title: Predicting and Reducing Driving Mishaps Among Drivers With Type 1 Diabetes.
abstract: Two aims of this study were to develop and validate A) a metric to identify drivers with type 1 diabetes at high risk of future driving mishaps and B) an online intervention to reduce mishaps among high-risk drivers.
  
  
  
  To achieve aim A, in study 1, 371 drivers with type 1 diabetes from three U.S. regions completed a series of established questionnaires about diabetes and driving. They recorded their driving mishaps over the next 12 months. Questionnaire items that uniquely discriminated drivers who did and did not have subsequent driving mishaps were assembled into the Risk Assessment of Diabetic Drivers (RADD) scale. In study 2, 1,737 drivers with type 1 diabetes from all 50 states completed the RADD online. Among these, 118 low-risk (LR) and 372 high-risk (HR) drivers qualified for and consented to participate in a 2-month treatment period followed by 12 monthly recordings of driving mishaps. To address aim B, HR participants were randomized to receive either routine care (RC) or the online intervention "DiabetesDriving.com" (DD.com). Half of the DD.com participants received a motivational interview (MI) at the beginning and end of the treatment period to boost participation and efficacy. All of the LR participants were assigned to RC. In both studies, the primary outcome variable was driving mishaps.
  
  
  
  Related to aim A, in study 1, the RADD demonstrated 61% sensitivity and 75% specificity. Participants in the upper third of the RADD distribution (HR), compared with those in the lower third (LR), reported 3.03 vs. 0.87 mishaps/driver/year, respectively (P< 0.001). In study 2, HR and LR participants receiving RC reported 4.3 and 1.6 mishaps/driver/year, respectively (P< 0.001). Related to aim B, in study 2, MIs did not enhance participation or efficacy, so the DD.com and DD.com + MI groups were combined. DD.com participants reported fewer hypoglycemia-related driving mishaps than HR participants receiving RC (P= 0.01), but more than LR participants receiving RC, reducing the difference between the HR and LR participants receiving RC by 63%. HR drivers differed from LR drivers at baseline across a variety of hypoglycemia and driving parameters.
  
  
  
  The RADD identified higher-risk drivers, and identification seemed relatively stable across time, samples, and procedures. This 11-item questionnaire could inform patients at higher risk, and their clinicians, that they should take preventive steps to reduce driving mishaps, which was accomplished in aim B using DD.com.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA djc4f@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA.
authors.forename: Linda A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gonder-Frederick
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA.
authors.forename: Harsimran
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA.
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ingersoll
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banton
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA.
authors.forename: Jesse H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Grabman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Clarke
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001900:Boston; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D020407:Internet; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D062405:Motivational Interviewing; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014768:Virginia
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin