title: Mitochondrial content, oxidative, and nitrosative stress in human full-term placentas with gestational diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine the mitochondrial content, and the oxidative and nitrosative stress of the placenta in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Full-term placentas from GDM and healthy pregnancies were collected following informed consent. The lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and oxidized protein (carbonyls) levels were determined by spectrophotometry, and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), subunit IV of cytochrome oxidase (COX4), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and actin were determined by western blot, whereas ATPase activity was performed by determining the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consumption using a High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TBARS and carbonyls levels were lower in the placentas of women with GDM compared with the normal placentas (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Also, 3-NT/actin and AMPK/actin ratios were higher in GDM placentas than in the normal placentas (p = 0.03 and p = 0.012, respectively). Whereas COX4/actin ratio and ATPase activity were similar between GDM placentas and those controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that placentas with GDM are more protected against oxidative damage, but are more susceptible to nitrosative damage as compared to normal placentas. Moreover, the increased expression levels of AMPK in GDM placentas suggest that AMPK might have a role in maintaining the mitochondrial biogenesis at normal levels.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  HGRL28072011 . Registered 28 July 2011.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Gto., México. joelre@ugto.mx.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Emiliano
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Gto., México.
authors.forename: Martha E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fajardo-Araujo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Gto., México.
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zúñiga-Trujillo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Gto., México.
authors.forename: Victoriano
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pérez-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Enfermería y Obstetricia, División de Ciencias de Salud e Ingenierías, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, Universidad de Guanajuato, Celaya, Gto., México.
authors.forename: Cuauhtémoc
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandoval-Salazar
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Gto., México.
authors.forename: Jessica K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Órnelas-Vázquez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D000073039:Nitrosative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Gestational diabetes mellitus; Mitochondrial content; Oxidative and nitrative damage; Placenta