title: Causation or selection - examining the relation between education and overweight/obesity in prospective observational studies: a meta-analysis.
abstract: Numerous studies have investigated the association between education and overweight/obesity. Yet less is known about the relative importance of causation (i.e. the influence of education on risks of overweight/obesity) and selection (i.e. the influence of overweight/obesity on the likelihood to attain education) hypotheses. A systematic review was performed to assess the linkage between education and overweight/obesity in prospective studies in general populations. Studies were searched within five databases, and study quality was appraised with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. In total, 31 studies were considered for meta-analysis. Regarding causation (24 studies), the lower educated had a higher likelihood (odds ratio: 1.33, 1.21-1.47) and greater risk (risk ratio: 1.34, 1.08-1.66) for overweight/obesity, when compared with the higher educated. However, these associations were no longer statistically significant when accounting for publication bias. Concerning selection (seven studies), overweight/obese individuals had a greater likelihood of lower education (odds ratio: 1.57, 1.10-2.25), when contrasted with the non-overweight or non-obese. Subgroup analyses were performed by stratifying meta-analyses upon different factors. Relationships between education and overweight/obesity were affected by study region, age groups, gender and observation period. In conclusion, it is necessary to consider both causation and selection processes in order to tackle educational inequalities in obesity appropriately.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Roesler
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: von dem Knesebeck
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D004522:Educational Status; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017594:Publication Bias; D012307:Risk Factors; D064890:Social Determinants of Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D014478:Unemployment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Causation; education; obesity; selection