title: Programmed Cell Death-1/Programmed Death-ligand 1 Pathway: A New Target for Sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sepsis remains a leading cause of death in many Intensive Care Units worldwide. Immunosuppression has been a primary focus of sepsis research as a key pathophysiological mechanism. Given the important role of the negative costimulatory molecules programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in the occurrence of immunosuppression during sepsis, we reviewed literatures related to the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to examine its potential as a new target for sepsis treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies of the association between PD-1/PD-L1 and sepsis published up to January 31, 2017, were obtained by searching the PubMed database.
  
  
  METHODS
  English language studies, including those based on animal models, clinical research, and reviews, with data related to PD-1/PD-L1 and sepsis, were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunomodulatory therapeutics could reverse the deactivation of immune cells caused by sepsis and restore immune cell activation and function. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway could reduce the exhaustion of T-cells and enhance the proliferation and activation of T-cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anti-PD-1/PD-L1 pathway shows promise as a new target for sepsis treatment. This review provides a basis for clinical trials and future studies aimed at revaluating the efficacy and safety of this targeted approach.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Central Hospital of Dandong City, Dandong, Liaoning 118002; Department of Emergency, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000378:metabolism*; D018805:Sepsis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor