title: Enhancement of physicochemical properties of nanocolloidal carrier loaded with cyclosporine for topical treatment of psoriasis: in vitro diffusion and in vivo hydrating action.
abstract: Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease that cannot be cured. It can however be controlled by various forms of treatment, including topical, systemic agents, and phototherapy. Topical treatment is the first-line treatment and favored by most physicians, as this form of therapy has more patient compliance. Introducing a nanoemulsion for transporting cyclosporine as an anti-inflammatory drug to an itchy site of skin disease would enhance the effectiveness of topical treatment for psoriasis. The addition of nutmeg and virgin coconut-oil mixture, with their unique properties, could improve cyclosporine loading and solubility. A high-shear homogenizer was used in formulating a cyclosporine-loaded nanoemulsion. A D-optimal mixture experimental design was used in the optimization of nanoemulsion compositions, in order to understand the relationships behind the effect of independent variables (oil, surfactant, xanthan gum, and water content) on physicochemical response (particle size and polydispersity index) and rheological response (viscosity andk-value). Investigation of these variables suggests two optimized formulations with specific oil (15% and 20%), surfactant (15%), xanthan gum (0.75%), and water content (67.55% and 62.55%), which possessed intended responses and good stability against separation over 3 months' storage at different temperatures. Optimized nanoemulsions of pH 4.5 were further studied with all types of stability analysis: physical stability, coalescence-rate analysis, Ostwald ripening, and freeze-thaw cycles. In vitro release proved the efficacy of nanosize emulsions in carrying cyclosporine across rat skin and a synthetic membrane that best fit the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. In vivo skin analysis towards healthy volunteers showed a significant improvement in the stratum corneum in skin hydration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science.
authors.forename: Siti Hajar
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Musa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science.
authors.forename: Mahiran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basri
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Fard Masoumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Norashikin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shamsudin
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science.
authors.forename: Norazlinaliza
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salim
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000074263:Coconut Oil; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004058:Diffusion; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D026323:Myristica; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051381:Rats; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D010938:Plant Oils; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000074263:Coconut Oil; C002563:xanthan gum
keywords: Franz diffusion cell; Ostwald ripening; cyclosporine; mixture experimental design; nanoemulsion; psoriasis; transepidermal water loss