title: Global measurement of coagulation in plasma from normal and haemophilia dogs using a novel modified thrombin generation test - Demonstrated in vitro and ex vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Canine models of severe haemophilia resemble their human equivalents both regarding clinical bleeding phenotype and response to treatment. Therefore pre-clinical studies in haemophilia dogs have allowed researchers to make valuable translational predictions regarding the potency and efficacy of new anti-haemophilia drugs (AHDs) in humans. To refine in vivo experiments and reduce number of animals, such translational studies are ideally preceded by in vitro prediction of compound efficacy using a plasma based global coagulation method. One such widely used method is the thrombin generation test (TGT). Unfortunately, commercially available TGTs are incapable of distinguishing between normal and haemophilia canine plasma, and therefore in vitro prediction using TGT has so far not been possible in canine plasma material.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Establish a modified TGT capable of: 1) distinguishing between normal and haemophilia canine plasma, 2) monitoring correlation between canine plasma levels of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) and IX (FIX) and thrombin generation, 3) assessing for agreement between compound activity and thrombin generation in ex vivo samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  A modified TGT assay was established where coagulation was triggered using a commercially available activated partial thromboplastin time reagent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the modified TGT a significant difference was observed in thrombin generation between normal and haemophilia canine plasma. A dose dependent thrombin generation was observed when assessing haemophilia A and B plasma spiked with dilution series of FVIII and FIX, respectively. Correlation between FVIII activity and thrombin generation was observed when analyzing samples from haemophilia A dogs dosed with canine FVIII. Limit of detection was 0.1% (v/v) FVIII or FIX.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel modified TGT suitable for monitoring and prediction of replacement therapy efficacy in plasma from haemophilia A and B dogs was established.
authors.affiliation: Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.
authors.forename: Daniel Elenius
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Madsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Elizabeth P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Merricks
authors.affiliation: Haemophilia Biology, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.
authors.forename: Emily K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.affiliation: Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiinberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D004285:Dogs; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000097:blood / Q000662:veterinary*