title: The association between changes in lifestyle behaviors and the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in middle-aged and older men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was designed to evaluate whether changes in lifestyle behaviors are correlated with the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects consisted of 316 men without a history of cardiovascular disease, stroke, or renal dysfunction or dialysis treatment. The following lifestyle behaviors were evaluated using a standardized self-administered questionnaire: habitual moderate exercise, daily physical activity, walking speed, eating speed, late-night dinner, bedtime snacking, skipping breakfast, and drinking and smoking habits. The subjects were divided into four categories according to the change in each lifestyle behavior from baseline to the end of follow-up (healthy-healthy, unhealthy-healthy, healthy-unhealthy and unhealthy-unhealthy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A multivariate analysis showed that, with respect to habitual moderate exercise and late-night dinner, maintaining an unhealthy lifestyle resulted in a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for the incidence of CKD than maintaining a lifestyle (OR 8.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-15.40 for habitual moderate exercise and OR 4.00; 95% CI, 1.38-11.57 for late-night dinner). In addition, with respect to bedtime snacking, the change from a healthy to an unhealthy lifestyle and maintaining an unhealthy lifestyle resulted in significantly higher OR for incidence of CKD than maintaining a healthy lifestyle (OR 4.44; 95% CI, 1.05-13.93 for healthy-unhealthy group and OR 11.02; 95% CI, 2.83-26.69 for unhealthy-unhealthy group).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study suggest that the lack of habitual moderate exercise, late-night dinner, and bedtime snacking may increase the risk of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Development, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan. Electronic address: rmichishita@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ryoma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Michishita
authors.affiliation: The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shotaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiyonaga
authors.affiliation: The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Fukuoka University Health Care Center, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morito
authors.affiliation: The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan; Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Higaki
mesh_terms: D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D015438:Health Behavior; D000070497:Healthy Lifestyle; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D062410:Snacks / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Bedtime snacking; Habitual moderate exercise; Incidence of CKD; Late-night dinner; The changes in lifestyle behaviors