title: Accounting for linkage disequilibrium in genome scans for selection without individual genotypes: The local score approach.
abstract: Detecting genomic footprints of selection is an important step in the understanding of evolution. Accounting for linkage disequilibrium in genome scans increases detection power, but haplotype-based methods require individual genotypes and are not applicable on pool-sequenced samples. We propose to take advantage of the local score approach to account for linkage disequilibrium in genome scans for selection, cumulating (possibly small) signals from single markers over a genomic segment, to clearly pinpoint a selection signal. Using computer simulations, we demonstrate that this approach detects selection with higher power than several state-of-the-art single-marker, windowing or haplotype-based approaches. We illustrate this on two benchmark data sets including individual genotypes, for which we obtain similar results with the local score and one haplotype-based approach. Finally, we apply the local score approach to Pool-Seq data obtained from a divergent selection experiment on behaviour in quail and obtain precise and biologically coherent selection signals: while competing methods fail to highlight any clear selection signature, our method detects several regions involving genes known to act on social responsiveness or autistic traits. Although we focus here on the detection of positive selection from multiple population data, the local score approach is general and can be applied to other genome scans for selection or other genomewide analyses such as GWAS.
authors.affiliation: INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, UMR1388, GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.|Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.|Institut Pasteur, Unidad de Bioinformática, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: María Inés
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Fariello
authors.affiliation: INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, UMR1388, GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boitard
authors.affiliation: Département Mathématique-Informatique, UFR SES, Université de Toulouse II, Toulouse Cedex 09, France.|UMR5219, Institut de Mathématiques, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mercier
authors.affiliation: INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, UMR1388, GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robelin
authors.affiliation: INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, UMR1388, GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Faraut
authors.affiliation: Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR INRA - CNRS, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arnould
authors.affiliation: UR83 Recherches Avicoles, INRA, Tours, Nouzilly, France.|Hubbard, Châteaubourg, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Recoquillay
authors.affiliation: INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, UMR1388, GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.|GeT-PlaGe Genotoul, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bouchez
authors.affiliation: INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, UMR1388, GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.|GeT-PlaGe Genotoul, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Gérald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salin
authors.affiliation: SIGENAE, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dehais
authors.affiliation: UE1295 Pôle d'Expérimentation Avicole de Tours, Tours, Nouzilly, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gourichon
authors.affiliation: INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, UMR1388, GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leroux
authors.affiliation: INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, UMR1388, GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Frédérique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pitel
authors.affiliation: Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR INRA - CNRS, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leterrier
authors.affiliation: INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, UMR1388, GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.|UMR5219, Institut de Mathématiques, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.|Département de Génie Mathématiques, INSA, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.|UMR 1201 Dynafor, INRA - INP Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Magali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: SanCristobal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008957:Models, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011784:Quail / Q000235:genetics; D012641:Selection, Genetic
keywords: NGS; local score; pool sequencing; quail; selection signatures