title: Supplemental invasion of Salmonella from the perspective of Salmonella enterica serovars Kentucky and Typhimurium.
abstract: Critical to the development of Salmonellosis in humans is the interaction of the bacterium with the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Traditional scientific reasoning held type III secretion system (T3SS) as the virulence factor responsible for bacterial invasion. In this study, field-isolated Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky and a known human pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were mutated and evaluated for the invasion of human colorectal adenocarcinoma epithelial cells.
  
  
  
  S. enterica serovar Kentucky was shown to actively invade a eukaryotic monolayer, though at a rate that was significantly lower than Typhimurium. Additionally, strains mutated for T3SS formation were less invasive than the wild-type strains, but the decrease in invasion was not significant in Kentucky.
  
  
  
  Strains mutated for T3SS formation were able to initiate invasion of the eukaryotic monolayer to varying degrees based on strain, In the case of Kentucky, the mutated strain initiated invasion at a level that was not significantly different from the wild-type strain. A different result was observed for Typhimurium as the mutation significantly lowered the rate of invasion in comparison to the wild-type strain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Sanaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi State, MS, USA. rhbailey@cvm.msstate.edu.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hartford Bailey
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Genetics and Precision Agriculture Unit, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wills
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA. karsi@cvm.msstate.edu.
authors.forename: Attila
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6845-3346
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karsi
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000382:microbiology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007629:Kentucky; D010641:Phenotype; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D065288:Serogroup; D000069296:Type III Secretion Systems / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D056189:Viral Tropism / Q000235:genetics; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D000069296:Type III Secretion Systems; D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: Host Tropism; Internalization; Invasion; Kentucky; Salmonella; Type III Secretion System; Typhimurium