title: Pressure Pain Sensitivity: Marker for Stress Affecting General Health.
abstract: The study examined the links between pressure pain sensitivity (PPS) measured during preventive medical examination of men, their health status and occupation.
  
  
  
  A one year (2015-2016) convenience sampling technique was used to gain primary data from actual medical examination, health records (personal and occupational history) and pressure pain sensitivity (PPS) measured by Ull Meter equipment during preventive medical examination of 371 men of different occupations (average age 43.6±10.4 years, range 19-66 years). Measured PPS values of 60 or more indicate high PPS, contrary PPS values to 40 indicate low PPS.
  
  
  
  345 men (93%) were considered healthy (without diagnosis of a disease), 26 men (7%) had positive personal history/symptoms of disease. The average of measured PPS values for the whole group was 36.6±9.5 (first measurement) and 36.7±8.5 (second, repeated measurement), suggesting a high reproducibility of the measurements (r=0.80). Decreased PPS values were measured in men without reported diagnosis of a disease compared to men with diagnosed diseases. Elevated PPS values were measured in men with symptoms of neurocirculatory asthenia (NCA) compared to asymptomatic men and also to men with different diagnosis. The group of men with other than NCA symptoms did not differ significantly in PPS values compared to group of asymptomatic men. Road drivers (177 men) did not differ significantly compared to other occupations (194 men).
  
  
  
  The increased neuropsychological load/stress is connected with increased pain sensitivity to pressure. The PPS method is objective, reliable, simple, and noninvasive evaluation of the impact of stress and may be helpful in assessing medical fitness to work.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Václav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaněček
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tuček
authors.affiliation: Ull Care, Hellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ballegaard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011312:Pressure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D014938:Work Capacity Evaluation
keywords: health impact; pressure pain sensitivity; stress marker