title: Antibiofilm Activity of Five Different Endodontic Filling Materials Used in Primary Teeth Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of five endodontic materials for primary teeth on in vitro mixed-species biofilms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cement, Vitapex, Calen paste thickened with zinc oxide (ZO), pure calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) paste, and iodoform were evaluated. Sterile water was used as a control. Mixed-species biofilm was incubated in anaerobic conditions for 21 days. The biofilm specimens were placed in contact with the endodontic materials for periods of seven and 30 days. The biofilm was studied by using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The cell viability ratio was calculated. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a statistically significant difference between groups at both seven and 30 days (F equals 73,073, P=0.00). After 30 days, 69 percent, 51 percent, and 35 percent of the biofilm volume fluoresced red, indicating the proportion of bacteria killed by iodoform, Vitapex, and ZOE cement, respectively. Calen plus ZO and pure Ca(OH)2 paste were the least effective materials against the biofilms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pure iodoform paste and iodoform containing Vitapex were the most effective materials against the biofilms. Vitapex appears to be a suitable endodontic material for primary teeth.
authors.affiliation: PhD student, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Katerine Jahnecke
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Pilownic
authors.affiliation: Professor, Endodontics Division, Faculty of Dentistry, University Center of Maranhão, Uni-Ceuma, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ceci Nunes
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Regina
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata Dornelles
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Morgental
authors.affiliation: Professor, Endodontics Division, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Head and a professor, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haapasalo
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;, Email: ferpappen@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Fernanda Geraldo
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Pappen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012828:Silicones / Q000494:pharmacology; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000382:microbiology*; D015034:Zinc Oxide; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006847:Hydrocarbons, Iodinated; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012828:Silicones; D015035:Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement; C029584:calcium hydroxide, iodoform, silicone oil drug combination; C420643:calen; C010473:iodoform; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D015034:Zinc Oxide