title: The recent advances of phenotypes in acute exacerbations of COPD.
abstract: Exacerbations of COPD are clinically relevant events with therapeutic and prognostic implications. Yet, significant heterogeneity of clinical presentation and disease progression exists within acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD). Currently, different phenotypes have been widely used to describe the characteristics among patients with AECOPD. This has proved to be significant in the treatment and prediction of the outcomes of the disease. In this review of published literature, the phenotypes of AECOPD were classified according to etiology, inflammatory biomarkers, clinical manifestation, comorbidity, the frequency of exacerbations, and so on. This review concentrates on advancements in the use of phenotypes of AECOPD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital; Research Unit of Respiratory Disease; Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Aiyuan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital; Research Unit of Respiratory Disease; Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zijing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital; Research Unit of Respiratory Disease; Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yiyang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital; Research Unit of Respiratory Disease; Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D011379:Prognosis; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: COPD; acute exacerbation; phenotype; prognosis; treatment