title: Inhibition of liver alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase by hesperidin and its aglycone hesperetin: An in vitro and in silico study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of two natural flavonoids, hesperetin (HT) and hesperidin (HD), on two gluconeogenesis enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and their possible mechanisms of action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rat liver incubated with different concentrations of HT and HD was used to measure enzyme activities spectrophotometrically, based on monitoring the oxidation of NADH to NAD+at 340nm. Molecular docking simulation was also applied to reveal the molecular mechanism of the inhibition caused by HT and HD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both flavonoids demonstrated inhibitory effects against the enzyme activities, with IC50values of 153.9 and 68.88μM for HT-ALT and HD-ALT treatment respectively. Likewise, the IC50values of 85.29μM for HT-AST and 110.3μM for HD-AST were obtained from spectrophotometric results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The docking simulation revealed that HT and HD block the enzyme entrance channel and prevent the substrates from accessing the enzyme active sites. Having prevented production of pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and the oxaloacetate, these two compounds inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis and consequently, hinder the progression of diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that HT and HD may be considered as leading compounds for designing safe and effective drugs in management of increased ALT and AST-related disorders specially diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Kharazmi University, Mofateh Ave., Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zareei
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Kharazmi University, Mofateh Ave., Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Massoud M A
authors.initials: MMA
authors.lastname: Boojar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 16 Azar Ave., Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: amanlou@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Massoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amanlou
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology; D015195:Drug Design; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D006569:Hesperidin; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; C013015:hesperetin
keywords: Alanine aminotransferase; Aspartate aminotransferase; Diabetes; Hesperetin; Hesperetin (PubChem CID: 72281); Hesperidin; Hesperidin (PubChem CID: 10621); Molecular docking