title: Increased risk of peripartum perinatal mortality in unplanned births outside an institution: a retrospective population-based study.
abstract: Births in midwife-led institutions may reduce the frequency of medical interventions and provide cost-effective care, while larger institutions offer medically and technically advanced obstetric care. Unplanned births outside an institution and intrapartum stillbirths have frequently been excluded in previous studies on adverse outcomes by place of birth.
  
  
  
  The objective of the study was to assess peripartum mortality by place of birth and travel time to obstetric institutions, with the hypothesis that centralization reduces institution availability but improves mortality.
  
  
  
  This was a national population-based retrospective cohort study of all births in Norway from 1999 to 2009 (n = 648,555) using data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway and Statistics Norway and including births from 22 gestational weeks or birthweight ≥500 g. Main exposures were travel time to the nearest obstetric institution and place of birth. The main clinical outcome was peripartum mortality, defined as death during birth or within 24 hours. Intrauterine fetal deaths prior to start of labor were excluded from the primary outcome.
  
  
  
  A total of 1586 peripartum deaths were identified (2.5 per 1000 births). Unplanned birth outside an institution had a 3 times higher mortality (8.4 per 1000) than institutional births (2.4 per 1000), relative risk, 3.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.5-4.9) and contributed 2% (95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.0%) of the peripartum mortality at the population level. The risk of unplanned birth outside an institution increased from 0.5% to 3.3% and 4.5% with travel time <1 hour, 1-2 hours, and >2 hours, respectively. In obstetric institutions the mortality rate at term ranged from 0.7 per 1000 to 0.9 per 1000. Comparable mortality rates in different obstetric institutions indicated well-functioning routines for referral.
  
  
  
  Unplanned birth outside an institution was associated with increased peripartum mortality and with long travel time to obstetric institutions. Structural determinants have an important impact on perinatal health in high-income countries and also for low-risk births. The results show the importance of skilled birth attendance and warrant attention from clinicians and policy makers to negative consequences of reduced access to institutions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: hilde.engjom@uib.no.
authors.forename: Hilde M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Engjom
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Nils-Halvdan
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Morken
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Statistics, Statistics Norway, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Even
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Høydahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department for Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ole F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Norheim
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; The Medical Birth Registry of Norway, The Norwegian Institute for Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klungsøyr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006268:Health Facilities; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D036801:Parturition; D054238:Perinatal Mortality; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: access; availability; emergency obstetric and newborn care; health systems; perinatal mortality