title: Acute toxication of deltamethrin results in activation of iNOS, 8-OHdG and up-regulation of caspase 3, iNOS gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).
abstract: Deltamethrin is a widely used synthetic pyrethroid pesticide that protects agricultural yields, including crops, fruits, and vegetables from insect-pests. It is known that deltamethrin toxication leads to metabolic disorders and has detrimental effects on the brain and liver in different organisms. However, the harmful effects of deltamethrin toxication on aquatic animals remain unclear. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of deltamethrin toxication by performing a histopathological examination, an immunofluorescence assay, and a qRT-PCR on common carp. We observed that a low-dose (0.04μM) and a high-dose (0.08μM) of deltamethrin exposure caused lamellar cells hyperplasia and inflammatory cells infiltration in the gills, hyperemia, diffuse hydropic degenerations and focal necrosis in the hepatocytes, necrotic changes in the neurons, and also induced activation of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the gills, liver, and brain depending on the exposure time (24h, 48h, 72h and 96h). In addition, deltamethrin toxication caused the up-regulation of caspase-3 and the inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) of the gene expression depending on the dose (0.04μM and 0.08μM) and the exposure time in the brain (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Our results indicated that long-term deltamethrin exposure could lead to inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis on the different organs in common carp. Thus, deltamethrin toxication is dangerous for common carp populations, and the usage of deltamethrin should be controlled and restricted in agricultural areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: harunarslan25@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Harun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altun
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Selçuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Özdemir
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002347:Carps / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C017180:decamethrin; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D053148:Caspase 3; D003849:Deoxyguanosine
keywords: 8-OHdG; Apoptosis; Caspase 3; DNA damage; Deltamethrin; Immunoflorescence assay; Inflamation; Oxidative stress; Pesticides; Toxicity; iNOS