title: Porphyromonas gingivalis antibody levels and diagnosis of coronary artery disease in HIV-positive individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Periodontal disease has been associated with cardiovascular disease in the general population. It is unknown whether IgG antibody levels for periodontal pathogens are associated with the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) in HIV-positive individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four HIV-positive individuals (cases) with stored plasma available in the 12 months before CAD diagnosis were age- and sex-matched 1:2 with 46 HIV-positive individuals without CAD (controls). Antibody levels to whole cell extracts from periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Fusobacterium nucleatum, as well as markers of inflammation sCD14, CXCL10 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, were compared between cases and controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P. gingivalis-specific IgG levels (μg/mL) were significantly higher in individuals with CAD (median 1.48 [IQR 1.06-2.05]) compared to controls (0.70 [IQR 0.35-1.24], P<.001), and remained significantly higher following adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and HIV viral load (OR 21.6 [95% CI 3.73-125.63] P=.001). There was a borderline association between A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG antibody levels (cases, median 3.86 [IQR 3.19-4.72]; controls, 3.34 [IQR 2.59-4.07], P=.050) and no association found between F. nucleatum antibody levels and CAD. sCD14 levels (μg/mL) were higher in cases compared with controls (median 3.45 [IQR 3.03-4.11] vs 2.65 [IQR 2.32-2.99] P<.001), while CXCL10 (median 127 pg/mL [IQR 88-157] vs 153 [IQR 90-244] P=.321) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (median 3.44 mg/L [1.98-5.32] vs 1.85 [1.13-6.88] P=.203) levels were not different between cases and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal bacteria may be contributing to CAD risk in HIV-positive individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Berquist
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.|Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hearps
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.|Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaworowski
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Leishman
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8660-5558
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Trevillyan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D001315:Australia; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000097:blood; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D015415:Biomarkers; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: 
  HIV
  ; cardiovascular disease; coronary artery disease; inflammation; periodontal disease