title: Lower genetic variability of HIV-1 and antiretroviral drug resistance in pregnant women from the state of Pará, Brazil.
abstract: The present study aimed to describe the genetic diversity of HIV-1, as well as the resistance profile of the viruses identified in HIV-1 infected pregnant women under antiretroviral therapy in the state of Pará, Northern Brazil.
  
  
  
  Blood samples were collected from 45 HIV-1 infected pregnant to determine the virus subtypes according to the HIV-1 protease (PR) gene and part of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) gene by sequencing the nucleotides of these regions. Drug resistance mutations and susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs were analyzed by the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database.
  
  
  
  Out of 45 samples, only 34 could be amplified for PR and 30 for RT. Regarding the PR gene, subtypes B (97.1%) and C (2.9%) were identified; for the RT gene, subtypes B (90.0%), F (6.7%), and C (3.3%) were detected. Resistance to protease inhibitors (PI) was identified in 5.8% of the pregnant, and mutations conferring resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were found in 3.3%, while mutations conferring resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were found in 3.3%.
  
  
  
  These results showed a low frequency of strains resistant to antiretroviral drugs, the prevalence of subtypes B and F, and the persistent low transmission of subtype C in pregnant of the state of Pará, Brazil.
authors.affiliation: Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guama, Belem, Para, CEP 66075-110, Brazil. lfam@ufpa.br.
authors.forename: Luiz Fernando Almeida
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guama, Belem, Para, CEP 66075-110, Brazil.
authors.forename: Iran Barros
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Reference Unit Specialized in Maternal-Child and Adolescent Care, Alcindo Cacela 1421, Sao Bras, CEP 66040-020, Belem, Pará, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Nazaré
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Folha
authors.affiliation: Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guama, Belem, Para, CEP 66075-110, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anderson Levy Bessa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: da Luz
authors.affiliation: Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guama, Belem, Para, CEP 66075-110, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio Carlos Rosário
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vallinoto
authors.affiliation: Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guama, Belem, Para, CEP 66075-110, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ishak
authors.affiliation: Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa 1, Guama, Belem, Para, CEP 66075-110, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marluisa Oliveira Guimarães
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Ishak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010298:Parity; D010802:Phylogeny; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D037841:Pregnant People; D015995:Prevalence; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; C514824:reverse transcriptase, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase
keywords: HIV-1; Molecular epidemiology; Pregnant