title: G-CSF and stem cell therapy for the treatment of refractory thin lining in assisted reproductive technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aims to describe two promising therapeutic options for resistant "thin" endometrium in fertility treatment: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the scientific literature related to patients with thin endometrium undergoing fertility treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sufficient endometrial growth is fundamental for embryo implantation. Whether idiopathic or resulting from an underlying pathology, a thin endometrium of <7 mm is associated with lower probability of pregnancy; however, no specific thickness excludes the occurrence of pregnancy. We specifically reviewed two relatively new treatment options for resistant thin lining: intrauterine G-CSF and stem cell therapy. The majority of the reviewed trials showed a significant benefit for intrauterine G-CSF infusion in improving endometrial thickness and pregnancy rates. Early results of stem cell therapy trials seem promising.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMT <7 mm is linked to lower probability of pregnancy in assisted reproductive technology. Intrauterine G-CSF infusion appears to be a potentially successful treatment option for resistant cases, while stem cell therapy seems to be a promising new treatment modality in severely refractory cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of OB/GYN, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Youssef
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mouhayar
authors.affiliation: Virginia Center for Reproductive Medicine, 11150 Sunset Hills Rd, Suite, Reston, VA, 100, USA. fsharara@vcrmed.com.|Depatment of OB/GYN, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. fsharara@vcrmed.com.
authors.forename: Fady I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Sharara
mesh_terms: D010064:Embryo Implantation; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000628:therapy*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation
chemical_list: D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
keywords: Endometrial thickness; G-CSF; Pregnancy rates; Stem cell therapy; Thin endometrium