title: Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis rat model attenuated by a remote ischemic preconditioning in the pregnant.
abstract: To evaluate the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (r-IPC) administered to pregnant rats, in the ileum of newborn rats subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation.
  We used three pregnant rats and their newborn rats distributed in three groups: 1) Control (C) - Newborn rats born from a pregnant rat which did not undergo any intervention; 2) Hypoxia-Reoxygenation (H/R) - Newborn rats born from a pregnant rat which did not undergo any intervention, and were subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation; 3) Remote Ischemic Preconditioning (r-IPC) - newborn rats born from a pregnant rat which was subjected to remote ischemic preconditioning twenty-four hours before giving birth and the newborn rats were subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation. Segments of ileum were prepared for histological analysis by HE and immunohistochemistry by the Ki67 to evaluate cell proliferation, crypt depth and villus height and evaluation of apoptosis by cleaved caspase-3.
  The intensity of the lesions was lower in the r-IPC than in the H/R group, showing significant difference (p<0.01). The r-IPC group showed a higher proliferative activity compared to the H/R group (p<0.01), with deeper crypts (r-IPC > H/R - p < 0.05), and higher villi, showing significant difference (r-IPC > H/R - (p <0.01). The occurrence of apoptosis in the H/R group was lower in comparison to groups C and r-IPC, with significant difference (H/R < r-IPC; p<0.05).
  The remote ischemic preconditioning applied to the pregnant rat protected the ileum of newborn rats subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation, with decreased intensity of the lesions in the ileum mucosa and preservation of proliferative activity, keeping the villus height and crypt depth similar to group C.
authors.affiliation: Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Interdisciplinary Surgical Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Design of the study, acquisition and interpretation of data, manuscript writing.
authors.forename: Rúdnei de Oliveira Luciano
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Histopathological examinations.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Artigiani
authors.affiliation: Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Interdisciplinary Surgical Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Design of the study, acquisition and interpretation of data, manuscript writing.
authors.forename: José de Freitas
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.affiliation: Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Interdisciplinary Surgical Science, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Design of the study, acquisition and interpretation of data, manuscript writing.
authors.forename: Adriana Porto
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Surgical Physiopathology (LIM-62), School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), and Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Intellectual and scientific content of the study, critical revision.
authors.forename: Edna Frasson de Souza
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Montero
authors.affiliation: Full Professor, Department of Pediatric Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, critical revision.
authors.forename: José Luiz
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000032:analysis; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D007082:Ileum / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000098:blood supply; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D053148:Caspase 3