title: Protective effect of glutamine on the main and adjacent organs damaged by ischemia-reperfusion in rats.
abstract: Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) causes cellular and tissue damage to the intestine and remote organs such as the liver. Increased production of ROS and nitric oxide and dysregulation of cytoprotective enzymes may be involved in intestinal I/R. The aim was to evaluate the protective effects of glutamine on the intestine and liver of rats with intestinal I/R injury. Twenty male Wistar rats (300 g) were divided into four groups: sham-operated (SO), glutamine + SO (G + SO), I/R, and glutamine + I/R (G + I/R). Occlusion of the SMA for 30 min was followed by 15-min reperfusion. Glutamine (25 mg/kg/day) was administered once daily 24 and 48 h before I/R induction. Blood and tissue of were collected for aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry of IL-1β and TNF-α, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and nitric oxide, Nrf2/keap1, superoxide dismutase (SOD), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), heat shock protein (HSP70), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF-6) by western blot. Statistic analysis by ANOVA-Student-Newman-Keuls test (mean ± SE) significantly was p < 0.05. Tissue damage, AST, ALT, IL-1β, TNF-α, TBARS, NO, Keap1, iNOS, GRP78, and ATF-6 expression were significantly lower in the G + I/R group as compared to the I/R group. Expression of Nrf2, SOD, NQO1, and HSP70, was significantly higher in the G + I/R group as compared to I/R group. Pre-treatment with glutamine provided protection against oxidative damage in the intestine and liver in an experimental model of intestinal I/R.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata Minuzzo
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francielli
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Licks
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elizângela Gonçalves
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Schemitt
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Josieli Raskopf
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Colares
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: do Couto Soares
authors.affiliation: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gilmara Pandolfo
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zabot
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.|Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Henrique Sarubbi
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Fillmann
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. nmarroni@terra.com.br.|Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. nmarroni@terra.com.br.|Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. nmarroni@terra.com.br.|Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. nmarroni@terra.com.br.
authors.forename: Norma Possa
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Marroni
mesh_terms: D051702:Activating Transcription Factor 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D051702:Activating Transcription Factor 6; C497113:Atf6 protein, rat; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D020011:Protective Agents; D005973:Glutamine; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase
keywords: Cytoprotective enzymes; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Inflammation; Nitric oxide; Oxidative stress