title: Raman spectroscopy for the detection of organ distribution and clearance of PEGylated reduced graphene oxide and biological consequences.
abstract: Graphene, a 2D carbon material has found vast application in biomedical field because of its exciting physico-chemical properties. The large planar sheet like structure helps graphene to act as an effective carrier of drug or biomolecules in enormous amount. However, limited data available on the biocompatibility of graphene upon interaction with the biological system prompts us to evaluate their toxicity in animal model. In this study organ distribution, clearance and toxicity of PEGylated reduced nanographene (PrGO) on Swiss Albino mice was investigated after intraperitoneal and intravenous administration. Biodistribution and blood clearance was monitored using confocal Raman mapping and indicated that PrGO was distributed on major organs such as brain, liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow. Presence of PrGO in brain tissue suggests that it has the potential to cross blood brain barrier. Small amount of injected PrGO was found to excrete via urine. Repeated administration of PrGO induced acute liver injury, congestion in kidney and increased splenocytes proliferation in days following exposure. Hence the result of the study recommended that PrGO should undergo intensive safety assessment before clinical application or validated to be safe for medical use.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Santhakumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syama
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Willi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Arumugam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sabareeswaran
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India. Electronic address: mohanpv10@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Parayanthala Valappil
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Mohanan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D006108:Graphite / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Biodistribution; Blood clearance; Histopathology; Raman mapping; Reduced graphene oxide; Splenocytes