title: Interventions to Promote Fundamental Movement Skills in Childcare and Kindergarten: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proficiency in fundamental movement skills (FMS) lays the foundation for being physically active and developing more complex motor skills. Improving these motor skills may provide enhanced opportunities for the development of a variety of perceptual, social, and cognitive skills.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effects of FMS interventions on actual FMS, targeting typically developing young children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Searches in seven databases (CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) up to August 2015 were completed. Trials with children (aged 2-6 years) in childcare or kindergarten settings that applied FMS-enhancing intervention programs of at least 4 weeks and meeting the inclusion criteria were included. Standardized data extraction forms were used. Risk of bias was assessed using a standard scoring scheme (Effective Public Health Practice Project-Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies [EPHPP]). We calculated effects on overall FMS, object control and locomotor subscales (OCS and LMS) by weighted standardized mean differences (SMDbetween) using random-effects models. Certainty in training effects was evaluated using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation System).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty trials (15 randomized controlled trials and 15 controlled trials) involving 6126 preschoolers (aged 3.3-5.5 years) revealed significant differences among groups in favor of the intervention group (INT) with small-to-large effects on overall FMS (SMDbetween0.46), OCS (SMDbetween1.36), and LMS (SMDbetween0.94). Our certainty in the treatment estimates based on GRADE is very low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is relevant effectiveness of programs to improve FMS proficiency in healthy young children, they need to be interpreted with care as they are based on low-quality evidence and immediate post-intervention effects without long-term follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.|University of Applied Science for Sport and Management Potsdam of the ESAB, Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wick
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Claudia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Leeger-Aschmann
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nico D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Monn
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Radtke
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Laura V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cornelia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Rebholz
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Einat A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Schmutz
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.|Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Obesity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jardena J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Puder
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Munsch
authors.affiliation: Child Development Center and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tanja H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kakebeeke
authors.affiliation: Child Development Center and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Oskar G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Jenni
authors.affiliation: Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Granacher
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland. susi.kriemlerwiget@uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Susi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kriemler
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students
keywords: Fundamental Movement Skill; High Effect Size; Locomotor Skill; Motivational Climate; Motor Skill