title: Intervention strategies for cesarean section-induced alterations in the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
abstract: Microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract is an essential process that modulates host physiology and immunity. Recently, researchers have begun to understand how and when these microorganisms colonize the gut and the early-life factors that impact their natural ecological establishment. The vertical transmission of maternal microbes to the offspring is a critical factor for host immune and metabolic development. Increasing evidence also points to a role in the wiring of the gut-brain axis. This process may be altered by various factors such as mode of delivery, gestational age at birth, the use of antibiotics in early life, infant feeding, and hygiene practices. In fact, these early exposures that impact the intestinal microbiota have been associated with the development of diseases such as obesity, type 1 diabetes, asthma, allergies, and even neurodevelopmental disorders. The present review summarizes the impact of cesarean birth on the gut microbiome and the health status of the developing infant and discusses possible preventative and restorative strategies to compensate for early-life microbial perturbations.
authors.affiliation: A. Moya-Pérez, P. Luczynski, Y. Borre, C.A. Ryan, C. Stanton, T.G. Dinan, and J.F. Cryan are with the APC Microbiome Institute; C.A. Ryan is with the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; T.G. Dinan is with the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science; and J.F. Cryan is with the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. I.B. Renes and J. Knol are with Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. S. Wang is with Nutricia Research, Singapore. J. Knol is with the Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C. Stanton is with the Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moya-Pérez
authors.affiliation: A. Moya-Pérez, P. Luczynski, Y. Borre, C.A. Ryan, C. Stanton, T.G. Dinan, and J.F. Cryan are with the APC Microbiome Institute; C.A. Ryan is with the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; T.G. Dinan is with the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science; and J.F. Cryan is with the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. I.B. Renes and J. Knol are with Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. S. Wang is with Nutricia Research, Singapore. J. Knol is with the Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C. Stanton is with the Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Luczynski
authors.affiliation: A. Moya-Pérez, P. Luczynski, Y. Borre, C.A. Ryan, C. Stanton, T.G. Dinan, and J.F. Cryan are with the APC Microbiome Institute; C.A. Ryan is with the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; T.G. Dinan is with the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science; and J.F. Cryan is with the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. I.B. Renes and J. Knol are with Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. S. Wang is with Nutricia Research, Singapore. J. Knol is with the Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C. Stanton is with the Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ingrid B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Renes
authors.affiliation: A. Moya-Pérez, P. Luczynski, Y. Borre, C.A. Ryan, C. Stanton, T.G. Dinan, and J.F. Cryan are with the APC Microbiome Institute; C.A. Ryan is with the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; T.G. Dinan is with the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science; and J.F. Cryan is with the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. I.B. Renes and J. Knol are with Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. S. Wang is with Nutricia Research, Singapore. J. Knol is with the Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C. Stanton is with the Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Shugui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: A. Moya-Pérez, P. Luczynski, Y. Borre, C.A. Ryan, C. Stanton, T.G. Dinan, and J.F. Cryan are with the APC Microbiome Institute; C.A. Ryan is with the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; T.G. Dinan is with the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science; and J.F. Cryan is with the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. I.B. Renes and J. Knol are with Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. S. Wang is with Nutricia Research, Singapore. J. Knol is with the Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C. Stanton is with the Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Yuliya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Borre
authors.affiliation: A. Moya-Pérez, P. Luczynski, Y. Borre, C.A. Ryan, C. Stanton, T.G. Dinan, and J.F. Cryan are with the APC Microbiome Institute; C.A. Ryan is with the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; T.G. Dinan is with the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science; and J.F. Cryan is with the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. I.B. Renes and J. Knol are with Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. S. Wang is with Nutricia Research, Singapore. J. Knol is with the Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C. Stanton is with the Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Anthony Ryan
authors.affiliation: A. Moya-Pérez, P. Luczynski, Y. Borre, C.A. Ryan, C. Stanton, T.G. Dinan, and J.F. Cryan are with the APC Microbiome Institute; C.A. Ryan is with the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; T.G. Dinan is with the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science; and J.F. Cryan is with the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. I.B. Renes and J. Knol are with Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. S. Wang is with Nutricia Research, Singapore. J. Knol is with the Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C. Stanton is with the Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knol
authors.affiliation: A. Moya-Pérez, P. Luczynski, Y. Borre, C.A. Ryan, C. Stanton, T.G. Dinan, and J.F. Cryan are with the APC Microbiome Institute; C.A. Ryan is with the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; T.G. Dinan is with the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science; and J.F. Cryan is with the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. I.B. Renes and J. Knol are with Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. S. Wang is with Nutricia Research, Singapore. J. Knol is with the Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C. Stanton is with the Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.affiliation: A. Moya-Pérez, P. Luczynski, Y. Borre, C.A. Ryan, C. Stanton, T.G. Dinan, and J.F. Cryan are with the APC Microbiome Institute; C.A. Ryan is with the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; T.G. Dinan is with the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science; and J.F. Cryan is with the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. I.B. Renes and J. Knol are with Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. S. Wang is with Nutricia Research, Singapore. J. Knol is with the Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C. Stanton is with the Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Dinan
authors.affiliation: A. Moya-Pérez, P. Luczynski, Y. Borre, C.A. Ryan, C. Stanton, T.G. Dinan, and J.F. Cryan are with the APC Microbiome Institute; C.A. Ryan is with the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health; T.G. Dinan is with the Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science; and J.F. Cryan is with the Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. I.B. Renes and J. Knol are with Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands. S. Wang is with Nutricia Research, Singapore. J. Knol is with the Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C. Stanton is with the Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Cryan
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy
keywords: cesarean section; immunity; metabolism; microbiota; prebiotics; probiotics