title: Acute Toxicity of Imidazole Nitrate Ionic Liquids with Varying Chain Lengths to Earthworms (Eisenia foetida).
abstract: When ionic liquids (ILs) first came into use, we thought that they were safe. However, upon further investigation, researchers found that ILs are not harmless. In this study, the model soil organism, earthworms (Eisenia foetida), were used to study the acute toxicity of imidazole nitrate ionic liquids with varying chain lengths from 2 to 12. The experiment used two different methods, a filter paper contact test (48 h) and an artificial soil test (14 days), to determine the toxicity. These results demonstrated that the toxicity increased with the length of carbon chains until C8and that the cut-off effect occurred at 1-octyl-3-methyl imidazole nitrates.Then, the toxicity began to increase again. At the same time, the concentrations of [C10mim]NO3and [C12mim]NO3were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and demonstrated that ILs were stable throughout the experiment. The present study revealed the acute toxicity of ILs with varying chain lengths.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhongkun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China. lushzhu@sdau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lusheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000633:toxicity*; D009566:Nitrates; D009835:Oligochaeta; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D009566:Nitrates; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C029899:imidazole; C421036:methyl nitrate
keywords: Artificial soil; Concentration measure; Cut-off effect; Filter paper contact; LC50