title: Predictors of Later Psychopathology in Young Children with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to identify childhood factors that predict later psychiatric problems in children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 36 6-year-old children who met criteria for DMDD who were followed up at 9 years of age. Child psychopathology was assessed at age 6 using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA) and at age 9 using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. We compared children with DMDD at age 6 who continued to have a psychiatric diagnosis at age 9 (n = 17) to children with DMDD at age 6 with no psychiatric diagnosis at age 9 (n = 19) across several age 6 predictors: child psychopathology, irritability and temperament, parenting, and maternal psychopathology. In addition, we examined whether children with DMDD at age 6 and no psychiatric diagnosis at age 9 continued to experience elevated psychiatric symptoms and impairment at age 9 compared to children with a non-DMDD diagnosis at age 6 and no psychiatric diagnosis at age 9 (n = 44) and children with no psychiatric diagnosis at age 6 or 9 (n = 266).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The following variables predicted which children with DMDD at age 6 would have a psychiatric diagnosis at age 9: higher levels of externalizing symptoms, anger/frustration, headstrong/hurtful behaviors, functional impairment, and temperamental surgency and negative affect; lower levels of effortful control/executive functioning; and maternal depression. However, children with DMDD at age 6 and no psychiatric diagnosis at age 9 continued to demonstrate greater disruptive behavior disorder symptoms and impairment at age 9 compared to children with no psychiatric diagnosis at age 6 or 9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings identify factors predicting later psychopathology in children with DMDD. In addition, we found that the subgroup of children with DMDD at age 6 but no psychiatric diagnosis at age 9 continued to evidence symptomatology and impairment 3 years later.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychology, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland.
authors.forename: Lea R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychology, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland.
authors.forename: Chelsey S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Barrios
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine , Stony Brook, New York.
authors.forename: Gabrielle A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine , Stony Brook, New York.|3 Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York.
authors.forename: Daniel N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: DMDD; course; disruptive mood dysregulation disorder; predictors