title: Diagnosis and treatment of brain metastases from solid tumors: guidelines from the European Association of Neuro-Oncology (EANO).
abstract: The management of patients with brain metastases has become a major issue due to the increasing frequency and complexity of the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In 2014, the European Association of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) created a multidisciplinary Task Force to draw evidence-based guidelines for patients with brain metastases from solid tumors. Here, we present these guidelines, which provide a consensus review of evidence and recommendations for diagnosis by neuroimaging and neuropathology, staging, prognostic factors, and different treatment options. Specifically, we addressed options such as surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery/stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy, whole-brain radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy (with particular attention to brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma and breast and renal cancer), and supportive care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soffietti
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Neolife Medical Center, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ufuk
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Abacioglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation-Oncology, MediClin Robert-Janker-Klinik, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Brigitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baumert
authors.affiliation: Department of Innovative Radiation Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephanie E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Combs
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinhult
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kros
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Medical University, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Medical University, Vienna, Austria.|Department of Neurosurgery, Clairval Hospital Center, Generale de Santé, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Metellus
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Radbruch
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
authors.forename: Salvador S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Villa Freixa
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine & Radiation Oncology, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brada
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Division of Neurosurgery, Regina Elena Nat Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Carapella
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center CNS Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Preusser
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Neuro-oncology, University Hospital, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Le Rhun
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-Oncology, University and City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rudà
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Munich LMU, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Joerg C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tonn
authors.affiliation: Centre for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Damien C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weller
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*
keywords: brain metastases; chemotherapy; neuroimaging; neuropathology; stereotactic radiosurgery/stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy; supportive care; surgery; targeted therapy; whole-brain radiation therapy