title: Biocompatibility and mineralized nodule formation of Neo MTA Plus and an experimental tricalcium silicate cement containing tantalum oxide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the biocompatibility and mineralized nodule formation of an experimental tricalcium silicate cement with tantalum oxide (TSC/Ta2O5) as radiopacifier, Neo MTA Plus (Avalon Biomed Inc., Bradenton, FL, USA) and MTA (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) on human osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Biocompatibility was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays, after exposure of Saos-2 to cement extracts at 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 4 and 1 : 8 dilutions for 24 h. Bioactivity was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and calcium deposits were detected with alizarin red staining (ARS). Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance and Bonferroni or Tukey post-test (α = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MTT assay revealed lower cytotoxicity for NEO and MTA (P < 0.05), and higher for TSC/Ta2O5at 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 dilutions when compared to serum-free medium - control (P > 0.05). At 1 : 4 dilution, the TSC/Ta2O5cytotoxicity was similar to the control (P > 0.05). At 1 : 8 dilution, cell viability was significantly greater than the control (P < 0.05). Saos-2 cell viability performed using the NR assay at all dilutions revealed no cytotoxic effect of MTA, NEO and TSC/Ta2O5. ALP activity at 1 and 3 days was similar to the control (P > 0.05). TSC/Ta2O5had significantly greater ALP activity at 7 days when compared with the control (P < 0.05). All materials induced the production of mineralized nodules, and NEO produced significantly more mineralized nodules than MTA and TSC/Ta2O5(P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neo MTA Plus and TSC/Ta2O5were biocompatible and induced ALP activity in Saos-2 cells. Both materials induced mineralized nodule formation by Saos-2 with Neo MTA Plus producing significantly more.
authors.affiliation: UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2574-4706
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanomaru-Filho
authors.affiliation: UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.affiliation: UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: G
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7030-3718
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.affiliation: University of Malta, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Msida, Malta.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camilleri
authors.affiliation: UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guerreiro-Tanomaru
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017640:Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013635:Tantalum / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010087:Oxides; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents; D017640:Silicates; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; C506393:tricalcium silicate; D013635:Tantalum; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; C078151:tantalum oxide; D002118:Calcium
keywords: bioactivity; cytotoxicity; mineral trioxide aggregate; tantalum oxide; tricalcium silicate