title: Anti-DHAV-1 reproduction and immuno-regulatory effects of a flavonoid prescription on duck virus hepatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The flavonoid prescription baicalin-linarin-icariin-notoginsenoside R1 (BLIN) has a curative effect on duck virus hepatitis (DVH) caused by duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1). However, the mechanism of this curative effect is not understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the mechanism of the curative effect of BLIN on DVH caused by DHAV-1. We analyzed the anti-DHAV-1 reproduction mechanism and immuno-regulatory effect of BLIN.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anti-DHAV-1 reproduction effects of BLIN at 20, 10, 5 and 2.5 μg/mL in vitro, as well as the influence of BLIN at 20 μg/mL on DHAV-1 adsorption, replication and release were tested using the qRT-PCR method. The promotion abilities of BLIN at 20, 10, 5 and 2.5 μg/mL on T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation were investigated by the MTT method. IL-2 and IFN-γ levels and total anti-DHAV-1 antibody secretion after treatment with DHAV-1 for 4, 8 and 54 h were determined by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BLIN showed a dose-dependent DHAV-1 reproduction inhibitory effect. The inhibitory effect was highest at 20 μg/mL, where DHAV-1 adsorption and release were significantly lower. Meanwhile, BLIN at 5 μg/mL significantly increased T and B lymphocyte proliferation. BLIN stimulated total anti-DHAV-1 antibody secretion in ducklings at the dosage of 4 mg per duckling, but did not stimulate IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BLIN inhibits DHAV-1 reproduction by suppressing its adsorption and release. Additionally, BLIN promoted the duckling antiviral response.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , P R China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , P R China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , P R China.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , P R China.
authors.forename: Yixuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , P R China.
authors.forename: Fangke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , P R China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , P R China.
authors.forename: Deyun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , P R China.
authors.forename: Yuanliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , P R China.
authors.forename: Jiaguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004372:Ducks; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004371:Hepatitis Virus, Duck / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005419:Flavonoids; D036145:Ginsenosides; D006027:Glycosides; D007155:Immunologic Factors; C038044:baicalin; C008282:linarin; C056599:icariin; C072936:notoginsenoside R1
keywords: Duck hepatitis A virus type 1; baicalin-linarin-icariin-notoginsenoside R1; virus adsorption; virus release; virus replication