title: Predicting Transport of 3,5,6-Trichloro-2-Pyridinol Into Saliva Using a Combination Experimental and Computational Approach.
abstract: A combination experimental and computational approach was developed to predict chemical transport into saliva. A serous-acinar chemical transport assay was established to measure chemical transport with nonphysiological (standard cell culture medium) and physiological (using surrogate plasma and saliva medium) conditions using 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) a metabolite of the pesticide chlorpyrifos. High levels of TCPy protein binding were observed in cell culture medium and rat plasma resulting in different TCPy transport behaviors in the 2 experimental conditions. In the nonphysiological transport experiment, TCPy reached equilibrium at equivalent concentrations in apical and basolateral chambers. At higher TCPy doses, increased unbound TCPy was observed, and TCPy concentrations in apical and basolateral chambers reached equilibrium faster than lower doses, suggesting only unbound TCPy is able to cross the cellular monolayer. In the physiological experiment, TCPy transport was slower than nonphysiological conditions, and equilibrium was achieved at different concentrations in apical and basolateral chambers at a comparable ratio (0.034) to what was previously measured in rats dosed with TCPy (saliva:blood ratio: 0.049). A cellular transport computational model was developed based on TCPy protein binding kinetics and simulated all transport experiments reasonably well using different permeability coefficients for the 2 experimental conditions (1.14 vs 0.4 cm/h for nonphysiological and physiological experiments, respectively). The computational model was integrated into a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and accurately predicted TCPy concentrations in saliva of rats dosed with TCPy. Overall, this study demonstrates an approach to predict chemical transport in saliva, potentially increasing the utility of salivary biomonitoring in the future.
authors.affiliation: Health Impacts and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan Ned
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Health Impacts and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Zana A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Carver
authors.affiliation: Health Impacts and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Health Impacts and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Timchalk
mesh_terms: D061354:Acinar Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000378:metabolism*; D019295:Computational Biology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011728:Pyridones / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011728:Pyridones; C012587:3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; D004390:Chlorpyrifos
keywords: alternatives to animal testing; biological modeling; biomonitoring; exposure assessment; in vitro and alternatives; risk assessment