title: Risk factors for schistosomiasis transmission among school children in Gwanda district, Zimbabwe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A nationwide cross sectional schistosomiasis survey conducted in 2011 in 280 primary schools found a prevalence rate of 22.7%. This warranted an intervention with Mass Drug Administration at all schools in line with WHO guidelines. This study aimed to identify risk factors for schistosomiasis transmission among Grade 3 children at two primary schools in Gwanda district.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive cross sectional survey which was part of a larger study on Malaria and Bilharzia in Southern Africa (MABISA) was conducted. Grade 3 children (n=120) attending two purposively selected rural primary schools in Dombo and Ntalale in Gwanda were respondents. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors which included knowledge and practices were collected using a pretested interviewer administered questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 120 children, 98 (81.7%) of the children indicated that they did not consistently use the toilet. The other risk factors for schistosomiasis were bathing and swimming in rivers and dams 80 (66.7%), watering the vegetable gardens using unprotected water sources 77 (64.7%) and crossing rivers on their way to school barefooted 31.7%. History of schistosomiasis cases based on self-reporting indicated that of the 9 children 7 were girls. There was poor knowledge of schistosomiasis among the children with 54% of the children indicating that they had never heard about the disease. Misconceptions on the causes of schistosomiasis which included drinking dirty water, mosquitoes and flies as the causes of schistosomiasis were reported by the children. Parents were cited as the least disseminators of information on schistosomiasis with only 4 out of the 120 children having received information from their parents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frequent contact with unprotected water sources, non-use of the toilet, and lack of information on schistosomiasis could predispose the children to infection. There is need to raise awareness about schistosomiasis in schools and the community to reduce the risk of contracting schistosomiasis due to risky behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. Electronic address: jokomob@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Zibusiso
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nyati-Jokomo
authors.affiliation: University of KwaZulu-Natal, College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Moses J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chimbari
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014038:Toilet Facilities; D015030:Zimbabwe / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Knowledge; Risk; Schistosomiasis; Water contact