title: Ethnic inequalities in doctor-patient communication regarding personal care plans: the mediating effects of positive mental wellbeing.
abstract: There is limited understanding of ethnic inequalities in doctor-patient communication regarding personal care plans (PCPs). This study investigated the mediating effects of positive mental wellbeing on differences in PCP-related doctor-patient communication amongst South Asian and Caucasian UK residents.
  
  
  
  Data from 10,980 respondents to the 2013 Health Survey for England was analysed using bootstrapping methods. Constructs from the WEMWBS (Warwick and Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale) (Stewart-Brown, S., and K. Janmohamed. 2008. Warwick, UK) were assessed as mediators of relations between ethnicity and several doctor-patient communication variables, including PCP-related interactions; (a) had a PCP-related discussion about a long-term condition with a doctor/nurse, and (b) had this conversation within the past year, (c) agreed to a PCP with a health professional; and (d) talked to a doctor in the past 2 weeks.
  
  
  
  Bootstrapped mediation analysis (Hayes, A. F. 2013. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-based Approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press) showed that three positive mind-sets mediated associations between ethnicity and doctor-patient contact, including PCP-related communication. Being able to make up one's mind (ab = -0.05; BCaCI [-0.14, 0.01]) mediated the effect of ethnicity on agreeing to a PCP, while having energy to spare (ab = 0.07; BCaCI [-0.04, 0.12]), and feeling good about oneself (ab = 0.03; BCaCI [0.01, 0.07]), mediated ethnic effects on talking to a doctor during the past fortnight. The mediating effect of reported energy persisted after controlling for medical history, perceived health, and other covariates.
  
  
  
  Ethnic disparities in doctor-patient interaction, including PCP-related communication, are partly explained by positive mental wellbeing. Gauging positive psychological moods in patients, particularly self-worth, self-perceived vigour and decisiveness, are relevant to addressing ethnic inequalities in doctor-patient communication. As PCPs may have direct implications for patient health it is important for health professionals to address deficits in psychological functioning that may precipitate ethnic inequalities in setting up PCPs.
authors.affiliation: a School of Natural Sciences & Psychology , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK.
authors.forename: Kanayo F
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1519-4237
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Umeh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D003142:Communication; D003144:Communication Barriers; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Ethnicity; doctor; mental wellbeing; patient; personal care plan