title: Prenatal Risk and Infant Regulation: Indirect Pathways via Fetal Growth and Maternal Prenatal Stress and Anger.
abstract: Pathways from maternal tobacco, marijuana, stress, and anger in pregnancy to infant reactivity and regulation (RR) at 9 months of infant age were examined in a low-income, diverse sample beginning in the first trimester of pregnancy, with fetal growth and postnatal stress/anger as potential mediators, and infant sex as a moderator. Participants were 247 dyads (173 substance-exposed infants). There were no direct effects of prenatal risk on RR and no moderation by sex. However, there were significant indirect effects on RR via poor fetal growth and higher postnatal anger. The study adds to the sparse literature on joint effects of tobacco and marijuana, and highlights the role of fetal growth and maternal anger as important pathways from prenatal risk to infant RR.
authors.affiliation: Buffalo State College.|University at Buffalo.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schuetze
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo.
authors.forename: Rina D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Eiden
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo.
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Colder
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland.
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Huestis
authors.affiliation: University at Buffalo.
authors.forename: Kenneth E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Leonard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D000073865:Cigarette Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D000074609:Marijuana Use; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult