title: AminoMethylPhosphonic acid (AMPA) in natural waters: Its sources, behavior and environmental fate.
abstract: The widely occurring degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is a result of glyphosate and amino-polyphosphonate degradation. Massive use of the parent compounds leads to the ubiquity of AMPA in the environment, and particularly in water. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss current insights into AMPA formation, transport, persistence and toxicity. In agricultural soils, AMPA is concentrated in the topsoil, and degrades slowly in most soils. It can reach shallow groundwater, but rarely managed to enter deep groundwater. AMPA is strongly adsorbed to soil particles and moves with the particles towards the stream in rainfall runoff. In urban areas, AMPA comes from phosphonates and glyphosate in wastewater. It is commonly found at the outlets of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). Sediments tend to accumulate AMPA, where it may be biodegraded. Airborne AMPA is not negligible, but does wash-out with heavy rainfall. AMPA is reported to be persistent and can be biologically degraded in soils and sediments. Limited photodegradation in waters exists. AMPA mainly has its sources in agricultural leachates, and urban wastewater effluents. The domestic contribution to urban loads is negligible. There is a critical lack of epidemiological data - especially on water exposure - to understand the toxicological effects, if any, of AMPA on humans. Fortunately, well operated water treatment plants remove a significant proportion of the AMPA from water, even though there are not sufficient regulatory limits for metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Environment and Health Research Laboratory (LERES), EHESP School of Public Health, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard-CS 74312, Rennes Cedex, 35043, France; Inserm, U 1085 Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard-CS 74312, Rennes Cedex, 35043, France; SAUR Research and Development, 2 rue de la Bresle, Maurepas 78310, France. Electronic address: Alexis.grandcoin@ehesp.fr.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grandcoin
authors.affiliation: SAUR Research and Development, 2 rue de la Bresle, Maurepas 78310, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Piel
authors.affiliation: Environment and Health Research Laboratory (LERES), EHESP School of Public Health, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard-CS 74312, Rennes Cedex, 35043, France; Inserm, U 1085 Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard-CS 74312, Rennes Cedex, 35043, France. Electronic address: Estelle.baures@ehesp.fr.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baurès
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D006801:Humans; D063065:Organophosphonates; D045483:Rivers; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D063065:Organophosphonates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; D005998:Glycine
keywords: AminoMethylPhosphonic acid (AMPA); Glyphosate; Metabolite; Sources; Watershed