title: Hydrolysis of nicosulfuron under acidic environment caused by oxalate secretion of a novel Penicillium oxalicum strain YC-WM1.
abstract: A novel Penicillium oxalicum strain YC-WM1, isolated from activated sludge, was found to be capable of completely degrading 100 mg/L of nicosulfuron within six days when incubated in GSM at 33 °C. Nicosulfuron degradation rates were affected by GSM initial pH, nicosulfuron initial concentration, glucose initial concentration, and carbon source. After inoculation, the medium pH was decreased from 7.0 to 4.5 within one day and remained at around 3.5 during the next few days, in which nicosulfuron degraded quickly. Besides, 100 mg/L of nicosulfuron were completely degraded in GSM medium at pH of 3.5 without incubation after 4 days. So, nicosulfuron degradation by YC-WM1 may be acidolysis. Based on HPLC analysis, GSM medium acidification was due to oxalate accumulation instead of lactic acid and oxalate, which was influenced by different carbon sources and had no relationship to nicosulfuron initial concentration. Furthermore, nicosulfuron broke into aminopyrimidine and pyridylsulfonamide as final products and could not be used as nitrogen source and mycelium didn't increase in GSM medium. Metabolomics results further showed that nicosulfuron degradation was not detected in intracellular. Therefore, oxalate secretion in GSM medium by strain YC-WM1 led to nicosulfuron acidolysis.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.|Insitute of Crop Science/Natonal Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.|Chinese Academy of fishery sciences, Beijing, 100141, China.
authors.forename: Jinlong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Insitute of Crop Science/Natonal Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Kaimin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Guochao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Jiayu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China. Yanyanchun2012@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yanchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006868:Hydrolysis; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D010070:Oxalates / Q000378:metabolism*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011725:Pyridines / Q000378:metabolism*; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D010070:Oxalates; D011725:Pyridines; D012722:Sewage; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; C416723:nicosulfuron