title: Assessment of a short hypnosis in a paediatric operating room in reducing postoperative pain and anxiety: A randomised study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of a short hypnotic session on postoperative anxiety and pain in major orthopaedic surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite specific information given before a scheduled paediatric surgery, perioperative anxiety can become important.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised Clinical Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is an open single-centre randomised clinical study comparing a "control" group versus a "hypnosis" group receiving a short hypnosis pre-induction session as additional experimental analgesic procedure. The primary endpoint was the postoperative anxiety, blindly assessed using a visual analogue scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study involved 120 children (age 10-18 years). The results showed no difference between control group versus hypnosis group. Twenty-four hours after surgery (Day+1), the patient's anxiety score was not different between control and hypnosis groups (median [Q1-Q3]: 1 [0; 3] vs. 0 [0; 3], respectively, p = .17). Each group experienced a significant decrease in anxiety level between the day before surgery (Day-1) and the day after surgery (Day+1) (median ([Q1-Q3]) difference of the anxiety score: 2 [4; 0] and 2 [4; 0], respectively, p < .0001 in each group). The postoperative pain scores were low and not different between groups (median [Q1-Q3]: 2 [0; 3] in control group vs. 3 [1; 3] in hypnosis group, p = .57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This randomised study on a short hypnosis session performed in the operating room prior to a major surgery showed no difference in postoperative anxiety and pain levels. The decrease in anxiety and pain levels may be due to the addition of nurse pre-operative interviews and optimisation in communication in the operating room.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As postoperative anxiety level was low in both control and hypnosis groups, nurse pre-operative interviews and nurse training in hypnosis may contribute to the optimisation of global management and decrease the postoperative anxiety level.
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Unit, Department of Anaesthesiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9496-1018
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duparc-Alegria
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Unit, Department of Anaesthesiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tiberghien
authors.affiliation: Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and CIC-EC 1456, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.|Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1123, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Hendy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdoul
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Unit, Department of Anaesthesiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.|Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1141, DHU Protect, Paris, France.|INSERM, U1141, DHU Protect, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Souhayl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dahmani
authors.affiliation: Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and CIC-EC 1456, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.|Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1123, Paris, France.|INSERM, U1123, ECEVE and CIC-EC 1456, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Unit, Department of Anaesthesiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Anne-Francoise
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Thiollier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis; D008297:Male; D009873:Operating Rooms; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000451:nursing*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000523:psychology
keywords: adolescent; anxiety; clinical trial; hypnosis; pain; scoliosis; surgery