title: Evolution in Visualization for Sinus and Skull Base Surgery: From Headlight to Endoscope.
abstract: Rhinoscopy became a formal field of study in the mid-nineteenth century as improvements in nasal specula were made and the potent vasoconstrictive effects of cocaine on the intranasal tissues were discovered. Since then, a multitude of advances in visualization and illumination have been made. The advent of the Storz-Hopkins endoscope in the mid-twentieth century represents a culmination of efforts spanning nearly 2 centuries, and illumination has evolved concomitantly. The future of endoscopic sinus surgery may integrate developing technologies, such as 3-dimensional endoscopy, augmented reality navigation systems, and robotic endoscope holders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University, 550 First Avenue - NBV 5E5, New York, NY 10016, USA. Electronic address: Omar.Ahmed@nyumc.org.
authors.forename: Omar H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University, 550 First Avenue - NBV 5E5, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University, 550 First Avenue - NBV 5E5, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lebowitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University, 550 First Avenue - NBV 5E5, New York, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000639:trends; D006652:Histological Techniques; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008029:Lighting; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Endoscope; Endoscopic sinus surgery; Fiberoptics; Historical perspective; Illumination; Nasal endoscopy; Rhinoscopy; Visualization