title: Optimization of a Plaque Neutralization Test (PNT) to Identify the Exposure History of Pacific Herring to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV).
abstract: Methods for a plaque neutralization test (PNT) were optimized for the detection and quantification of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) neutralizing activity in the plasma of Pacific Herring Clupea pallasii. The PNT was complement dependent, as neutralizing activity was attenuated by heat inactivation; further, neutralizing activity was mostly restored by the addition of exogenous complement from specific-pathogen-free Pacific Herring. Optimal methods included the overnight incubation of VHSV aliquots in serial dilutions (starting at 1:16) of whole test plasma containing endogenous complement. The resulting viral titers were then enumerated using a viral plaque assay in 96-well microplates. Serum neutralizing activity was virus-specific as plasma from viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) survivors demonstrated only negligible reactivity to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, a closely related rhabdovirus. Among Pacific Herring that survived VHSV exposure, neutralizing activity was detected in the plasma as early as 37 d postexposure and peaked at approximately 64 d postexposure. The onset of neutralizing activity was slightly delayed in fish reared at 7.4°C relative to those in warmer temperatures (9.9°C and 13.1°C); however, neutralizing activity persisted for at least 345 d postexposure in all temperature treatments. It is anticipated that this novel ability to assess VHSV neutralizing activity in Pacific Herring will enable retrospective comparisons between prior VHS infections and year-class recruitment failures. Additionally, the optimized PNT could be employed as a forecasting tool capable of identifying the potential for future VHS epizootics in wild Pacific Herring populations. Received November 7, 2016; accepted January 14, 2017.
authors.affiliation: a U.S. Geological Survey , Western Fisheries Research Center, Marrowstone Marine Field Station , 616 Marrowstone Point Road, Nordland , Washington 98358 , USA.
authors.forename: Lucas M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: a U.S. Geological Survey , Western Fisheries Research Center, Marrowstone Marine Field Station , 616 Marrowstone Point Road, Nordland , Washington 98358 , USA.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.affiliation: b U.S. Geological Survey , Western Fisheries Research Center , 6505 Northeast 65th Street, Seattle , Washington 98358 , USA.
authors.forename: Maureen K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.affiliation: b U.S. Geological Survey , Western Fisheries Research Center , 6505 Northeast 65th Street, Seattle , Washington 98358 , USA.
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.affiliation: a U.S. Geological Survey , Western Fisheries Research Center, Marrowstone Marine Field Station , 616 Marrowstone Point Road, Nordland , Washington 98358 , USA.
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Hershberger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005399:Fishes; D031941:Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Viral / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000662:veterinary*; D029141:Novirhabdovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012189:Retrospective Studies