title: Arrhythmogenic effects of energy drinks.
abstract: Energy drinks (ED) are increasingly popular, especially among adolescents and young adults. They are marketed as enhancers of energy, alertness, and physical performance. ED contain high doses of caffeine and other active ingredients. Their safety has come under question due to reports temporally linking ED consumption with serious cardiovascular events, including arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. In this article, we report 2 cases of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in young patients after consuming ED. We also review the ingredients of ED, the physiologic effects on the cardiovascular system, and the available evidence suggesting arrhythmogenecity.
authors.affiliation: Electrophysiology Section, Cardiovascular Division, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Enriquez
authors.affiliation: Electrophysiology Section, Cardiovascular Division, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Frankel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods; D047548:Defibrillators; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000295:instrumentation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: arrhythmias; caffeine; energy drinks; sudden cardiac death