title: Characteristic symptoms and associated features of exploding head syndrome in undergraduates.
abstract: Background Exploding head syndrome (EHS) is characterized by loud noises or a sense of explosion in the head during sleep transitions. Though relatively common, little is known about its characteristic symptoms or associated features. Methods A cross-sectional study of 49 undergraduates with EHS was performed. A clinical interview established diagnosis. Results The most common accompanying symptoms were tachycardia, fear, and muscle jerks/twitches with the most severe associated with respiration difficulties. Visual phenomena were more common than expected (27%). EHS episodes were perceived as having a random course, but were most likely to occur during wake-sleep transitions and when sleeping in a supine position. Only 11% reported EHS to a professional, and 8% of those with recurrent EHS attempted to prevent episodes. Conclusions EHS episodes are complex (Mean (M) = 4.5 additional symptoms), often multisensorial, and usually associated with clinically-significant fear. They are rarely reported to professionals and treatment approaches are limited.
authors.affiliation: American School of Professional Psychology, Argosy University, Northern Virginia, Arlington, VA 22209 USA.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Sharpless
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020447:Parasomnias; D012678:Sensation Disorders; D013334:Students; D013577:Syndrome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Sleep disorder; episodic cranial sensory shock; parasomnia; sleep-wake disorders