title: Head-Impact-Measurement Devices: A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With an estimated 3.8 million sport- and recreation-related concussions occurring annually, targeted prevention and diagnostic methods are needed. Biomechanical analysis of head impacts may provide quantitative information that can inform both prevention and diagnostic strategies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess available head-impact devices and their clinical utility.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic search of the electronic database PubMed for peer-reviewed publications, using the following phrases: accelerometer and concussion, head impact telemetry, head impacts and concussion and sensor, head impacts and sensor, impact sensor and concussion, linear acceleration and concussion, rotational acceleration and concussion, and xpatch concussion. In addition to the literature review, a Google search for head impact monitor and concussion monitor yielded 15 more devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included studies were performed in vivo, used commercially available devices, and focused on sport-related concussion.
  
  
  METHODS
  One author reviewed the title and abstract of each study for inclusion and exclusion criteria and then reviewed each full-text article to confirm inclusion criteria. Controversial articles were reviewed by all authors to reach consensus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 61 peer-reviewed articles involving 4 head-impact devices were included. Participants in boxing, football, ice hockey, soccer, or snow sports ranged in age from 6 to 24 years; 18% (n = 11) of the studies included female athletes. The Head Impact Telemetry System was the most widely used device (n = 53). Fourteen additional commercially available devices were presented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measurements collected by impact monitors provided real-time data to estimate player exposure but did not have the requisite sensitivity to concussion. Proper interpretation of previously reported head-impact kinematics across age, sport, and position may inform future research and enable staff clinicians working on the sidelines to monitor athletes. However, head-impact-monitoring systems have limited clinical utility due to error rates, designs, and low specificity in predicting concussive injury.
authors.affiliation: NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rowson
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg.
authors.forename: Stefan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Duma
authors.affiliation: NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Broglio
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001914:Boxing / Q000293:injuries; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries; D006257:Head; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006688:Hockey / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation; D013686:Telemetry; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: accelerometer; biomechanics; concussion