title: Nitric oxide in the pathophysiology of retinopathy: evidences from preclinical and clinical researches.
abstract: Retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness and visual disability in working-aged people. The pathogenesis of retinopathy is an actual and still open query. Alterations contributing to oxidative and nitrosative stress, including elevated nitric oxide and superoxide production, changes in the expression of different isoforms of nitric oxide synthase or endogenous antioxidant system, have been implicated in the mechanisms how this ocular disease develops. In addition, it was documented that renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in the progression of retinopathy. Based on comprehensive preclinical and clinical researches in this area, the role of above-mentioned factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy and ischaemic proliferative retinopathy is reviewed in this study. Moreover, the genetic susceptibility factors involved in the development of the retinopathy and possible strategies that utilize antioxidants as additive therapy are also highlighted here.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Radka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Opatrilova
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic.|Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kubatka
authors.affiliation: 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caprnda
authors.affiliation: Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Büsselberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krasnik
authors.affiliation: Eye Clinic Vesely, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Pavol
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vesely
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Surabhi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruia
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania.
authors.forename: Ioana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mozos
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kruzliak
authors.affiliation: Experimental and Molecular Cardiovascular Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Katia Goncalves
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: antioxidant therapy; diabetic retinopathy; gene polymorphism; hypertensive retinopathy; ischaemic proliferative retinopathy; nitric oxide; nitric oxide synthase