title: Alterations of Hair and Nail Content of Selected Trace Elements in Nonoccupationally Exposed Patients with Chronic Depression from Different Geographical Regions.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine if altered levels of selected trace elements manifest themselves during chronic depression. To identify elements strongly associated with chronic depression, relationships between the elemental contents of hair and nails and the interelement correlations were checked. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography were used to evaluate the contents of Zn, Cu, Co, Pb, Mn, and Fe in hair and nail samples from a total of 415 subjects (295 patients and 120 healthy volunteers). The study included logistic regression models to predict the probability of chronic depression. To investigate possible intercorrelations among the studied elements, the scaled principal component analysis was used. The research has revealed differences in TE levels in the group of depressed men and women in comparison to the healthy subjects. Statistically significant differences in both hair and nails contents of several elements were observed. Our study also provides strong evidence that the intermediary metabolism of certain elements is age- and gender-dependent. Zn, Mn, Pb, and Fe contents in hair/nails seem to be strongly associated with chronic depression. We found no statistically significant residence-related differences in the contents of studied elements in nonoccupationally exposed patients and healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9758-5831
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Błażewicz
authors.affiliation: Homu Clinic, No. 61, Dongping Rd., East Dist., Tainan City 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuan-Yung
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Homu Clinic, No. 61, Dongping Rd., East Dist., Tainan City 701, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Heng-Hsin
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Chair of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Niziński
authors.affiliation: Chair and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2261-2692
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Komsta
authors.affiliation: Institute for Research and Development of the Sustainable Eco Systems, Srebrnjak 59, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Berislav
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Momčilović
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering of Polish Academy of Sciences, Sklodowska-Curie 34 Street, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jabłońska-Czapla
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering of Polish Academy of Sciences, Sklodowska-Curie 34 Street, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Rajmund
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4441-7409
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.affiliation: Chair and Department of Internal Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16, 20-081 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prystupa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ethics and Human Philosophy, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 4/6, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Jarosław J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sak
authors.affiliation: Chair of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Ryszard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kocjan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D007854:Lead; D008345:Manganese; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc