title: Isolation, molecular identification and quinolone-susceptibility testing of Arcobacter spp. isolated from fresh vegetables in Spain.
abstract: Some species of the Arcobacter genus are considered emerging foodborne and waterborne enteropathogens. However, the presence of Arcobacter spp. in vegetables very little is known, because most studies have focused on foods of animal origin. On the other hand, quinolones are considered as first-line drugs for the treatment of infection by campylobacteria in human patients, but few data are currently available about the resistance levels to these antibiotics among Arcobacter species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence and diversity of arcobacters isolated from fresh vegetables such as lettuces, spinaches, chards and cabbages. Resistance to quinolones of the isolates was also investigated. One hundred fresh vegetables samples purchased from seven local retail markets in Valencia (Spain) during eight months were analysed. The study included 41 lettuces, 21 spinaches, 34 chards and 4 cabbages. Samples were analysed by culture and by molecular methods before and after enrichment. By culture, 17 out of 100 analysed samples were Arcobacter positive and twenty-five isolates were obtained from them. Direct detection by PCR was low, with only 4% Arcobacter spp. positive samples. This percentage increased considerably, up 20%, after 48 h enrichment. By polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), 17 out of the 25 isolates were identified as A. butzleri and 8 as A. cryaerophilus. Only two A. butzleri isolates showed resistance to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The sequencing of a fragment of the QRDR region of the gyrA gene from the quinolones-resistant isolates revealed the presence of a mutation in position 254 of this gene (C-T transition). This study is the first report about the presence of pathogenic species of Arcobacter spp. in chards and cabbages and confirms that fresh vegetables can act as transmission vehicle to humans. Moreover, the presence of A. butzleri quinolone resistant in vegetables could pose a potential public health risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Isidro Favián
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Bayas Morejón
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: María Antonia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferrús
mesh_terms: D020640:Arcobacter / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D027081:DNA Gyrase / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005516:Food Microbiology; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D018545:Lactuca / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013030:Spain; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000382:microbiology; D014675:Vegetables / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D015363:Quinolones; D027081:DNA Gyrase
keywords: Arcobacter spp. detection; Quinolone resistance; Vegetables; gyrA