title: Zingiber officinale: Its antibacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and mode of action evaluated by flow cytometry.
abstract: Biofilm formation, low membrane permeability and efflux activity developed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, play an important role in the mechanism of infection and antimicrobial resistance. In the present study we evaluate the antibacterial effect of Zingiber officinale against multi-drug resistant strain of P. aeruginosa. The study explores antibacterial efficacy and time-kill study concomitantly the effect of herbal extract on bacterial cell physiology with the use of flow cytometry and inhibition of biofilm formation. Z. officinale was found to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa, significantly. A major decline in the Colony Forming Units was observed with 3 log10at 12 h of treatment. Also it is found to affect the membrane integrity of the pathogen, as 70.06 ± 2.009% cells were found to stain with Propidium iodide. In case of efflux activity 86.9 ± 2.08% cells were found in Ethidium bromide positive region. Biofilm formation inhibition ability was found in the range of 68.13 ± 4.11% to 84.86 ± 2.02%. Z.officinale is effective for killing Multi-Drug Resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolate by affecting the cellular physiology and inhibiting the biofilm formation.
authors.affiliation: Division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110054, India.
authors.forename: Ankita Singh
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Chakotiya
authors.affiliation: Division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110054, India.
authors.forename: Ankit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi 110062, India.
authors.forename: Alka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Narula
authors.affiliation: Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysuru 570011, India. Electronic address: rksharmadrl@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Rakesh Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011419:Propidium / Q000378:metabolism; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D027343:Rhizome / Q000737:chemistry; D013634:Tannins / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013634:Tannins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011419:Propidium; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide
keywords: Biofilm formation; Cell membrane integrity; Drug resistance; PI uptake; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Zingiber officinale