title: Response of the cerebral vasculature following traumatic brain injury.
abstract: The critical role of the vasculature and its repair in neurological disease states is beginning to emerge particularly for stroke, dementia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, tumors and others. However, little attention has been focused on how the cerebral vasculature responds following traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI often results in significant injury to the vasculature in the brain with subsequent cerebral hypoperfusion, ischemia, hypoxia, hemorrhage, blood-brain barrier disruption and edema. The sequalae that follow TBI result in neurological dysfunction across a host of physiological and psychological domains. Given the importance of restoring vascular function after injury, emerging research has focused on understanding the vascular response after TBI and the key cellular and molecular components of vascular repair. A more complete understanding of vascular repair mechanisms are needed and could lead to development of new vasculogenic therapies, not only for TBI but potentially vascular-related brain injuries. In this review, we delineate the vascular effects of TBI, its temporal response to injury and putative biomarkers for arterial and venous repair in TBI. We highlight several molecular pathways that may play a significant role in vascular repair after brain injury.
authors.affiliation: 1 Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.|2 Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Arjang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA.|4 Department of Anesthesiology Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, USA.|5 Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1 Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.|2 Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.|6 Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Obenaus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2
keywords: Angiogenesis; brain trauma; neurovascular unit; regeneration and recovery; vasculogenesis