title: Environmental Enrichment Mitigates Deficits after Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
abstract: Although environmental enrichment has been shown to improve functional and histologic outcomes in pre-clinical moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), there are a paucity of pre-clinical data regarding enrichment strategies in the setting of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI). Given the vast numbers of athletes and those in the military who sustain rmTBI, the mounting evidence of the long-term and progressive sequelae of rmTBI, and the lack of targeted therapies to mitigate these sequelae, successful enrichment interventions in rmTBI could have large public health significance. Here, we evaluated enrichment strategies in an established pre-clinical rmTBI model. Seventy-one male C57BL/6 mice were randomized to two different housing conditions, environmental enrichment (EE) or normal condition (NC), then subjected to rmTBI injury (seven injuries in 9 days) or sham injury (anesthesia only). Functional outcomes in all four groups (NC-TBI, EE-TBI, NC-sham, and EE-sham) were assessed by motor, exploratory/anxiety, and mnemonic behavioral tests. At the synaptic level, N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit expression of phosphorylated glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1), phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and calpain were evaluated by western blot. Compared to injured NC-TBI mice, EE-TBI mice had improved memory and decreased anxiety and exploratory activity post-injury. Treatment with enrichment also corresponded to normal NMDAR subunit expression, decreased GluR1 phosphorylation, decreased phosphorylated CaMKII, and normal calpain expression post-rmTBI. These data suggest that enrichment strategies may improve functional outcomes and mitigate synaptic changes post-rmTBI. Given that enrichment strategies are feasible in the clinical setting, particularly for athletes and soldiers for whom the risk of repetitive injury is greatest, these data suggest that clinical trials may be warranted.
authors.affiliation: 1 People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Nanning, People's Republic of China .
authors.forename: Xixia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.|3 Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alcon
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jumana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.|3 Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.|4 Sports Concussion Clinic , Division of Sports Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.|5 The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention , Waltham, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Meehan
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.|3 Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Rebekah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mannix
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011897:Random Allocation; D020127:Recovery of Function
keywords: animal model; concussion; enrichment; mild traumatic brain injury; synaptic plasticity