title: Gender-based personalized pharmacotherapy: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In general, male and female are prescribed the same amount of dosage even if most of the cases female required less dosage than male. Physicians are often facing problem on appropriate drug dosing, efficient treatment, and drug safety for a female in general. To identify and synthesize evidence about the effectiveness of gender-based therapy; provide the information to patients, providers, and health system intervention to ensure safety treatment; and minimize adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review to evaluate the effect of gender difference on pharmacotherapy. Published articles from January 1990 to December 2015 were identified using specific term in MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane library according to search strategies that strengthen the reporting of observational and clinical studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this systematic review, yielding a total of 6309 subjects. We observed that female generally has a lower the gastric emptying time, gastric PH, lean body mass, and higher plasma volume, BMI, body fat, as well as reduce hepatic clearance, difference in activity of Cytochrome P450 enzyme, and metabolize drugs at different rate compared with male. Other significant factors such as conjugation, protein binding, absorption, and the renal elimination could not be ignored. However, these differences can lead to adverse effects in female especially for the pregnant, post-menopausal, and elderly women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review provides an evidence for the effectiveness of dosage difference to ensure safety and efficient treatment. Future studies on the current topic are, therefore, recommended to reduce the adverse effect of therapy.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institution of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Md Mohaimenul
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Master Program in Global Health and Development, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Usman
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Master Program in Global Health and Development, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Bruno Andreas
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institution of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Phung-Anh
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institution of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Chair, Department of Dermatology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Chuan Jack
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials & Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Navneet Kumar
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tahmina Nasrin
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Poly
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institution of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jakir Hossain Bhuiyan
authors.initials: JHB
authors.lastname: Masud
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institution of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.|International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Suleman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Atique
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institution of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. drshabbir@tmu.edu.tw.|International Center for Health Information Technology (ICHIT), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. drshabbir@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Shabbir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syed-Abdul
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Adverse effect; Drug interaction; Gender-based; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacotherapy