title: Comparison of diazepam-ketamine and thiopentone for induction of anaesthesia in healthy dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of a diazepam-ketamine combination with thiopentone for induction of anaesthesia in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy dogs of various breeds weighing between 3.8 and 42.6 kg undergoing major orthopaedic or soft tissue surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pre-anaesthetic medication in all cases was intramuscular acepromazine and methadone given 30 minutes before induction of anaesthesia. Each animal was then randomly assigned to receive either thiopentone or diazepam and ketamine. Quality of conditions for, and time to tracheal intubation were recorded. Anaesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen and nitrous oxide. Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, end tidal carbon dioxide tensions and oxygen saturation were recorded at 10 minute intervals throughout surgery. The quality of recovery from anaesthesia was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The quality of induction in both groups was satisfactory. The total mean time (± SD) to tracheal intubation (162 ± 84 seconds) was significantly longer in dogs receiving diazepam and ketamine compared to dogs receiving thiopentone (62 ± 28 seconds). Heart rate, systolic blood pressure and end tidal carbon dioxide concentration were not significantly different between groups. Respiratory rate was significantly higher in the diazepam-ketamine group between 0 and 30 minutes. The quality of recovery was similar in each group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appear to be fewer differences between the induction agents examined in this study than was previously believed. No pressor, or other cardiovascular stimulating effects were detected in the dogs that received diazepam and ketamine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of obvious differences between groups suggests that pre-anaesthetic medication, inhaled anaesthetics and the physiological effects of surgery itself probably had a greater effect on the variables studied than the induction agent used. Further studies are required to determine whether diazepam and ketamine offers significant advantages over other induction agents in the unhealthy dog.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: Kate L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: Polly M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Taylor
keywords: Anaesthetics; diazepam; intravenous; ketamine; thiopentone