title: Toward Precision Healthcare: Context and Mathematical Challenges.
abstract: Precision medicine refers to the idea of delivering the right treatment to the right patient at the right time, usually with a focus on a data-centered approach to this task. In this perspective piece, we use the term "precision healthcare" to describe the development of precision approaches that bridge from the individual to the population, taking advantage of individual-level data, but also taking the social context into account. These problems give rise to a broad spectrum of technical, scientific, policy, ethical and social challenges, and new mathematical techniques will be required to meet them. To ensure that the science underpinning "precision" is robust, interpretable and well-suited to meet the policy, ethical and social questions that such approaches raise, the mathematical methods for data analysis should be transparent, robust, and able to adapt to errors and uncertainties. In particular, precision methodologies should capture the complexity of data, yet produce tractable descriptions at the relevant resolution while preserving intelligibility and traceability, so that they can be used by practitioners to aid decision-making. Through several case studies in this domain of precision healthcare, we argue that this vision requires the development of new mathematical frameworks, both in modeling and in data analysis and interpretation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK; EPSRC Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colijn
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK; EPSRC Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: EPSRC Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK; School of Biosciences, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Iain G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: EPSRC Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK; Department of Chemistry, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK.
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yaliraki
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK; EPSRC Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barahona
keywords: data science; mathematical modeling; precision healthcare; precision medicine; precision public health