title: Smoking Cessation for Pregnant Smokers: Development and Pilot Test of an Emotion Regulation Treatment Supplement to Standard Smoking Cessation for Negative Affect Smokers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Negative affect has been identified as a factor influencing continued smoking during pregnancy. In this study, a multi-component emotion regulation intervention was developed to address negative emotional smoking triggers and pilot-tested among low-income pregnant smokers. Treatment feasibility and acceptability, cotinine-verified rates of smoking cessation, and self-report of mean cigarettes smoked were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant smokers who self-reported smoking in response to negative affect (N = 70) were randomly assigned to receive one of two 8-session interventions: (1) emotion regulation treatment combined with standard cognitive-behavioral smoking cessation (ERT + CBT) or (2) a health and lifestyle plus standard smoking cessation active control (HLS + CBT). Outcomes for the 4-month period following the quit date are reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment attendance and subjective ratings provide evidence for the feasibility and acceptability of the ERT + CBT intervention. Compared with the HLS + CBT control condition, the ERT + CBT condition demonstrated higher abstinence rates at 2 months (ERT + CBT = 23% vs. HLS + CBT = 0%, OR = 13.51; 95% CI = 0.70-261.59) and 4 months (ERT = 18% vs. HLS = 5%; OR = 2.98; 95% CI = 0.39-22.72) post-quit. Mean number of cigarettes per day was significantly lower in ERT + CBT at 2 months (ERT + CBT = 2.73 (3.35) vs. HLS + CBT = 5.84 (6.24); p = .05) but not at 4 months (ERT + CBT = 2.15 (3.17) vs. HLS + CBT = 5.18 (2.88); p = .06) post-quit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The development and initial test of the ERT + CBT intervention supports its feasibility and acceptability in this difficult-to-treat population. Further development and testing in a Stage II randomized clinical trial are warranted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Negative affect has been identified as a motivator for continued smoking during pregnancy. To date, smoking cessation interventions for pregnant smokers have not specifically addressed the role of negative affect as a smoking trigger. This treatment development pilot study provides support for the feasibility and acceptability of a multi-component ERT + CBT for low-income pregnant smokers who self-report smoking in response to negative affect. Study findings support further testing in a fully-powered Stage II efficacy trial powered to assess mediators and moderators of treatment effects.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.
authors.forename: Clara M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bradizza
authors.affiliation: Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Stasiewicz
authors.affiliation: Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.|Sociology and Anthropology Department, St. John's University, Queens, NY.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.affiliation: Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruszczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Maisto
authors.affiliation: Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lucke
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Brandon
authors.affiliation: Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.
authors.forename: Rina D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Eiden
authors.affiliation: Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.
authors.forename: Kim S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Slosman
authors.affiliation: Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.
authors.forename: Paulette
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giarratano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D004644:Emotions; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D000068356:Self-Control / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy* / Q000652:urine; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine