title: c-Jun Contributes to Transcriptional Control of GNA12 Expression in Prostate Cancer Cells.
abstract: Abstract:GNA12 is the α subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein that possesses oncogenic potential. Activated GNA12 also promotes prostate and breast cancer cell invasion in vitro and in vivo, and its expression is up-regulated in many tumors, particularly metastatic tissues. In this study, we explored the control of expression of GNA12 in prostate cancer cells. Initial studies on LnCAP (low metastatic potential, containing low levels of GNA12) and PC3 (high metastatic potential, containing high GNA12 levels) cells revealed that GNA12 mRNA levels correlated with protein levels, suggesting control at the transcriptional level. To identify potential factors controlling GNA12 transcription, we cloned the upstream 5' regulatory region of the humanGNA12gene and examined its activity using reporter assays. Deletion analysis revealed the highest level of promoter activity in a 784 bp region, and subsequent in silico analysis indicated the presence of transcription factor binding sites for C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein), CREB1 (cAMP-response-element-binding protein 1), and c-Jun in this minimal element for transcriptional control. A small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown approach revealed that silencing of c-Jun expression significantly reduced GNA12 5' regulatory region reporter activity. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that c-Jun binds to the GNA12 5' regulatory region in PC3 cells. Silencing of c-Jun expression reduced mRNA and protein levels of GNA12, but not the closely-related GNA13, in prostate cancer cells. Understanding the mechanisms by which GNA12 expression is controlled may aid in the development of therapies that target key elements responsible for GNA12-mediated tumor progression.
authors.affiliation: Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore. gmsuuk@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Udhaya Kumari
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Udayappan
authors.affiliation: Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore. patrick.casey@duke-nus.edu.sg.|Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. patrick.casey@duke-nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Casey
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000235:genetics; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043802:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11
keywords: G12 proteins; invasion; metastasis; transcription