title: Novel therapeutic approaches of natural oil from black seeds and its underlying mechanisms against kidney dysfunctions in haloperidol-induced male rats.
abstract: Antipsychotic drugs could be nephrotoxic in schizophrenia patients.
  
  
  
  The present study investigated the protective effect of oil from black seed on kidney dysfunctions using several biological approaches in adult rats. The animals were divided into six groups (n=10): normal control rats; haloperidol (HAL)-induced rats: induced rats were pre-, co- and post-treated with black seed oil (BSO), respectively, and the last group was treated with the oil only. The treatment was done through oral administration, and the experiment lasted 14 days.
  
  
  
  Therapeutic administration of HAL to rats caused reduction in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins mediated by stable OH˙ and DPPH free radicals. K+, Na+ and MDA contents as well as 51 nucleotidase, aldose-reductase activities were increased with corresponding decrease in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in HAL-induced toxicity rats. Contrariwise, differential treatments with BSO prevented and reversed the nephrotoxicity by depleting K+, Na+, MDA contents and aldose-reductase activity, and AMP hydrolysis with increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the PMFs of rat kidney. The cytotoxicity of HAL elicited on both inner renal cortex and outer medulla was equally alleviated by combined active molecules of oil from black seed (OBS). However, pre-, co- and post-treatment demonstrate significant approaches in averting nephrotoxicity of neuroleptic drug (HAL) via several biological mechanisms.
  
  
  
  This study therefore validates the use of black seed oil as therapy particularly for individuals with renal dysfunctions.
authors.affiliation: .
authors.forename: Jacob K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Akintunde
authors.affiliation: .
authors.forename: Opeyemi K
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Abubakar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000032:analysis; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D031881:Nigella sativa / Q000737:chemistry*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D004573:Electrolytes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D006220:Haloperidol
keywords: biological approaches; electrolytes; haloperidol; mechanisms; natural oil; nephrotoxicity