title: Formulation of a Sustained Release Docetaxel Loaded Cockle Shell-Derived Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles against Breast Cancer.
abstract: Here, we explored the formulation of a calcium carbonate nanoparticle delivery system aimed at enhancing docetaxel (DTX) release in breast cancer.
  
  
  
  The designed nano- anticancer formulation was characterized thorough X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) methods. The nano- anticancer formulation (DTX- CaCO3NP) was evaluated for drug delivery properties thorough in vitro release study in human body simulated solution at pH 7.4 and intracellular lysosomal pH 4.8.
  
  
  
  Characterization revealed the successful synthesis of DTX- CaCO3NP, which had a sustained release at pH 7.4. TEM showed uniformly distributed pleomorphic shaped pure aragonite particles. The highest entrapment efficiency (96%) and loading content (11.5%) were obtained at docetaxel to nanoparticles ratio of 1:4. The XRD patterns revealed strong crystallizations in all the nanoparticles formulation, while FTIR showed chemical interactions between the drug and nanoparticles with negligible positional shift in the peaks before and after DTX loading. BET analysis showed similar isotherms before and after DTX loading. The designed DTX- CaCO3NP had lower (p < 0.05) cytotoxity against MCF-7 cells than DTX at 24 h but comparable (p > 0.05) effects at 48 h and 72 h. However, the DTX- CaCO3NP released less than 80% of bond DTX at 48 and 72 h but showed comparable effects with free DTX.
  
  
  
  The results showed that the developed DTX- CaCO3NP released DTX slower at pH 7.4 and had comparable cytotoxicity with free DTX at 48 and 72 h in MCF-7 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. homamm728@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nahidah Ibrahim
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Hammadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abba
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Noor Mohd
authors.initials: MNM
authors.lastname: Hezmee
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Intan Shameha Abdul
authors.initials: ISA
authors.lastname: Razak
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Alhaji Zubair
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Jaji
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Tijani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isa
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saffanah Khuder
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. zuki@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Md Zuki Abu Bakar
authors.initials: MZAB
authors.lastname: Zakaria
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry*; D049873:Cardiidae / Q000737:chemistry; D002470:Cell Survival; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D000077143:Docetaxel; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004339:Drug Compounding; D065546:Drug Liberation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties; D043823:Taxoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D043823:Taxoids; D000077143:Docetaxel; D002119:Calcium Carbonate
keywords: breast cancer; cancer therapy; cockle shell- derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles; drug delivery; nano- anticancer