title: Longitudinal change in estimated GFR among CKD patients: A 10-year follow-up study of an integrated kidney disease care program in Taiwan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by using average annual decline in estimated GFR (eGFR) and its risk factors in a 10-year follow-up CKD cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, observational cohort study, 4600 individuals fulfilled the definition of CKD, with or without proteinuria, were followed for 10 years. The eGFR was estimated by the MDRD equation. Linear regression was used to estimate participants' annual decline rate in eGFR. We defined subjects with annual eGFR decline rate <1 ml/min/1.73 m2 as non-progression and the decline rate over 3 ml/min/1.73 m2 as rapid progression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up period, 2870 (62.4%) individuals had annual eGFR decline rate greater than 1 ml/min/1.73 m2. The eGFR decline rate was slower in individuals with CKD diagnosed over the age of 60 years than those with onset at a younger age. Comparing to subjects with decline rate <1 ml/min/1.73 m2/year, the odds ratio (OR) of developing rapid CKD progression for diabetes, proteinuria and late onset of CKD was 1.72 (95% CI: 1.48-2.00), 1.89(1.63-2.20) and 0.68 (0.56-0.81), respectively. When the model was adjusted for the latest CKD stage, comparing to those with CKD stage 1, patients with stage 4 and stage 5 have significantly higher risks for rapid progression (OR, 5.17 (2.60-10.25), 19.83 (10.05-39.10), respectively). However, such risk was not observed among patients with the latest CKD stage 2 and 3. The risk for incident ESRD was 17% higher for each 1 ml/min/1.73 m2 increasing in annual decline rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not everyone with CKD develops ESRD after a 10-year follow-up. Absolute annual eGFR decline rate can help clinicians to better predict the progression of CKD. Individuals with renal function decline rate over 3 ml/min/1.73 m2/year require intensive CKD care.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.|Big Data Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: I-Wen
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Ting
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hung-Chieh
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.|Big Data Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000503:physiopathology; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan