title: Cardiac kinematic parameters computed from video of in situ beating heart.
abstract: Mechanical function of the heart during open-chest cardiac surgery is exclusively monitored by echocardiographic techniques. However, little is known about local kinematics, particularly for the reperfused regions after ischemic events. We report a novel imaging modality, which extracts local and global kinematic parameters from videos of in situ beating hearts, displaying live video cardiograms of the contraction events. A custom algorithm tracked the movement of a video marker positioned ad hoc onto a selected area and analyzed, during the entire recording, the contraction trajectory, displacement, velocity, acceleration, kinetic energy and force. Moreover, global epicardial velocity and vorticity were analyzed by means of Particle Image Velocimetry tool. We validated our new technique by i) computational modeling of cardiac ischemia, ii) video recordings of ischemic/reperfused rat hearts, iii) videos of beating human hearts before and after coronary artery bypass graft, and iv) local Frank-Starling effect. In rats, we observed a decrement of kinematic parameters during acute ischemia and a significant increment in the same region after reperfusion. We detected similar behavior in operated patients. This modality adds important functional values on cardiac outcomes and supports the intervention in a contact-free and non-invasive mode. Moreover, it does not require particular operator-dependent skills.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.|Centre for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fassina
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43124 Parma, Italy.|Dipartimento di Cardiochirurgia, Università degli Studi di Verona, Ospedale Borgo Trento, P.le Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rozzi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43124 Parma, Italy.|CERT, Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Tossicologica, INAIL-exISPESL, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43124 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Matematica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scacchi
authors.affiliation: CERT, Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Tossicologica, INAIL-exISPESL, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43124 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Maricla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galetti
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43124 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco Paolo
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Lo Muzio
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.|Centre for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Del Bianco
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Matematica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colli Franzone
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Cardiochirurgia, Università degli Studi di Verona, Ospedale Borgo Trento, P.le Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Petrilli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Cardiochirurgia, Università degli Studi di Verona, Ospedale Borgo Trento, P.le Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faggian
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43124 Parma, Italy.|CERT, Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Tossicologica, INAIL-exISPESL, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43124 Parma, Italy.|Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20090 Rozzano, Italy.|Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Via Manzoni 56, 20090 Rozzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miragoli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054537:Atrioventricular Block; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003971:Diastole / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion; D051381:Rats; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012212:Rheology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D014741:Video Recording