title: Sensory defects and developmental delay among children with congenital rubella syndrome.
abstract: This study investigated the features of developmental difficulties combined with sensory defects in children with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Following a large rubella outbreak in Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam, in 2011, we enrolled 41 children with CRS from September 2011 through May 2013. Fourteen participants died and six became untraceable by October 2013; the remaining 21 children were followed up from 2013 to 2015. Thirteen and seven participants had hearing and functional ophthalmological impairment, respectively. Developmental difficulties were suspected in 19 (95%) children who failed in at least one area of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) and/or Denver II in 2013 and/or 2015. Developmental difficulties were frequently identified in the ASQ communication domain (n = 14 in 2013) and Denver II language area (n = 13 in 2013). Seven (41%) participants were suspected of having autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in 2013 by the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers. In 2015, proportions of children failing the problem-solving (62%) and personal-social (62%) domains had increased and two of 13 were diagnosed with ASD by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition. Developmental difficulties were suspected in most children with CRS, including autism largely combined with sensory dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toizumi
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Department, National Pediatrics Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Giang Thi Huong
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Motomura
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Khanh Hoa General Hospital, Nha Trang, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Thanh Huu
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Khanh Hoa General Hospital, Nha Trang, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Enga
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken-Ichi
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uematsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Hien Anh Thi
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Duc Anh
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.|Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashizume
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Lay-Myint
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.|Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moriuchi
mesh_terms: D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012410:Rubella Syndrome, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology