title: Changing relations among cognitive abilities across development: implications for measurement and research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The constructs of intelligence and executive function (EF) are commonly used in neuropsychological, cognitive, and developmental research, and in the context of clinical assessment. Yet, we have a limited understanding of the changing age-related associations among these cognitive constructs and the implications for measurement and research. The objectives of this study were to compare hypothetical models using intellectual abilities (non-age corrected scores of intelligence or IQ) and experimental measures of EF and to better understand the role of age in determining the associations between these cognitive abilities at two different periods of development. We also incorporated prediction of ADHD-related difficulties.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined intellectual abilities and EF in a typically developing child sample (N = 250) and young-adult sample (N = 329). We used confirmatory factor analysis to estimate models for each developmental period: a one-factor model of general cognitive ability and a two-factor model of intelligence and EF. ADHD-related difficulties were regressed on the factors from each model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age was more strongly related to all cognitive abilities in the child sample than in the young-adult sample. In the factor analytic models, higher amounts of cognitive test score variance were explained by both models in the child sample than in the young-adult sample. Further, in the child sample, the general cognitive ability factor (combining intellectual abilities and EF) was a significant predictor of ADHD-related difficulties, but the separate intellectual ability and EF factors were not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variables highly associated with age (such as intellectual ability and EF) should not be statistically controlled when assessing cognitive constructs especially in child samples when there is rapid change in cognitive abilities.
authors.affiliation: a Psychology Department , York University , Toronto , Canada.
authors.forename: Jala
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rizeq
authors.affiliation: a Psychology Department , York University , Toronto , Canada.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Flora
authors.affiliation: a Psychology Department , York University , Toronto , Canada.
authors.forename: Maggie E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Toplak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Intelligence; development; executive function; general cognitive ability; intellectual abilities; measurement