title: Scaffold degradation during bone tissue reconstruction inMacaca nemestrinamandible.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the degradation of three scaffolds composed of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) with 70∶30 ratio, HA/TCP with 50∶50 ratio, and HA/TCP/chitosan scaffold as analyzed by the RNA expression of matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP2), interleukin 13 (IL13), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The three tested scaffolds and dental pulp stromal cells (DPSCs) were transplanted into the mandibular bone defect of six young maleMacaca nemestrina. Defect on the left mandible served as the experimental group and the right mandible served as control group (split mouth design). The biopsies were retrieved at 0, 2, and 4 weeks after cell-scaffold transplantation. The expression of MMP2, IL13, and TRAP was analyzed by real-time PCR (RT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The inflammatory cells were still detected in areas where active bone and blood vessel formation occurred. The remnants of scaffold biomaterials were rarely seen. The expression of MMP2, IL13, and TRAP was observed in all samples. Their expressions were increased at week 4 and the decrease of TRAP gene expression in the experimental group was found higher than the control group. TRAP gene in the HA/TCP/chitosan group was found to be the highest at week 2 and lowest at week 4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Degradation of the scaffold did not induce higher inflammatory response compared to the control yet it induced more osteoclast activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry and Oral Sciences Research Center, Universitas Indonesia , Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Endang W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Bachtiar
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry and Oral Sciences Research Center, Universitas Indonesia , Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Lisa Rinanda
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Amir
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia , Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Pradono
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suhardi
authors.affiliation: National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN) , Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Basril
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abas
keywords: chitosan; degradation; dental pulp stromal cells; hydroxyapatite; scaffold; tricalcium phosphate