title: Prevalence and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
abstract: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are at increased risk of fractures. The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis and osteoporosis related fractures in postmenopausal women with T2DM.
  
  
  
  A total of 112 postmenopausal women with T2DM and 171 control nondiabetic women received a standardized questionnaire on osteoporosis risk factors, and were evaluated for bone mineral density (BMD, by using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), biochemical markers of bone and glucose metabolism, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and its gene polymorphisms (rs1800625 or rs2070600).
  
  
  
  In T2DM patients the prevalence of osteoporosis was 25% and low trauma vertebral (Vfx) and non-vertebral fractures were found in 8% and 19% women, respectively. When compared between subjects with and without fractures, there were no significant differences in BMD at any site between the groups, except for distal radius, which was significantly lower in T2DM women with Vfx (p<0.05 vs.non-fractured without osteoporosis). We found no associations between bone and glucose metabolism variables, sRAGE and BMD. No significant differences were observed in sRAGE levels according to their rs1800625, rs 2070600 genotype or fracture prevalence. Serum osteocalcin was significantly lower in T2DM women (p<0.01 vs. controls) and in T2DM women with Vfx (p<0.05) vs. non-fractured without osteoporosis. T2DM women with low daily walking activity (< 2 h daily) had significantly higher serum sclerostin levels (p<0.05 vs. those who were walking > 2 h daily).
  
  
  
  Diabetes-specific parameters as well as RAGE polymorphisms did not associate with BMD or fractures in T2DM postmenopausal women. Lower levels of osteocalcin, namely in those with Vfx and higher sclerostin levels in those with low daily walking activity suggest lower bone remodeling and/or decreased bone quality in T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Raška
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Mária
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rašková
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vít
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zikán
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Škrha
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015519:Bone Density; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000453:epidemiology*; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015995:Prevalence; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D005819:Genetic Markers; D015675:Osteocalcin; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; C422903:SOST protein, human; C000593871:AGER protein, human
keywords: RAGE polymorphisms; bone mineral density; osteoporosis; soluble RAGE; type 2 diabetes mellitus