title: Association between secondhand smoke and obesity and glucose abnormalities: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2010).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between cotinine level-confirmed secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and glycemic parameters and obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined a cohort of 6472 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999-2010. Serum cotinine levels and self-reported data on smoking were used to determine smoking status. The outcome variables were body mass index (BMI) and glycemic status (HbA1c), Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using cotinine level-confirmed smoking status, 1794 (27.4%) of the sample were current smokers, 1681 (25.0%) were former smokers, 1158 (17.8%) were secondhand smokers, and 1839 (29.8%) were non-smokers. In a generalized linear model after controlling for potential confounding variables, secondhand smokers had higher adjusted levels of HOMA-IR, FPG, and BMI compared with non-smokers (p<0.05). Adjustment for BMI demonstrated that some, but not all, of the detrimental effects of SHS on glycemic parameters are mediated by the increased body weight of secondhand smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that SHS is associated with obesity and worsening glycemic parameters. More studies are needed to show a causal relationship between SHS and glycemic parameters and to understand the mechanisms involved in the association.
authors.affiliation: Office of Research , Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science , Los Angeles, California , USA.
authors.forename: Dulcie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kermah
authors.affiliation: Office of Research , Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science , Los Angeles, California , USA.
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shaheen
authors.affiliation: Office of Research , Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science , Los Angeles, California , USA.
authors.forename: Deyu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science , Los Angeles, California , USA.
authors.forename: Theodore C
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9555-7626
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Friedman
keywords: Epidemiology; Nicotine; Obesity; Smoking