title: Improving Sample Distribution Homogeneity in Three-Dimensional Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices by Rational Device Design.
abstract: Paper-based devices are a portable, user-friendly, and affordable technology that is one of the best analytical tools for inexpensive diagnostic devices. Three-dimensional microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (3D-μPADs) are an evolution of single layer devices and they permit effective sample dispersion, individual layer treatment, and multiplex analytical assays. Here, we present the rational design of a wax-printed 3D-μPAD that enables more homogeneous permeation of fluids along the cellulose matrix than other existing designs in the literature. Moreover, we show the importance of the rational design of channels on these devices using glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) reactions. We present an alternative method for layer stacking using a magnetic apparatus, which facilitates fluidic dispersion and improves the reproducibility of tests performed on 3D-μPADs. We also provide the optimized designs for printing, facilitating further studies using 3D-μPADs.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.|Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica , 13063-861, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.|School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Giorgio Gianini
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Morbioli
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.|Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica , 13063-861, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mazzu-Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal de São Carlos , Rod. Washington Luís km 235,13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Aparecido
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Milan
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stockton
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.|Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica , 13063-861, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Emanuel
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7351-8220
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carrilho