title: Investigation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids including their respective N-oxides in selected food products available in Hong Kong by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry.
abstract: This study determined the levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), including their respective N-oxides, in foodstuffs available in Hong Kong by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 234 samples (48 food items) were collected randomly from a local market and analysed. About 50% of samples were found to contain detectable amount of PAs. Amongst the 48 food items, PAs were not detected in 11 food items, including barley flour, beef, cattle liver, pork, pig liver, chicken meat, chicken liver, milk, non-fermented tea, Melissa tea and linden tea. For those found to contain detectable PAs, the summed PA content ranged up to 11,000 µg kg-1. The highest sum of PA content among the 37 food items calculated with lower bound was cumin seed, then followed by oregano, tarragon and herbs de Provence with ranges of 2.5-11,000, 1.5-5100, 8.0-3300 and 18-1300 µg kg-1respectively. Among the samples, the highest sum of PA content was detected in a cumin seed sample (11,000 µg kg-1), followed by an oregano (5100 µg kg-1), a tarragon (3300 µg kg-1) and a herbs de Provence (1300 µg kg-1). In general, the results of this study agreed well with other published results in peer-reviewed journals, except that the total PAs in honey and specific tea infusion in this study were comparatively lower.
authors.affiliation: a Food and Environmental Hygiene Department , Food Research Laboratory , Hong Kong (SAR), China.
authors.forename: Stephen W C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7986-2903
authors.initials: SWC
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: a Food and Environmental Hygiene Department , Food Research Laboratory , Hong Kong (SAR), China.
authors.forename: Aaron C H
authors.initials: ACH
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006723:Hong Kong; D010087:Oxides / Q000032:analysis*; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
keywords: Hong Kong; LC-MS/MS; Pyrrolizidine alkaloids; food; pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides