title: The optimal orthosis and motion protocol for extensor tendon injury in zones IV-VIII: A systematic review.
abstract: METHODS
  Systematic review INTRODUCTION: There exist numerous combinations of orthoses and motion protocols for the treatment of proximal extensor tendon injuries.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal combination of motion protocol and orthotic treatment for the rehabilitation of proximal extensor tendon injuries (zones IV-VIII).
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of English language randomized clinical trials and cohort studies investigating extensor tendon rehabilitation from 1960 to 2016 was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, PEDro, and OTseeker. Outcomes of total active motion, grip strength, return to work, patient attrition, and patient-reported outcomes were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven studies of predominantly average quality (1, low; 8, average; and 2, high) were included in the final review. Results were difficult to compare due to differences in reporting. Early total active motion and final grip strength were greater with dynamic extension orthoses (191°-214°; 35-38 kg/89% contralateral side) and relative motion orthoses (205°-236°; 85%-95% contralateral side) compared to static orthoses (79°-202°; 23-34 kg/59% contralateral side). Four studies excluded patients who did not follow up, and loss to follow-up was 12%-33% in the other studies. Patient-reported outcomes were not comparable, as they were only included in 3 studies, and each used a different assessment tool.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Average quality evidence supports the use of early active motion (EAM) as the superior motion protocol, but optimal orthosis to deliver EAM could not be determined. Prospective research should focus on patient-reported outcomes and the design of orthoses that facilitate the use of the EAM.
  
  
  METHODS
  2a.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, Innovation and Design, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Electronic address: alison.wong@dal.ca.
authors.forename: Alison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, Innovation and Design, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Madeline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, Innovation and Design, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sakina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Girnary
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, Innovation and Design, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nojoomi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, Innovation and Design, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Soumyadipta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paul
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006230:Hand Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013165:Splints / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*
keywords: Extensor tendon; Motion protocol; Orthosis; Orthotic device; Rehabilitation; Systematic review