title: Expanded Target-Chemical Analysis Reveals Extensive Mixed-Organic-Contaminant Exposure in U.S. Streams.
abstract: Surface water from 38 streams nationwide was assessed using 14 target-organic methods (719 compounds). Designed-bioactive anthropogenic contaminants (biocides, pharmaceuticals) comprised 57% of 406 organics detected at least once. The 10 most-frequently detected anthropogenic-organics included eight pesticides (desulfinylfipronil, AMPA, chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, metolachlor, atrazine, CIAT, glyphosate) and two pharmaceuticals (caffeine, metformin) with detection frequencies ranging 66-84% of all sites. Detected contaminant concentrations varied from less than 1 ng L-1to greater than 10 μg L-1, with 77 and 278 having median detected concentrations greater than 100 ng L-1and 10 ng L-1, respectively. Cumulative detections and concentrations ranged 4-161 compounds (median 70) and 8.5-102 847 ng L-1, respectively, and correlated significantly with wastewater discharge, watershed development, and toxic release inventory metrics. Log10concentrations of widely monitored HHCB, triclosan, and carbamazepine explained 71-82% of the variability in the total number of compounds detected (linear regression; p-values: < 0.001-0.012), providing a statistical inference tool for unmonitored contaminants. Due to multiple modes of action, high bioactivity, biorecalcitrance, and direct environment application (pesticides), designed-bioactive organics (median 41 per site at μg L-1cumulative concentrations) in developed watersheds present aquatic health concerns, given their acknowledged potential for sublethal effects to sensitive species and lifecycle stages at low ng L-1.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States.
authors.forename: Celeste A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Journey
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States.
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Romanok
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States.
authors.forename: Larry B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, United States.
authors.forename: Herbert T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Buxton
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado 80225, United States.
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Foreman
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado 80225, United States.
authors.forename: Edward T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Furlong
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, United States.
authors.forename: Susan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Glassmeyer
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, California 95819, United States.
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0891-2712
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hladik
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, United States.
authors.forename: Luke R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Iwanowicz
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, West Valley City, Utah 84119, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0724-8001
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States.
authors.forename: Dana W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kolpin
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States.
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kuivila
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States.
authors.forename: Keith A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Loftin
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, United States.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, California 95819, United States.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States.
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Smalling
authors.affiliation: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Villeneuve
mesh_terms: D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D010575:Pesticides; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D010575:Pesticides; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical