title: Non-animal approaches for toxicokinetics in risk evaluations of food chemicals.
abstract: The objective of the present work was to review the availability and predictive value of non-animal toxicokinetic approaches and to evaluate their current use in European risk evaluations of food contaminants, additives and food contact materials, as well as pesticides and medicines. Results revealed little use of quantitative animal or human kinetic data in risk evaluations of food chemicals, compared with pesticides and medicines. Risk evaluations of medicines provided sufficient in vivo kinetic data from different species to evaluate the predictive value of animal kinetic data for humans. These data showed a relatively poor correlation between the in vivo bioavailability in rats and dogs versus that in humans. In contrast, in vitro (human) kinetic data have been demonstrated to provide adequate predictions of the fate of compounds in humans, using appropriate in vitro-in vivo scalers and by integration of in vitro kinetic data with in silico kinetic modelling. Even though in vitro kinetic data were found to be occasionally included within risk evaluations of food chemicals, particularly results from Caco-2 absorption experiments and in vitro data on gut-microbial conversions, only minor use of in vitro methods for metabolism and quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation methods was identified. Yet, such quantitative predictions are essential in the development of alternatives to animal testing as well as to increase human relevance of toxicological risk evaluations. Future research should aim at further improving and validating quantitative alternative methods for kinetics, thereby increasing regulatory acceptance of non-animal kinetic data.
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ans
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Punt
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ad A C M
authors.initials: AACM
authors.lastname: Peijnenburg
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ron L A P
authors.initials: RLAP
authors.lastname: Hoogenboom
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.|Division of Toxicology, Wageningen UR, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bouwmeester
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005060:Europe; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008511:Medicine; D010575:Pesticides / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D066007:Toxicokinetics
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides
keywords:   alternatives to animal testing;  PBPK;  in vitro kinetics; regulatory acceptance