title: Psychosocial outcomes in adult men born with hypospadias: A register-based study.
abstract: In this nationwide matched cohort study, we have investigated whether being born with hypospadias affect subsequent psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. We analyzed prospectively collected data from national Swedish registers. Data on the diagnoses were collected from the National Patient Register and the Medical Birth Register. Data on psychosocial outcomes such as educational and income level, marital status and disability pension were collected from Statistics Sweden. The effects of covariates, such as age, county of birth, presence of other malformations and psychiatric illness, were taken into account. The associations between hypospadias and psychosocial outcomes were calculated using conditional logistic regression and expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We included 4378 men diagnosed with hypospadias, born between 1969 and 1993 in Sweden. Patients with hypospadias were matched with unaffected men by year of birth and birth county. We did not detect any differences in educational or income level. The probability of entering marriage (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.90-1.14) did not differ, regardless of phenotype. We did, however, detect a 40% increased probability of receiving a disability pension, (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.20-1.61). In conclusion, men born with hypospadias in Sweden do not differ from unaffected men with respect to the majority of psychosocial outcomes studied. They are, however, at increased risk of receiving a disability pension, which motivates further investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Pediatric Surgery, Astrid Lindgren Children´s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skarin Nordenvall
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Norrby
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Butwicka
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frisén
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordenström
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Lung and Allergy Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Almqvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Pediatric Surgery, Astrid Lindgren Children´s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nordenskjöld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D012042:Registries; D013548:Sweden