title: Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Adult Congenital Heart Disease.
abstract: Recently, the number of patients with congenital heart diseases reaching adulthood has been progressively increasing in developed countries, and new issues are emerging: the evaluation of their capacity to cope with physical activity and whether this knowledge can be used to optimize medical management. A symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test has proven to be an essential tool, because it can objectively evaluate the functional cardiovascular capacity of these patients, identify the pathological mechanisms of the defect (circulatory failure, shunts, and/or pulmonary hypertension), and help prescribe an individualized rehabilitation program when needed. The common findings on cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with congenital heart diseases are a reduced peak [Formula: see text]o2, an early anaerobic threshold, a blunted heart rate response, a reduced increase of Vt, and an increased [Formula: see text]e/[Formula: see text]co2. All these measures suggest common pathophysiological abnormalities: (1) a compromised exercise capacity from anomalies affecting the heart, vessels, lungs, or muscles; (2) chronotropic incompetence secondary to cardiac autonomic dysfunction or β-blockers and antiarrhythmic therapy; and (3) ventilatory inefficiency caused by left-heart failure with pulmonary congestion, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary obstructive vascular disease, or cachexia. Most of these variables also have prognostic significance. For these patients, cardiopulmonary exercise testing allows evaluation and decisions affecting lifestyle and therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: 1 Heart Failure Unit, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; and.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mantegazza
authors.affiliation: 1 Heart Failure Unit, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; and.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apostolo
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hager
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making; D003376:Counseling; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: congenital heart defects; effort intolerance; functional capacity