title: Development and validation of measures to evaluate adolescents' knowledge about human papillomavirus (HPV), involvement in HPV vaccine decision-making, self-efficacy to receive the vaccine and fear and anxiety.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We describe the development and validation of measures of human papillomavirus (HPV)/HPV vaccination knowledge, fear/anxiety about vaccination, involvement in HPV vaccine decision-making, and self-efficacy with regard to getting the vaccine, designed to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention to affect these domains (collectively termed the HAVIQ: HPV Adolescent Vaccine Intervention Questionnaire).
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search, cognitive interviews and cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search identified existing items that were modified for the present measures. Experts reviewed draft measures for face and content validity. Cognitive interviews with adolescents were also used to assess content validity. Adolescents completed the measures and an internal reliability analysis of each measure was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The four experts concurred that the measures had face validity. Cognitive interviews identified items requiring refinement. Content validity was examined with ten experts and was deemed acceptable. There were 1800 adolescents who completed the measures; Cronbach's alpha was >0.6 for three of the four measures. The four final measures are brief, comprising 25 items in total.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measures are robustly developed and validity-tested. The HAVIQ may be used in research settings to evaluate adolescents' knowledge and experiences of the process of HPV vaccination in a school-based vaccination programme.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioural Science and Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Forster
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Research, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stoney
authors.affiliation: Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's and Children's Health Network and Robinson Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McGeechan
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Policy, New York, USA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: Rachel.skinner@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D027383:Papillomaviridae; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014611:Vaccination / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
keywords: Adolescent; Attitudes; Decision-making; Health knowledge; Papillomavirus vaccines; Practice; Reproducibility of results; Surveys and questionnaires