title: Association between functional gastrointestinal disorders and migraine in children and adolescents: a case-control study.
abstract: Functional gastrointestinal disorders and migraine are both common causes of medical attention. We have previously shown an association between migraine and infant colic. In this case-control study, we aimed to establish whether there is an association between migraine and other functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents.
  
  
  
  We included children and adolescents aged 6-17 years presenting to the emergency department of four tertiary hospitals in France and Italy. Patients diagnosed with either migraine or tension-type headache by the hospital's paediatric neurologist were enrolled as cases. Patients presenting to the emergency department with minor trauma and no history of recurrent headache were enrolled as controls. Investigators masked to a patient's group allocation diagnosed functional gastrointestinal disorders using the Rome III diagnostic criteria. Univariable and multivariable analyses were done to identify specific disorders and baseline factors associated with migraines and tension-type headache.
  
  
  
  Between Nov 1, 2014, and Jan 31, 2015, we enrolled 648 controls and 424 cases (257 patients with migraine and 167 with tension-type headache). 83 (32%) children and adolescents in the migraine group were diagnosed with functional gastrointestinal disorders compared with 118 (18%) in the control group (p<0·0001). Multivariable logistic regression showed a significant association between migraine and three gastrointestinal disorders: functional dyspepsia (odds ratio 10·76, 95% CI 3·52-32·85; p<0·0001), irritable bowel syndrome (3·47, 1·81-6·62; p=0·0002), and abdominal migraine (5·87, 1·95-17·69; p=0·002). By contrast, there was an inverse association between migraine and functional constipation (0·34, 0·14-0·84, p=0·02). 41 (25%) participants with tension-type headache had functional gastrointestinal disorders, which did not significantly differ from the prevalence of these disorders in the control group (p=0·07); no significant association was noted between any functional gastrointestinal disease and tension-type headaches.
  
  
  
  Three abdominal-pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders were associated with migraine in children and adolescents. These findings are of value to the diagnosis and management of these common diseases. Future studies should investigate whether antimigraine drugs are of benefit in functional gastrointestinal disorders.
  
  
  
  None.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Emergency Care, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le Gal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Emergency Care, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Victoria Elisa
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Rinaldi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiri
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Migraine and Neurovascular Diseases Unit, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; INSERM, U1141, DHU PROTECT, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Emergency Care, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bettati
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Emergency Care, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France; Pediatric Migraine and Neurovascular Diseases Unit, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romanello
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Emergency Care, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berlese
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lualdi
authors.affiliation: Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France; INSERM, CIC 1426, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boizeau
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France; INSERM UMR1149 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Viala
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellaiche
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian Vincenzo
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Zuccotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crichiutti
authors.affiliation: Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France; INSERM, CIC 1426, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Emergency Care, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France; Pediatric Migraine and Neurovascular Diseases Unit, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux (APHP) Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France; INSERM, U1141, DHU PROTECT, Paris, France. Electronic address: luigi.titomanlio@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Titomanlio
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003248:Constipation / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis