title: Hydrogels with Modulated Ionic Load for Mammalian Cell Harvesting with Reduced Bacterial Adhesion.
abstract: In this manuscript, we describe the fabrication of hydrogel supports for mammalian cell handling that can simultaneously prevent materials from microbial contamination and therefore allow storage in aqueous media. For that purpose, hydrogels based on the antifouling polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were functionalized with different ionic groups (anionic, cationic, or two types of zwitterions). In order to prevent bacterial adhesion in the long-term, we took advantage of the synergistic effect of inherently antifouling PVP and additional antifouling moieties incorporated within the hydrogel structure. We evaluated, in a separated series of experiments, both the capability of the materials to act as supports for the growth of mammalian cell monolayers for transplantation (using C-166-GFP endothelial cell line), as well their antifouling properties against Staphylococcus aureus, were studied. All of the hydrogels are structurally pseudodouble networks with high swelling (around 90%) and similar mechanical properties (in the low range for hydrogel materials with Young modulus below 1250 kPa). With some differences, all the charged hydrogels were capable of hosting mouse endothelial cell line C166-GFP to confluence, as well as a monolayer detachment and transplantation through simple mechanical agitation. On the contrary, the uncharged hydrogel was not capable to detach a full monolayer for transplantation. Bacterial adhesion and proliferation was highly sensitive to the functionality (type of charge and density). In particular, we evidenced that monomers bearing zwitterionic sulfobetaine groups, those negatively charged as well as "electro neutral" hydrogels fabricated from stoichiometric amounts of positive and negative units, exhibit excellent antifouling properties both at initial adhesion times and during longer periods up to 72 h.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4614-4299
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallardo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.|Tissue Engineering Group; Instituto de Estudios Biofuncionales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid . Paseo Juan XXIII, n° 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7110-3651
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martínez-Campos
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: CIC biomaGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián , Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.|Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Ma Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.|IMDEA-Nanociencia and Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC) - IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Aitziber L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cortajarena
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2464-1040
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Hernández
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002460:Cell Line; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D011205:Povidone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D020100:Hydrogels; D011205:Povidone