title: A spectromicroscope for nanophysics.
abstract: The new generation of spectromicroscopes opens up new fields of nanophysics. Beyond the impressive spatial and spectral resolutions delivered by these new instruments - an obvious example being the Hermes machine conceived, designed and built by O. L. Krivanek, who is honoured in this journal issue - here we wish to address the motivations and conditions required to get the best out of them. We first coarsely sketch the panorama of physical excitations worth motivating the use of ultra-high resolution spectroscopy techniques in STEMs. We then give general considerations on the use of combined spectroscopy techniques, reciprocal space measurements and additional time-resolved experiments to complement the wealth of the physical insights provided by the new-generation spectromicroscopes. We then comment on the newly enhanced mechanical and high voltage stabilities and their effects on the accuracy of spectroscopic measurements. The use of temperature-dependent experiments, to bring electron spectroscopy techniques to the standard of other condensed matter physics techniques such as optical and X-ray spectroscopy, is also described. We finish by evaluating the impact of other breakthrough developments, such as energy gain electron spectroscopy or electron-phase manipulation, on the use of ultra-high resolution spectromicroscopes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-UMR 8502, Orsay 91405, France. Electronic address: kociak@lps.u-psud.fr.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kociak
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-UMR 8502, Orsay 91405, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gloter
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-UMR 8502, Orsay 91405, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Stéphan
keywords: Cathodoluminescence; EELS; Electron microscopy; X-ray spectroscopy