title: Thermo-Oxidative Stability Evaluation of Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) Oil.
abstract: Bullfrog oil (BO), a natural product obtained from recycling of adipose tissue from the amphibianRana catesbeianaShaw, has been recently evaluated as a therapeutic activity ingredient. This work aimed to evaluate the long-term and accelerated thermal oxidative stabilities of this product, which is a promising raw material for emulsion technology development. BO was extracted from amphibian adipose tissue at 70 °C with a yield of 60% ± 0.9%. Its main fatty acid compounds were oleic (30.0%) and eicosapentaenoic (17.6%) acids. Using titration techniques, BO showed peroxide, acid, iodine and saponification indices of 1.92 mEq·O₂/kg, 2.95 mg·KOH/g oil, 104.2 g I₂/100 g oil and 171.2 mg·KOH/g oil, respectively. In order to improve the accelerated oxidative stability of BO, synthetic antioxidants butylhydroxytoluene (BHT) and buthylhydroxyanisole (BHA) were used. The addition of BHT increased the oxidation induction time compared to the pure oil, or the oil containing BHA. From the results, the best oil-antioxidant mixture and concentration to increase the oxidative stability and allow the oil to be a stable raw material for formulation purposes was derived.
authors.affiliation: Disperse Systems Laboratory (LaSiD), Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petropolis, Natal 59010-180, Brazil. renatarut@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rutckeviski
authors.affiliation: Disperse Systems Laboratory (LaSiD), Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petropolis, Natal 59010-180, Brazil. ffhxjunior@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Francisco H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Xavier-Júnior
authors.affiliation: Disperse Systems Laboratory (LaSiD), Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petropolis, Natal 59010-180, Brazil. andrezarochelle@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Andreza R V
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.affiliation: Disperse Systems Laboratory (LaSiD), Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petropolis, Natal 59010-180, Brazil. everton_alencar@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Éverton N
authors.initials: ÉN
authors.lastname: Alencar
authors.affiliation: Disperse Systems Laboratory (LaSiD), Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petropolis, Natal 59010-180, Brazil. machado.lucasam@gmail.com.|Graduate Program in Health Sciences, LaSiD, UFRN, Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59010-180, Brazil. machado.lucasam@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lucas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Amaral-Machado
authors.affiliation: Disperse Systems Laboratory (LaSiD), Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petropolis, Natal 59010-180, Brazil. jgenre@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Julieta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Genre
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho-3000-Lagoa Nova, Natal 59072-970, Brazil. amandagondim.ufrn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amanda D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Gondim
authors.affiliation: Disperse Systems Laboratory (LaSiD), Pharmacy Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petropolis, Natal 59010-180, Brazil. socratesegito@gmail.com.|Graduate Program in Health Sciences, LaSiD, UFRN, Av. General Gustavo de Cordeiro-SN-Petrópolis, Natal 59010-180, Brazil. socratesegito@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Eryvaldo S T
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Egito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011892:Rana catesbeiana; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013696:Temperature; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009821:Oils
keywords: BO; fatty acids; natural products; oxidative stability; physicochemical properties; thermal stability