title: Increasing popularity of waterpipe tobacco smoking and electronic cigarette use: Implications for oral healthcare.
abstract: Cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing several systemic conditions including cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Cigarette smoking is also detrimental to oral health as it increases the incidence and severity of oral cancer, periodontal diseases and peri-implantitis, as well as impacting negatively on the dental patients' response to therapy. Therefore, consideration of smoking behavior and recommendation of smoking cessation are important parts of dental treatment planning. However, cigarettes are no longer the most popular form of tobacco use among adolescents in the United States and globally. In recent years, tobacco smoking using a waterpipe ("hookah," "shisha") and use of electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) has increased significantly. Thus, dental clinicians likely will treat more patients who are waterpipe and/or ECIG users. Yet, the literature on the health effects of waterpipe and ECIGs use is sparse. Both waterpipe and ECIGs deliver the dependence-producing drug nicotine. Waterpipe tobacco smoking has been associated with periodontitis, dry socket, premalignant lesions, and oral and esophageal cancer. The health effects of long-term ECIG use are unknown. The purpose of this review is to inform healthcare professionals about waterpipes and ECIGs, highlight emerging evidence on the biological effects of these increasingly popular tobacco products, and introduce perspectives for dental patient management and future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ramôa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eissenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.|Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6089-637X
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sahingur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004368:Dry Socket; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms; D006801:Humans; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms; D009909:Oral Health; D010518:Periodontitis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000009:adverse effects; D000073869:Tobacco Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States; D000073867:Water Pipe Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: electronic cigarettes; oral cancer; periodontal disease; smoking; waterpipe