title: Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Relationship to Early Pregnancy Discomforts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and examined its association with pregnancy discomforts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used structured questionnaires to interview a convenience sample of 139 pregnant women (8-20 weeks of gestation) recruited from 2 hospitals in central Taiwan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 84% of the participants experienced ETS exposure in their households, workplaces, and/or public areas. Bivariate analyses showed the severity of pregnancy discomforts in the participants exposed to a high level of ETS was higher than that in those exposed to a low level of ETS. We found the discomfort symptoms of thirst, heartburn, lower abdominal pain, frequent urination, and depression to be significantly associated with ETS exposure. There also was a dose-response relationship between ETS exposure and discomfort. In addition, the presence of at least 4 out of those 5 symptoms served as a signal for raising women's self-awareness to avoid ETS hazards.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides empirical evidence of an adverse relationship between ETS exposure and early pregnancy discomforts. The exposure to ETS in pregnant women remains high, and health education programs targeting this population should enhance their self-awareness to the discomforts related to ETS exposure and prompt them to adopt prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: PhD Candidate, China Medical University, Department of Public Health, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, China Medical University, Department of Public Health, Taichung, Taiwan;, Email: chence@mail.cmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chiu-Ying
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Full Investigator, National Health Research Institutes, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Miaoli, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shu-Li
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Wufeng, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Trong-Neng
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Associate Dean, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Department of Nursing, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chiu-Hsiang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shi-Yann
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People; D036301:Qualitative Research; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution