title: Development of Bioethics and Clinical Ethics in Bulgaria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bioethics and clinical ethics emerged from the classical medical ethics in the 1970s of the 20th century. Both fields are new for the Bulgarian academic tradition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this paper were to demarcate the subject fields of medical ethics, bioethics, and clinical ethics, to present the developments in the field of medical ethics in Bulgaria, to delineate the obstacles to effective ethics education of medical professionals, and to present the results of the application of an adapted bottom-up methodology for clinical ethics consultation in several clinical units in Bulgaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extended literature review and application of an adapted METAP methodology for clinical ethics consultation in six clinical units in the Northern Bulgaria between May 2013 and December 2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Teaching of medical ethics in Bulgaria was introduced in the 1990s and still stands mainly as theoretical expertise without sufficient dilemma training in clinical settings. Earlier studies revealed need of clinical ethics consultation services in our country. METAP methodology was applied in 69 ethics meetings. In 31.9% of them non-medical considerations affected the choice of treatment and 34.8% resulted in reaching consensus between the team and the patient. Participants' opinion about the meetings was highly positive with 87.7% overall satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of bioethics in Bulgaria follows recent worldwide trends. Several ideas could be applied towards increasing the effectiveness of ethics education. Results of the ethics meetings lead to the conclusion that it is a successful and well accepted approach for clinical ethics consultation with a potential for wider introduction in our medical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University - Pleven, 1 Kliment Ohridski St., 5800 Pleven.
authors.forename: Silviya S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Aleksandrova-Yankulovska
mesh_terms: D001675:Bioethics / Q000193:education / Q000639:trends; D002031:Bulgaria; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D033061:Ethics Consultation; D026690:Ethics, Clinical / Q000193:education; D004992:Ethics, Medical / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans
keywords: Bulgaria; METAP methodology; bioethics; clinical ethics; clinical ethics consultation