title: Female Epispadias Presenting as Urinary Incontinence.
abstract: Isolated female epispadias without bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital anomaly affecting 1 in 484,000 females. The presenting features of female epispadias are urinary incontinence and abnormal anatomical features. A 6-year-old girl presented with primary urinary incontinence who on physical examination had a bifid clitoris and labia minora. The vagina and hymen were normal. Voiding cystourethrogram showed no reflux and a funnel shaped proximal urethra. With the diagnosis of isolated female epispadias, one-stage reconstruction of the urethra, bladder neck, labia minora and clitoris was performed.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Clinical Center University in Sarajevo, Bolnicka 25, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Asmir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jonuzi
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Clinical Center University in Sarajevo, Bolnicka 25, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Nusret
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Popovic
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Clinical Center University in Sarajevo, Bolnicka 25, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Zlatan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zvizdic
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Clinical Center University in Sarajevo, Bolnicka 25, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Emir
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Milišic
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, Clinical Center University in Sarajevo, Bolnicka 25, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
authors.forename: Kenan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karavdic
authors.affiliation: Kind Cuts for Kids Australia.
authors.forename: Dewan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paddy
keywords: Bifid clitoris; Epispadias; Urethra; Urinary incontinence