title: Understanding the Impact of Water on the Miscibility and Microstructure of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: An AFM-LCR and TEM-EDX Study.
abstract: Miscibility is critical for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Phase-separated ASDs are more prone to crystallization, and thus can lose their solubility advantage leading to product failure. Additionally, dissolution performance can be diminished as a result of phase separation in the ASD matrix. Water is known to induce phase separation during storage for some ASDs. However, the impact of water introduced during preparation has not been as thoroughly investigated to date. The purpose of this study was to develop a mechanistic understanding of the effect of water on the phase behavior and microstructure of ASDs. Evacetrapib and two polymers were selected as the model system. Atomic force microscopy coupled with Lorentz contact resonance, and transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the microstructure and composition of phase-separated ASDs. It was found that phase separation could be induced via two routes: solution-state phase separation during ASD formation caused by water absorption during film formation by a hydrophilic solvent, or solid-phase separation following exposure to high RH during storage. Water contents of as low as 2% in the organic solvent system used to dissolve the drug and polymer were found to result in phase separation in the resultant ASD film. These findings have profound implications on lab-scale ASD preparation and potentially also for industrial production. Additionally, these high-resolution imaging techniques combined with orthogonal analyses are powerful tools to visualize structural changes in ASDs, which in turn will enable better links to be made between ASD structure and performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Na
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8941-4784
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Life Science Microscopy Facility, Purdue University , 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gilpin
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Lynne S
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4568-6021
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000737:chemistry; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D003460:Crystallization; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D001569:Benzodiazepines; C568301:evacetrapib
keywords: AFM; TEM; amorphous solid dispersions; microstructure; miscibility; water