title: Season-dependent concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites among Chinese pregnant women: Repeated measures analysis.
abstract: In utero exposure to phthalates may have adverse effects on pregnant women and their offsprings. Therefore, the exposure level of these substances among individuals, particularly among sensitive population, is of concern. The objective of the present study is to characterize urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites at multiple time points during pregnancy in Chinese women. A total of 3455 pregnant women were included from Ma'anshan Birth Cohort in China. Spot urine samples in the morning (8:00-10:00) and questionnaires were obtained at three separate visits (approximately in 10, 26, and 34 gestational weeks). Seven phthalate metabolites from urine samples were analyzed, including monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobutyl phthalate (MBP), mono benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP). Geometric means of concentrations were ranged from 0.05 to 41.0ng/mL for all the metabolites mentioned above. No individual exposure level was above the 95th percentiles for all the seven phthalates. On the three separate visits, 0.5%, 0.9% and 1.2% of the participants had coexposure to above the 75th percentiles for all metabolites. Taken these visits together, a total of 29 urine samples had concentrations above the 95th percentiles, while 3.0%-5.6% of urine levels were above 75th percentiles for at least one specific phthalate metabolite. We observed moderate intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranging from 0.44 to 0.56 for MBzP, MEHP and MEP, and lower ICCs, from 0.28 to 0.32, for MMP, MBP, MEOHP and MEHHP. Sampling season was associated with concentrations of all phthalate metabolites, showing heavier exposure was more likely to occur during summer. In summary, phthalate exposure is prevalent in Chinese pregnant women. However, throughout pregnancy coexposure to multiple phthalates at the upper percentile of exposure is infrequent. Mild to moderate temporal stability indicates that a single measurement in spot urine collected in the morning (8:00-10:00) seems not enough to describe throughout pregnancy phthalate exposure. Urinary levels vary by sampling seasons, which should be taken into consideration in future analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Duo
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Yuan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.affiliation: Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Zhong-Xiu
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Ling-Ling
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Hu
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China. Electronic address: fbtao@126.com.
authors.forename: Fang-Biao
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000652:urine*; D012621:Seasons; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010795:Phthalic Acids
keywords: Birth cohort; China; Phthalate metabolites; Pregnant women; Repeated measure analysis