title: Infections and cancer: the "fifty shades of immunity" hypothesis.
abstract: Since the beginning of the twentieth century, infection has emerged as a fundamental aspect of cancer causation with a growing number of pathogens recognized as oncogenic. Meanwhile, oncolytic viruses have also attracted considerable interest as possible agents of tumor destruction.
  
  
  
  Lost in the dichotomy between oncogenic and oncolytic agents, the indirect influence of infectious organisms on carcinogenesis has been largely unexplored. We describe the various ways - from functional aspects to evolutionary considerations such as modernity mismatches - by which infectious organisms could interfere with oncogenic processes through immunity. Finally, we discuss how acknowledging these interactions might impact public health approaches and suggest new guidelines for therapeutic and preventive strategies both at individual and population levels. Infectious organisms, that are not oncogenic neither oncolytic, may play a significant role in carcinogenesis, suggesting the need to increase our knowledge about immune interactions between infections and cancer.
authors.affiliation: CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. camille.jacqueline@ird.fr.|MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. camille.jacqueline@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jacqueline
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Evolution, Ecologie et Paléontologie (EEP) Université de Lille 1 CNRS UMR 8198, groupe d'Ecoimmunologie des Annélides, 59655, Villeneuve-d'Ascqd'Ascq, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tasiemski
authors.affiliation: BiogéoSciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sorci
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Vic, Australia.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ujvari
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Pathologie Oncologie Digestive, Institut Pasteur 1, Place Abou Kacem Ez-Zahraoui- B.P, 120, Casablanca, Morocco.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maachi
authors.affiliation: CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.|MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Dorothée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Missé
authors.affiliation: CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.|MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Renaud
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ewald
authors.affiliation: CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.|MIVEGEC, UMR IRD/CNRS/UM 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: CREEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.|International Center for Mathematical and Computational Modeling of Complex Systems (UMI IRD/UPMC UMMISCO), 32 Avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143, Bondy Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roche
mesh_terms: D003140:Communicable Disease Control; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology
keywords: Cancer; Evolution; Immunity; Infection; Personal history of infection