title: The efficacy of periodised resistance training on neuromuscular adaptation in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the effect of periodised versus non-periodised (NP) resistance training on neuromuscular adaptions in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one apparently healthy untrained older adults (female = 21, male = 20; 70.9 ± 5.1 years; 166.3 ± 8.2 cm; 72.9 ± 13.4 kg) were recruited and randomly stratified to an NP, block periodised (BP), or daily undulating periodised (DUP) training group. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and following a 22-week resistance training intervention (3 day week-1), including: muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), vertical jump performance, isometric and isokinetic peak torque, isometric rate of force development (RFD), and muscle activation. Thirty-three participants satisfied all study requirements and were included in analyses (female = 17, male = 16; 71.3 ± 5.4 years; 166.3 ± 8.5 cm; 72.5 ± 13.7 kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Block periodisation, DUP, and NP resistance training induced statistically significant improvements in muscle CSA, vertical jump peak velocity, peak power and jump height, and peak isometric and isokinetic torque of the knee extensors at 60 and 180° s-1, with no between-group differences. Muscle activity and absolute RFD measures were statistically unchanged following resistance training across the entire cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodised resistance training, specifically BP and DUP, and NP resistance training are equally effective for promoting increases in muscular hypertrophy, strength, and power among untrained older adults. Consequently, periodisation strategies are not essential for optimising neuromuscular adaptations during the initial stages of resistance training in the aging population.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia. j.conlon@ecu.edu.au.|Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia. j.conlon@ecu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jenny A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Conlon
authors.affiliation: Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.|Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.|Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.affiliation: Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.|Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tufano
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Luis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Peñailillo
authors.affiliation: Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
authors.forename: Harry G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Banyard
authors.affiliation: Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hopper
authors.affiliation: Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
authors.forename: Ashley J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ridge
authors.affiliation: Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
authors.forename: G Gregory
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Haff
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Adaptation; Elderly; Health; Sarcopenia; Training model