title: Glucose uptake of the muscle and adipose tissues in diabetes and obesity disease models: evaluation of insulin and β3-adrenergic receptor agonist effects by18F-FDG.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One of the major causes of diabetes and obesity is abnormality in glucose metabolism and glucose uptake in the muscle and adipose tissue based on an insufficient action of insulin. Therefore, many of the drug discovery programs are based on the concept of stimulating glucose uptake in these tissues. Improvement of glucose metabolism has been assessed based on blood parameters, but these merely reflect the systemic reaction to the drug administered. We have conducted basic studies to investigate the usefulness of glucose uptake measurement in various muscle and adipose tissues in pharmacological tests using disease-model animals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A radiotracer for glucose,18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG), was administered to Wistar fatty rats (type 2 diabetes model), DIO mouse (obese model), and the corresponding control animals, and the basal glucose uptake in the muscle and adipose (white and brown) tissues were compared using biodistribution method. Moreover, insulin and a β3 agonist (CL316,243), which are known to stimulate glucose uptake in the muscle and adipose tissues, were administered to assess their effect.18F-FDG uptake in each tissue was measured as the radioactivity and the distribution was confirmed by autoradiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Wistar fatty rats, all the tissues measured showed a decrease in the basal level of glucose uptake when compared to Wistar lean rats. On the other hand, the same trend was observed only in the white adipose tissue in DIO mice, while brown adipose tissue showed increments in the basal glucose uptake in this model. Insulin administration stimulated glucose uptake in both Wistar lean and fatty rats, although the responses were inhibited in Wistar fatty rats. The same tendency was shown also in control mice, but clear increments in glucose uptake were not observed in the muscle and brown adipose tissue of DIO mice after insulin administration. β3 agonist administration showed the similar trend in Wistar lean and fatty rats as insulin, while the responses were inhibited in the adipose tissues of Wistar fatty rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A system to monitor tissue glucose uptake with18F-FDG enabled us to detect clear differences in basal glucose uptake between disease-model animals and their corresponding controls. The responses in the tissues to insulin or β3 agonist could be identified. Taken as a whole, the biodistribution method with18F-FDG was confirmed to be useful for pharmacological evaluation of anti-diabetic or anti-obesity drugs using disease-model animals.
authors.affiliation: Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan. seigo.ishino@takeda.com.
authors.forename: Seigo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishino
authors.affiliation: Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugita
authors.affiliation: Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okai
authors.affiliation: CVM-DDU, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuchimori
authors.affiliation: CVM-DDU, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosoya
authors.affiliation: Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.|National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horiguchi
authors.affiliation: Integrated Technology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamiguchi
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D058667:Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058667:Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists; D007328:Insulin; D022702:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose
keywords: 18F-FDG; DIO mouse; Insulin; Wistar fatty rat; β3 agonist