title: Amylase in drain fluid for the diagnosis of pancreatic leak in post-pancreatic resection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of people with clinically significant postoperative pancreatic leaks is different from those without clinically significant pancreatic leaks. It is important to know the diagnostic accuracy of drain fluid amylase as a triage test for the detection of clinically significant pancreatic leaks, so that an informed decision can be made as to whether the patient with a suspected pancreatic leak needs further investigations and treatment. There is currently no systematic review of the diagnostic test accuracy of drain fluid amylase for the diagnosis of clinically relevant pancreatic leak.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the diagnostic accuracy of amylase in drain fluid at 48 hours or more for the diagnosis of pancreatic leak in people who had undergone pancreatic resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Science Citation Index Expanded, and the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment (NIHR HTA) websites up to 20 February 2017. We searched the references of the included studies to identify additional studies. We did not restrict studies based on language or publication status, or whether data were collected prospectively or retrospectively. We also performed a 'related search' and 'citing reference' search in MEDLINE and Embase.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all studies that evaluated the diagnostic test accuracy of amylase in the drain fluid at 48 hours or more for the diagnosis of pancreatic leak in people who had undergone pancreatic resection excluding total pancreatectomy. We planned to exclude case-control studies because these studies are prone to bias, but did not find any. At least two authors independently searched and screened the references produced by the search to identify relevant studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently extracted data from the included studies. The included studies reported drain fluid amylase on different postoperative days and measured at different cut-off levels, so it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis using the bivariate model as planned. We have reported the sensitivity, specificity, post-test probability of a positive and negative drain fluid amylase along with 95% confidence interval (CI) on each of the different postoperative days and measured at different cut-off levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of five studies including 868 participants met the inclusion criteria for this review. The five studies included in this review reported the value of drain fluid amylase at different thresholds and different postoperative days. The sensitivities and specificities were variable; the sensitivities ranged between 0.72 and 1.00 while the specificities ranged between 0.73 and 0.99 for different thresholds on different postoperative days. At the median prevalence (pre-test probability) of 15.9%, the post-test probabilities for pancreatic leak ranged between 35.9% and 95.4% for a positive drain fluid amylase test and ranged between 0% and 5.5% for a negative drain fluid amylase test.None of the studies used the reference standard of confirmation by surgery or by a combination of surgery and clinical follow-up, but used the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) grade B and C as the reference standard. The overall methodological quality was unclear or high in all the studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the paucity of data and methodological deficiencies in the studies, we are uncertain whether drain fluid amylase should be used as a method for testing for pancreatic leak in an unselected population after pancreatic resection; and we judge that the optimal cut-off of drain fluid amylase for making the diagnosis of pancreatic leak is also not clear. Further well-designed diagnostic test accuracy studies with pre-specified index test threshold of drain fluid amylase (at three times more on postoperative day 5 or another suitable pre-specified threshold), appropriate follow-up (for at least six to eight weeks to ensure that there are no pancreatic leaks), and clearly defined reference standards (of surgical, clinical, and radiological confirmation of pancreatic leak) are important to reliably determine the diagnostic accuracy of drain fluid amylase in the diagnosis of pancreatic leak.
authors.affiliation: University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Tsetsegdemberel Bat-Ulzii
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, McMaster University and McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yaghoobi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Royal Free Campus, UCL Medical School, Pond Street, London, UK, NW3 2QG.
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Royal Free Campus, UCL Medical School, Pond Street, London, UK, NW3 2QG.
authors.forename: Kurinchi Selvan
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Gurusamy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000681:Amylases / Q000032:analysis*; D057868:Anastomotic Leak / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D004796:Clinical Enzyme Tests / Q000592:standards*; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010179:Pancreas / Q000601:surgery; D010180:Pancreatectomy; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000681:Amylases