title: Copy number increases of transposable elements and protein-coding genes in an invasive fish of hybrid origin.
abstract: Evolutionary dynamics of structural genetic variation in lineages of hybrid origin is not well explored, although structural mutations may increase in controlled hybrid crosses. We therefore tested whether structural variants accumulate in a fish of recent hybrid origin, invasive Cottus, relative to both parental species Cottus rhenanus and Cottus perifretum. Copy-number variation in exons of 10,979 genes was assessed using comparative genome hybridization arrays. Twelve genes showed significantly higher copy numbers in invasive Cottus compared to both parents. This coincided with increased expression for three genes related to vision, detoxification and muscle development, suggesting possible gene dosage effects. Copy number increases of putative transposons were assessed by comparative mapping of genomic DNA reads against a de novo assembly of 1,005 repetitive elements. In contrast to exons, copy number increases of repetitive elements were common (20.7%) in invasive Cottus, whereas decrease was very rare (0.01%). Among the increased repetitive elements, 53.8% occurred at higher numbers in C. perifretum compared to C. rhenanus, while only 1.4% were more abundant in C. rhenanus. This implies a biased mutational process that amplifies genetic material from one ancestor. To assess the frequency of de novo mutations through hybridization, we screened 64 laboratory-bred F2offspring between the parental species for copy-number changes at five candidate loci. We found no evidence for new structural variants, indicating that they are too rare to be detected given our sampling scheme. Instead, they must have accumulated over more generations than we observed in a controlled cross.
authors.affiliation: Department for Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.|Institute for Biology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4624-0598
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dennenmoser
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Fritz J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Sedlazeck
authors.affiliation: Department for Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iwaszkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Xiang-Yi
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Cologne Center for Genomics, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Altmüller
authors.affiliation: Department for Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.|Institute for Biology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Arne W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Nolte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D058865:Introduced Species; D010473:Perciformes / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements
keywords: Cottidae; array-comparative genomic hybridization; digital droplet PCR; hybrid speciation; invasion genetics; structural mutations