title: The impact of environmental enrichment on the murine inflammatory immune response.
abstract: Living in a mentally and physically stimulating environment has been suggested to have a beneficial effect on the immune response. This study investigates these effects, utilizing a 2-week program of environmental enrichment (EE) and 2 models of acute inflammation: zymosan-induced peritonitis (ZIP) and the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis. Our results revealed that following exposure to EE, mice possessed a significantly higher circulating neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio compared with control animals. When subject to ZIP, EE animals exhibit enhanced neutrophil and macrophage influx into their peritoneal cavity. Corresponding results were found in CLP, where we observed an improved capacity for enriched animals to clear systemic microbial infection. Ex vivo investigation of leukocyte activity also revealed that macrophages from EE mice presented an enhanced phagocytic capacity. Supporting these findings, microarray analysis of EE animals revealed the increased expression of immunomodulatory genes associated with a heightened and immunoprotective status. Taken together, these results provide potentially novel mechanisms by which EE influences the development and dynamics of the immune response.
authors.affiliation: William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brod
authors.affiliation: William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gobbetti
authors.affiliation: William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gittens
authors.affiliation: University of London Imperial College Science Technology & Medicine, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Natural Science, London, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perretti
authors.affiliation: William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Acquisto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000293:injuries; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004777:Environment; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D008026:Ligation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology*; D010587:Phagocytosis; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D015054:Zymosan
chemical_list: D015054:Zymosan