title: Identification and quantitative analysis of physalin D and its metabolites in rat urine and feces by liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: Physalin D is known to show extensive bioactivities. However, no excretion study has elucidated the excretion of physalin D and its metabolites. This study investigates the excretion of physalin D and its metabolites in rats. Metabolites in rat urine and feces were separated and identified by liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, a validated high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to quantify physalin D, physalin D glucuronide, and physalin D sulfate in rat feces and urine after the intragastric administration of physalin D. The analyte showed good linearity over a wide concentration range (r > 0.995), and the lower limit of quantification was 0.0532 μg/mL and 0.226 μg/g for urine and feces, respectively. Nine metabolites, including five phase I and four phase II metabolites, were identified and clarified after dosing in vivo. Only 4.0% of the gavaged dose, including physalin D and its phase II metabolites, was excreted in urine, whereas 10.8% was found in feces in the unchanged form. The results indicate that the extensive and rapid metabolism may be the main factors leading to the short half-life of physalin D. These results can provide a basis for further studies on the structural modification and pharmacology of physalin D.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Yunliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Meihua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: You
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Jianzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: ShenTu
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Xingjiang
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-625X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D012632:Secosteroids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D012632:Secosteroids; C441429:physalin D
keywords: excretion study; metabolite identification; physalin D; quantitative analysis