title: Toxicity of nano- and ionic silver to embryonic stem cells: a comparative toxicogenomic study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The widespread application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver-containing products has raised public safety concerns about their adverse effects on human health and the environment. To date, in vitro toxic effects of AgNPs and ionic silver (Ag+) on many somatic cell types are well established. However, no studies have been conducted hitherto to evaluate their effect on cellular transcriptome in embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The present study characterized transcriptomic changes induced by 5.0 µg/ml AgNPs during spontaneous differentiation of mouse ESCs, and compared them to those induced by Ag+under identical conditions. After 24 h exposure, 101 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in AgNP-treated cells, whereas 400 genes responded to Ag+. Despite the large differences in the numbers of DEGs, functional annotation and pathway analysis of the regulated genes revealed overall similarities between AgNPs and Ag+. In both cases, most of the functions and pathways impacted fell into two major categories, embryonic development and metabolism. Nevertheless, a number of canonical pathways related to cancer were found for Ag+but not for AgNPs. Conversely, it was noted that several members of the heat shock protein and the metallothionein families were upregulated by AgNPs but not Ag+, suggesting specific oxidative stress effect of AgNPs in ESCs. The effects of AgNPs on oxidative stress and downstream apoptosis were subsequently confirmed by flow cytometry analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, the results presented in the current study demonstrate that both AgNPs and Ag+caused transcriptomic changes that could potentially exert an adverse effect on development. Although transcriptomic responses to AgNPs and Ag+were substantially similar, AgNPs exerted specific effects on ESCs due to their nanosized particulate form.
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA. Xiugong.Gao@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Xiugong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
authors.forename: Vanessa D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Topping
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Keltner
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sprando
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yourick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002460:Cell Line; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D007477:Ions / Q000633:toxicity; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010316:Particle Size; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D043922:Toxicogenetics; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D012834:Silver
keywords: Developmental toxicity; Embryonic stem cell; Silver ion; Silver nanoparticles; Transcriptomics