title: Encapsulation of grape seed extract in polylactide microcapsules for sustained bioactivity and time-dependent release in dental material applications.
abstract: To sustain the bioactivity of proanthocyanidins-rich plant-derived extracts via encapsulation within biodegradable polymer microcapsules.
  
  
  
  Polylactide microcapsules containing grape seed extract (GSE) were manufactured using a combination of double emulsion and solvent evaporation techniques. Microcapsule morphology, size distribution, and cross-section were examined via scanning electron microscopy. UV-vis measurements were carried out to evaluate the core loading and encapsulation efficiency of microcapsules. The bioactivity of extracts was evaluated after extraction from capsules via solvent partitioning one week or one year post-encapsulation process. Fifteen human molars were cut into 7mm×1.7mm×0.5mm thick mid-coronal dentin beams, demineralized, and treated with either encapsulated GSE, pristine GSE, or left untreated. The elastic modulus of dentin specimens was measured based on three-point bending experiments as an indirect assessment of the bioactivity of grape seed extracts. The effects of the encapsulation process and storage time on the bioactivity of extracts were analyzed.
  
  
  
  Polynuclear microcapsules with average diameter of 1.38μm and core loading of up to 38wt% were successfully manufactured. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean fold increase of elastic modulus values among the samples treated with encapsulated or pristine GSE (p=0.333), or the storage time (one week versus one year storage at room temperature, p=0.967).
  
  
  
  Polynuclear microcapsules containing proanthocyanidins-rich plant-derived extracts were prepared. The bioactivity of extracts was preserved after microencapsulation.
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yourdkhani
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Ariene Arcas
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Leme-Kraus
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Berdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Ana Karina
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Bedran-Russo
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Wright Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. Electronic address: swhite@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D002214:Capsules; D003764:Dental Materials; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D008963:Molar; D011091:Polyesters
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D003764:Dental Materials; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D011091:Polyesters; C033616:poly(lactide)
keywords: Dentin; Microencapsulation; Polylactide microcapsules; Polynuclear microcapsules; Proanthocyanidins; Surface biomodification; Sustained bioactivity