title: The socialization effect on decision making in the Prisoner's Dilemma game: An eye-tracking study.
abstract: We used a mobile eye-tracking system (in the form of glasses) to study the characteristics of visual perception in decision making in the Prisoner's Dilemma game. In each experiment, one of the 12 participants was equipped with eye-tracking glasses. The experiment was conducted in three stages: an anonymous Individual Game stage against a randomly chosen partner (one of the 12 other participants of the experiment); a Socialization stage, in which the participants were divided into two groups; and a Group Game stage, in which the participants played with partners in the groups. After each round, the respondent received information about his or her personal score in the last round and the overall winner of the game at the moment. The study proves that eye-tracking systems can be used for studying the process of decision making and forecasting. The total viewing time and the time of fixation on areas corresponding to noncooperative decisions is related to the participants' overall level of cooperation. The increase in the total viewing time and the time of fixation on the areas of noncooperative choice is due to a preference for noncooperative decisions and a decrease in the overall level of cooperation. The number of fixations on the group attributes is associated with group identity, but does not necessarily lead to cooperative behavior.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Methods in Cognitive and Social Sciences, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Tomsk Region, Russian Federation.|Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Tomsk Region, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Anastasia G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Peshkovskaya
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Methods in Cognitive and Social Sciences, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Tomsk Region, Russian Federation.|Center for Design, Manufacturing and Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Tatiana S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0504-2643
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Babkina
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Methods in Cognitive and Social Sciences, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Tomsk Region, Russian Federation.|Department of Political Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States.
authors.forename: Mikhail G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Myagkov
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Methods in Cognitive and Social Sciences, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Tomsk Region, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Ivan A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Kulikov
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Methods in Cognitive and Social Sciences, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Tomsk Region, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Ksenia V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Ekshova
authors.affiliation: Department of Political Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harriff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D053483:Eye Movement Measurements; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000068956:Prisoner Dilemma; D011581:Psychological Tests; D011897:Random Allocation; D012951:Socialization; D013997:Time Factors; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult