title: Outcomes of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus based on clinical phenotypes; prospective data from the Leiden NP SLE cohort.
abstract: Objective The objective of this study was to assess whether clinical and patient's reported outcomes are associated with a different pathophysiological origin of neuropsychiatric events presenting in systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods A total of 232 neuropsychiatric events presenting in 131 systemic lupus erythematosus patients were included. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis was established per event by multidisciplinary evaluation. All neuropsychiatric events were divided according to a suspected underlying pathophysiological process into one of the following: non-neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus related, inflammatory and ischaemic neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. The clinical outcome of all neuropsychiatric events was determined by a physician-completed four-point Likert scale. Health-related quality of life was measured with the subscales of the patient-generated Short Form 36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire. The change between scores at paired visits of all domain scores, mental component summary (SF-36 MCS) and physical component summary (SF-36 PCS) scores were retrospectively calculated and used as patient-reported outcome. The association among these outcomes and the different origin of neuropsychiatric events was obtained using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results The clinical status of 26.8% non-neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus events, 15.8% ischaemic neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus and 51.6% inflammatory neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus improved after re-assessment. Almost all SF-36 domains had a positive change at re-assessment in all groups independently of the origin of neuropsychiatric events. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus ( B = 0.502; p < 0.001) and especially inflammatory neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus ( B = 0.827; p < 0.001) had better clinical outcome, with change in disease activity being the only important predictor. The change in SF-36 MCS was also independently associated with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus ( B = 5.783; p < 0.05) and inflammatory neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus ( B = 11.133; p < 0.001). Disease duration and change in disease activity were the only predictors in both cases. The change in SF-36 PCS was only negatively associated with age. Conclusion Inflammatory neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus events have better clinical outcome and meaningful improvement in SF-36 MCS than ischaemic neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus or non-neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magro-Checa
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L J J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Beaart-van de Voorde
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuropsychology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.|3 Department of Psychology, Section Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H A M
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Middelkoop
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuropsychology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dane
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.|5 Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: van der Wee
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van Buchem
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T W J
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Huizinga
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Steup-Beekman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus; SF-36; multidisciplinary approach; outcomes; quality of life