title: The Effects of Temperature and Host Age on the Fecundity of Four Trichogramma Species, Egg Parasitoids of the Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).
abstract: The Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) is one of the most important rice pests in Asia and is difficult to control by chemical insecticides due to its rapid development of resistance. To screen potential species for biological control of C. medinalis, we investigated the effects of temperature (20, 24, 28, 32, and 36 °C) and host age (1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-d-old) on the fecundity of four Trichogramma spp. on C. medinalis eggs. Our results indicated that C. medinalis eggs were acceptable to T. japonicum, T. chilonis, T. dendrolimi, and T. ostriniae, though no eggs were parasitized at 36 °C. There were no significant differences in parasitism among the four Trichogramma species under the tested temperature regions, except at 20 °C where parasitism by T. japonicum was significantly higher than that by T. chilonis and T. ostriniae. However, T. japonicum had significantly more progeny than the other three Trichogramma species at 32 °C. All four Trichogramma species performed well on 1-, 2-, and 3-d-old C. medinalis eggs, but parasitism on 4-d-old eggs was significantly reduced. Trichogramma japonicum parasitized the highest number of C. medinalis eggs on different aged hosts and had more progeny than the other Trichogramma species, especially on 3-d-old hosts. In conclusion, T. japonicum exhibited better performance on C. medinalis eggs than the other three Trichogramma species and could be considered as our most suitable Trichogramma candidate for control of C. medinalis.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China (tianjunce@163.com; 1173716711@qq.com; zhengxs0502@sina.com; hzxuhx@gmail.com; luzxmh@163.com).
authors.forename: Jun-Ce
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China (tianjunce@163.com; 1173716711@qq.com; zhengxs0502@sina.com; hzxuhx@gmail.com; luzxmh@163.com).
authors.forename: Zi-Chen
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Xiaoshan Centre of Agricultural Technology Extension, Xiaoshan 211203, China (595902466@qq.com).
authors.forename: Guo-Rong
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Taizhou City, Jiaojiang 318000, China (zlq@tzag.gov.cn).
authors.forename: Lie-Quan
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China (tianjunce@163.com; 1173716711@qq.com; zhengxs0502@sina.com; hzxuhx@gmail.com; luzxmh@163.com).
authors.forename: Xu-Song
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China (tianjunce@163.com; 1173716711@qq.com; zhengxs0502@sina.com; hzxuhx@gmail.com; luzxmh@163.com).
authors.forename: Hong-Xing
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemy Insects, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China (lsz0415@163.com).
authors.forename: Lian-Sheng
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Zang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou 310021, China ( tianjunce@163.com ; 1173716711@qq.com ; zhengxs0502@sina.com ; hzxuhx@gmail.com ; luzxmh@163.com ).|Corresponding author, e-mail: luzxmh@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhong-Xian
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005298:Fertility; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D009036:Moths / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology*; D010063:Ovum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature; D014863:Wasps / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Trichogramma chilonis; Trichogramma japonicum; biological control; natural enemy