title: Type 3c (pancreatogenic) diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases defined by persistent hyperglycaemia. Type 2 diabetes, the most prevalent form, is characterised initially by impaired insulin sensitivity and subsequently by an inadequate compensatory insulin response. Diabetes can also develop as a direct consequence of other diseases, including diseases of the exocrine pancreas. Historically, diabetes due to diseases of the exocrine pancreas was described as pancreatogenic or pancreatogenous diabetes mellitus, but recent literature refers to it as type 3c diabetes. It is important to note that type 3c diabetes is not a single entity; it occurs because of a variety of exocrine pancreatic diseases with varying mechanisms of hyperglycaemia. The most commonly identified causes of type 3c diabetes are chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, haemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis, and previous pancreatic surgery. In this Review, we discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical relevance of type 3c diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and highlight several important knowledge gaps.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address: philip.hart@osumc.edu.
authors.forename: Phil A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Melena D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bellin
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Dana K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Zobeida
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cruz-Monserrate
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Forsmark
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Goodarzi
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Habtezion
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korc
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Yogish C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Kudva
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pandol
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Dhiraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Suresh T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Chari
mesh_terms: D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology