title: Tracers as invisible evidence - The transfer and persistence of flock fibres during a car exchange.
abstract: This study assessed the recovery of flock fibres used as a tracer in a car exchange scenario. Flock fibres were deposited onto a car seat (or model thereof) and their transfer and persistence was investigated after a real or simulated car exchange. The overall aim of this study was to achieve an optimal use of flock fibres as tracers, i.e. to be able to select a fit-for-purpose flock fibre, to be able to predict the amount of flock fibres to be recovered from crime related items, and to be able to use these numbers to exclude accidental uptake. The effect of a number of variables on the transfer and persistence of flock fibres was studied, including flock fibre length, car upholstery, and trousers material. Laboratory based experiments were undertaken first, followed by realistic field based experiments. The flock fibres were captured in a non-destructive manner through fluorescence photography. A Matlab algorithm enabled fast automated counting of flock fibres on the images. Results indicate that an initial rapid loss of flock fibres from garments may be expected as a result of moderate movement. Although the amount of flock fibres to be recovered is affected by the flock fibre length, the type of car upholstery, and the type of trousers materials (if frictional force is taken into consideration), large numbers of flock fibres have been recovered from all target materials throughout the transfer route. These numbers are higher than the amount of flock fibres recovered due to accidental uptake. In conclusion, flock fibres can serve as invisible evidence to reconstruct a series of events.
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Forensic Institute, PO Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, The Netherlands. Electronic address: anaslot@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slot
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Forensic Institute, PO Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.van.der.weerd@nfi.minvenj.nl.
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Weerd
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Forensic Institute, PO Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.roos@nfi.minvenj.nl.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Forensic Institute, PO Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.baiker@nfi.minvenj.nl.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baiker
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Forensic Institute, PO Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.stoel@nfi.minvenj.nl.
authors.forename: Reinoud D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stoel
authors.affiliation: Netherlands Forensic Institute, PO Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.zuidberg@nfi.minvenj.nl.
authors.forename: Matthijs C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Zuidberg
keywords: Car upholstery; Flock fibers; Forensic tracer; Persistence; Transfer; Trousers