title: Transvaginal Sonography Versus Cystoscopy for Detecting Urinary Bladder Invasion in Early Stage Cervical Cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical cancer is a major cause of mortality from cancer among women. In it's early stage pre operative staging with cystoscopy is a standard procedure for the detection of urinary bladder involvement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was conducted with the aim to compare the efficacy of Transvaginal Sonography (TVS) and cystoscopy in diagnosing bladder involvement in early stage cervical cancer patients by confirming it intraoperatively and further by histopathologic examination.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective partially blinded study was conducted between March 2006 and September 2008 on 30 patients with early stage cervical cancer (Stage I and IIa) who were planned to undergo radical hysterectomy. Pre operatively, these patients underwent both TVS and cystoscopy to diagnose bladder involvement. Presence or absence of bladder involvement was then confirmed intra operatively and by histopathologic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all the 30 patients studied, no bladder involvement was seen on cystoscopy where as TVS showed bladder involvement in three patients. Involvement of the bladder in these three patients was confirmed intra operatively and by histopathologic examination. Thus, in our study, TVS was 100% sensitive in detecting bladder involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TVS is highly sensitive in diagnosing bladder involvement in early stage cervical cancer and could potentially detect cases missed with a cystoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Senior Specialist, Department oif Obstetrics and Gynecology, Safdarjung Hospital , New Delhi, India .
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zutshi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Associate, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fortis Hospital , Shalimar Bagh, New Delhi, India .
authors.forename: Binni
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Makkar
authors.affiliation: Director, Head of Department and Professor, Department of Radiology, Maulana Azad Medical College , New Delhi, India .
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Head of Department, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamdard Institute of Science and Medical Research , New Delhi, India .
authors.forename: Swaraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Batra
keywords: Hysterectomy; Non invasive; Squamous cell carcinoma