title: Glycobiology Modifications in Intratumoral Hypoxia: The Breathless Side of Glycans Interaction.
abstract: Post-translational and co-translational enzymatic addition of glycans (glycosylation) to proteins, lipids, and other carbohydrates, is a powerful regulator of the molecular machinery involved in cell cycle, adhesion, invasion, and signal transduction, and is usually seen in both in vivo and in vitro cancer models. Glycosyltransferases can alter the glycosylation pattern of normal cells, subsequently leading to the establishment and progression of several diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, a growing amount of research has shown that different oxygen tensions, mainly hypoxia, leads to a markedly altered glycosylation, resulting in altered glycan-receptor interactions. Alteration of intracellular glucose metabolism, from aerobic cellular respiration to anaerobic glycolysis, inhibition of integrin 3α1β translocation to the plasma membrane, decreased 1,2-fucosylation of cell-surface glycans, and galectin overexpression are some consequences of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Additionally, increased expression of gangliosides carrying N-glycolyl sialic acid can also be significantly affected by hypoxia. For all these reasons, it is possible to realize that hypoxia strongly alters glycobiologic events within tumors, leading to changes in their behavior. This review aims to analyze the complexity and importance of glycoconjugates and their molecular interaction network in the hypoxic context of many solid tumors.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Center for Research on Therapeutic Innovation - Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG-UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Silva-Filho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Center for Research on Therapeutic Innovation - Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG-UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wanessa L B
authors.initials: WLB
authors.lastname: Sena
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Center for Research on Therapeutic Innovation - Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG-UFPE), Recife, Brazil.|Faculdades Integradas de Patos, Patos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiza R A
authors.initials: LRA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Center for Research on Therapeutic Innovation - Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG-UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lidiane V N
authors.initials: LVN
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Center for Research on Therapeutic Innovation - Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG-UFPE), Recife, Brazil.|Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michelly C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Center for Research on Therapeutic Innovation - Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG-UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas G S
authors.initials: LGS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Center for Research on Therapeutic Innovation - Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG-UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata V C
authors.initials: RVC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Center for Research on Therapeutic Innovation - Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG-UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Tavares
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Center for Research on Therapeutic Innovation - Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG-UFPE), Recife, Brazil.|Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maira G R
authors.initials: MGR
authors.lastname: Pitta
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunomodulation and New Therapeutic Approaches (LINAT), Center for Research on Therapeutic Innovation - Suely Galdino (NUPIT-SG-UFPE), Recife, Brazil.|Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Moacyr J B M
authors.initials: MJBM
authors.lastname: Rêgo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011134:Polysaccharides; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Biomarker; Cancer; Carbohydrate metabolism; Glycobiology; Glycosyltransferases; Hypoxic microenvironment