title: Stroke in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome: risk factors, clinical manifestations, neuroimaging, and treatment.
abstract: Neurologic disorders are among the most common and important clinical manifestations associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), mainly those that affect the central nervous system (CNS). Risk of cerebrovascular events in both conditions is increased, and stroke represents one of the most severe complications, with an incidence rate between 3% and 20%, especially in the first five years of diagnosis. This article updates the data regarding the risk factors, clinical manifestations, neuroimaging, and treatment of stroke in SLE and APS.
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: L C D
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Amorim
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, Brazil.|2 Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: C E M
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000378:metabolism; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid
keywords: Hughes’ syndrome; Stroke; antiphospholipid antibodies; antiphospholipid syndrome; neurological manifestations; systemic lupus erythematosus