title: Rhaphiodon echinus (Nees & Mart.) Schauer: Chemical, toxicological activity and increased antibiotic activity of antifungal drug activity and antibacterial.
abstract: The association of herbal products with standard antimicrobial drugs has recently gained more attention as a hope to overcome infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Here, we investigated for the first time the antimicrobial (antifungal and antibacterial) activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of R. echinus against multiresistant strains of bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) and fungi (C. albicans, C. krusei and C. tropicalis), as well as potential to enhance the activity of antibiotics drugs. In addition, both extract were chemically characterized and their toxicity was assessed in Artemia salina. Our results demonstrate that aqueous extract of R. echinus caused a significant increase in the activity of antibiotics gentamicin and imipenem, while the ethanolic extract strongly enhanced the antibiotic activity of gentamicin, amikacin, imipenem and ciprofloxacin against P. aeruginosa. However, neither the ethanolic nor the aqueous extracts significantly affect the antibiotic activity of the drugs when tested against S. aureus. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts indicated ellagic acid, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid as the major components which can be at least in part responsible for the enhanced activity of antibiotics. None of the extracts showed toxicity in A. salina even at the highest concentration tested (1000 μg/mL). All together, our results suggest that the leaf extract of R. echinus can be an effective source of modulating agents.
authors.affiliation: Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil; Microscopy Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adrielle Rodrigues
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Microscopy Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Lima Silva
authors.affiliation: Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kátia Regina Rodrigues
authors.initials: KRR
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Microscopy Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Ivaneide
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Microscopy Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Marivando
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Natural Products Research, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Galberto Martins
authors.initials: JGM
authors.lastname: da Costa
authors.affiliation: Phytochemical Laboratory, Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Augusti
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Boligon
authors.affiliation: Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jean Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kamdem
authors.affiliation: Molecular Chemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joara Nalyda Pereira
authors.initials: JNP
authors.lastname: Carneiro
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nadghia Figueiredo
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Molecular Chemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Irwin Rose Alencar
authors.initials: IRA
authors.lastname: de Menezes
authors.affiliation: Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil; Microscopy Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonia Eliene
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil. Electronic address: flavianamoraisb@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Maria Flaviana Bezerra
authors.initials: MFB
authors.lastname: Morais-Braga
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Henrique Douglas Melo
authors.initials: HDM
authors.lastname: Coutinho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D064028:Tracheophyta / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Artemia salina; Bacteria; Betônica; Fungi; Toxicology