title: Lithium chloride inhibits early stages of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) replication in vitro.
abstract: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes an economically important and highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, swine, and sheep. FMD vaccine is the traditional way to protect against the disease, which can greatly reduce its occurrence. However, the use of FMD vaccines to protect early infection is limited. Therefore, the alternative strategy of applying antiviral agents is required to control the spread of FMDV in outbreak situations. As previously reported, LiCl has obviously inhibition effects on a variety of viruses such as transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV), and pseudorabies herpesvirus and EV-A71 virus. In this study, our findings were the first to demonstrate that LiCl inhibition of the FMDV replication. In this study, BHK-21 cell was dose-dependent with LiCl at various stages of FMDV. Virus titration assay was calculated by the 50% tissue culture infected dose (TCID50) with the Reed and Muench method. The cytotoxicity assay of LiCl was performed by the CCK8 kit. The expression level of viral mRNA was measured by RT-qPCR. The results revealed LiCl can inhibit FMDV replication, but it cannot affect FMDV attachment stage and entry stage in the course of FMDV life cycle. Further studies confirmed that the LiCl affect the replication stage of FMDV, especially the early stages of FMDV replication. So LiCl has potential as an effective anti-FMDV drug. Therefore, LiCl may be an effective drug for the control of FMDV. Based on that, the mechanism of the antiviral effect of LiCl on FMDV infection is need to in-depth research in vivo.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.|Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.|Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Livestock Epidemic Prevention and Control and Biological Technology, Longyan, Fujian Province, China.
authors.forename: Fu-Rong
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4380-2762
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.|Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yin-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.|Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ze-Zhong
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.|Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.|Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Fang
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.|Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Guang
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.|Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects; D005536:Foot-and-Mouth Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D029544:Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012756:Sheep; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018021:Lithium Chloride
keywords: FMDV; LiCl; antiviral effect; the early stages