaging, fluorescence molecular tomography, photoacoustic imaging, and multiparametric infrared imaging show potential for clinical application, especially for lesion characterization, estimation of cancer probability, and monitoring the effect of neoadjuvant therapy.
authors.affiliation: 1 Radiology Unit, IRCCs Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Leo
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Rubina Manuela
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Trimboli
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sella
authors.affiliation: 1 Radiology Unit, IRCCs Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30 20097 San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.|2 Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sardanelli
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D041622:Tomography, Optical
keywords: breast; fluorescence molecular tomography; optical imaging; photoacoustic imaging