title: In utero Exposure to Germinated Brown Rice and Its GABA Extract Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in Rat Offspring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have reported on the influence of diet on insulin resistance. Our study provides insight into the effect of germinated brown rice (GBR) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on early environment-driven programming and susceptibility to insulin resistance in rat offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male rat offspring from female Sprague-Dawley rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) alone, HFD + GBR, or HFD + GABA extract throughout pregnancy and lactation were weaned 4 weeks after delivery and followed up for 8 weeks. A biochemical analysis and an assessment of the hepatic expression of insulin signaling genes were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that intrauterine exposure to HFD caused metabolic perturbations in rat offspring which gravitated towards insulin resistance even though the rat offspring did not consume an HFD. GBR and GABA attenuated the HFD-induced changes by underlying regulation of the insulin signaling genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that intake of GBR and GABA during pregnancy and lactation can influence the programming of genes in rat offspring, thereby enhancing insulin sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hadiza Altine
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Adamu
authors.forename: Mustapha Umar
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Imam
authors.forename: Ooi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Der-Jiun
authors.forename: Maznah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ismail
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D018525:Germination; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D054647:Nutrigenomics; D012275:Oryza; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
keywords: Epigenetics; Germinated brown rice; Insulin resistance; γ-Aminobutyric acid