title: Detectable Viral Load May Be Associated with Increased Pain Sensitivity in Persons Living with HIV: Preliminary Findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Animal models have previously shown that HIV is associated with hyperalgesia, or heightened sensitivity to painful stimuli. Efforts to determine whether this finding translates to humans are presently lacking. Among persons living with HIV (PLWH), those with detectable viral loads may be at greatest risk for heightened pain sensitivity. It was hypothesized that PLWH with detectable viral loads would be more sensitive to painful stimuli compared with PLWH without detectable viral loads and healthy controls without HIV.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 47 PLWH and 50 community-dwelling, healthy adults without HIV (controls) were recruited. Participants completed a quantitative sensory testing protocol to assess threshold, tolerance, and temporal summation in response to painful mechanical and heat stimuli. Most recent viral load was collected from medical records, and viral load was considered detectable if the count was greater than 50 copies/mL of blood. Of the 47 PLWH, 11 (23.4%) had detectable viral loads, the median viral load count was 10,200 copies/mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PLWH with detectable viral loads demonstrated significantly lower pain thresholds for mechanical stimuli (F2,89 = 3.15, P = 0.049), significantly lower heat pain tolerances (F2,89 = 3.38, P = 0.039), and significantly greater temporal summation of heat pain at 48 °C (F2,89 = 10.66, P < 0.001) and 50 °C (F2,89 = 3.82, P = 0.026), compared with PLWH without detectable viral loads and healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary results tentatively suggest that the detectable presence of the virus may sensitize PLWH to painful mechanical and heat stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.|Division of Pain Medicine.
authors.forename: Burel R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Goodin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Owens
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Lindsey R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Yessick
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Rachael L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Rainey
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Jennifer I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Okunbor
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Dyan M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Kaneisha A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Mushatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Olivia A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases.
authors.forename: Sonya L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases.|Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Merlin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000097:blood / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D019562:Viral Load
keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); pain sensitivity; viral load