title: Pig castration: will the EU manage to ban pig castration by 2018?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2010, the 'European Declaration on alternatives to surgical castration of pigs' was agreed. The Declaration stipulates that from January 1, 2012, surgical castration of pigs shall only be performed with prolonged analgesia and/or anaesthesia and from 2018 surgical castration of pigs should be phased out altogether. The Federation of Veterinarians of Europe together with the European Commission carried out an online survey via SurveyMonkey© to investigate the progress made in different European countries. This study provides descriptive information on the practice of piglet castration across 24 European countries. It gives also an overview on published literature regarding the practicability and effectiveness of the alternatives to surgical castration without anaesthesia/analgesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty usable survey responses from 24 countries were received. Besides Ireland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom, who have of history in producing entire males, 18 countries surgically castrate 80% or more of their male pig population. Overall, in 5% of the male pigs surgically castrated across the 24 European countries surveyed, castration is performed with anaesthesia and analgesia and 41% with analgesia (alone). Meloxicam, ketoprofen and flunixin were the most frequently used drugs for analgesia. Procaine was the most frequent local anaesthetic. The sedative azaperone was frequently mentioned even though it does not have analgesic properties. Half of the countries surveyed believed that the method of anaesthesia/analgesia applied is not practicable and effective. However, countries that have experience in using both anaesthesia and post-operative analgesics, such as Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and The Netherlands, found this method practical and effective. The estimated average percentage of immunocastrated pigs in the countries surveyed was 2.7% (median = 0.2%), where Belgium presented the highest estimated percentage of immunocastrated pigs (18%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The deadlines of January 1, 2012, and of 2018 are far from being met. The opinions on the animal-welfare-conformity and the practicability of the alternatives to surgical castration without analgesia/anaesthesia and the alternatives to surgical castration are widely dispersed. Although countries using analgesia/anaesthesia routinely found this method practical and effective, only few countries seem to aim at meeting the deadline to phase out surgical castration completely.
authors.affiliation: Federation of Veterinarians of Europe, Avenue Tervueren 12, 1040 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2348-930X
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Briyne
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, POB 234, Skara, SE-532 23 Sweden.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: German Veterinary Association for Animal Welfare, Wiesenweg 11, 49456 Bakum, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Blaha
authors.affiliation: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Veterinary School, Farm Animal Welfare Education Center, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Déborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Temple
keywords: Anaesthesia; Analgesia; Animal welfare; Immunocastration; Immunovaccination; Piglet castration