title: Metabolic responses to different immune challenges and varying resource availability in the side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana).
abstract: The energetic cost of immunity depends on many factors, including the type of challenge, the timing of the response, and the state of the animal. We measured changes in the standard metabolic rates of side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, 1852) in response to different immune challenges and nutritional states. In the first experiment, lizards were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (to stimulate the response to a pathogen), cutaneous biopsy (as a proxy to a superficial wound), both injection and biopsy, or neither (control). Four and five days later, we measured the standard metabolic rates of the lizards. In response to healing a cutaneous wound, lizards reduced metabolic rate and lost body mass. Healing rate was also inversely related to weight loss, but LPS had no effect on body mass or metabolic rate. In the second experiment, a new set of lizards were randomly assigned to a high-food or low-food diet and administered a cutaneous biopsy. As in the first experiment, we observed a reduction in metabolic rate after wounding; moreover, this decrease was positively correlated with the rate of healing. We observed higher rates of metabolism in lizards that ate more food, but food consumption was unrelated to the decrease in metabolic rate following the biopsy. These experiments demonstrate the dynamic nature of the immune response in response to immune challenge and the state of the organism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA. geoff.smith@usu.edu.|Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5205, USA. geoff.smith@usu.edu.
authors.forename: Geoffrey D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA.
authors.forename: Lorin A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Neuman-Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA.|Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5205, USA.
authors.forename: Alison C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Angilletta
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA.
authors.forename: Dale F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: DeNardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA.|Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5205, USA.
authors.forename: Susannah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001481:Basal Metabolism; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D006384:Hemagglutination; D006461:Hemolysis; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008116:Lizards / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: Cutaneous biopsy; Energetics; Immune; Metabolic rate; Reptile; Stress