title: An Update on Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland.
abstract: Lacrimal gland tumors are rare and constitute a wide spectrum of different entities ranging from benign epithelial and lymphoid lesions to high-grade carcinomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas with large differences in prognosis and clinical management. The symptoms and findings of a lacrimal gland lesion are a growing mass at the site of the lacrimal gland, including displacement of the eyeball, decreased motility, diplopia, and ptosis. Pain is the cardinal symptom of an adenoid cystic carcinoma. Radiological findings characteristically include an oval, well-demarcated mass for benign lesions whereas malignant lesions typically display calcifications, destruction of bone, and invasion of adjacent structures. The diagnosis ultimately relies on histology, as does the choice of treatment and the prognosis. In recent years, the understanding of the biology of numerous types of lacrimal gland neoplasia has improved and the choice of treatment has changed accordingly and holds further promise for future targeted therapies. Treatment of benign epithelial lesions is surgical excision whereas carcinomas often require adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. In contrast, the cornerstone in management of lymphoid lesions is chemotherapy, often including a monoclonal antibody. This article presents an update on the clinical, radiological, histological, and molecular features, along with treatment strategies for tumors of the lacrimal gland.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andreasen
authors.affiliation: Orbital Oncology and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Bita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Esmaeli
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.|Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Cophenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sarah Linéa von
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Holstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Cophenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lauge Hjorth
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Mikkelsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Cophenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter Kristian
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Cophenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heegaard
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000473:pathology*; D007766:Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis
keywords: carcinoma; lacrimal gland; lymphoma; prognosis; treatment