title: Long-Term Percutaneous Nephrostomy Management of Malignant Urinary Obstruction: Estimation of Optimal Exchange Frequency and Estimation of the Financial Impact of Patient Compliance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the least costly routine exchange frequency for percutaneous nephrostomies (PCNs) placed for malignant urinary obstruction, as measured by annual hospital charges, and to estimate the financial impact of patient compliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with PCNs placed for malignant urinary obstruction were studied from 2011 to 2013. Exchanges were classified as routine or due to 1 of 3 complication types: mechanical (tube dislodgment), obstruction, or infection. Representative cases were identified, and median representative charges were used as inputs for the model. Accelerated failure time and Markov chain Monte Carlo models were used to estimate distribution of exchange types and annual hospital charges under different routine exchange frequency and compliance scenarios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Long-term PCN management was required in 57 patients, with 87 total exchange encounters. Median representative hospital charges for pyelonephritis and obstruction were 11.8 and 9.3 times greater, respectively, than a routine exchange. The projected proportion of routine exchanges increased and the projected proportion of infection-related exchanges decreased when moving from a 90-day exchange with 50% compliance to a 60-day exchange with 75% compliance, and this was associated with a projected reduction in annual charges. Projected cost reductions resulting from increased compliance were generally greater than reductions resulting from changes in exchange frequency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This simulation model suggests that the optimal routine exchange interval for PCN exchange in patients with malignant urinary obstruction is approximately 60 days and that the degree of reduction in charges likely depends more on patient compliance than exact exchange interval.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235. Electronic address: josephlmcdevitt@icloud.com.
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: McDevitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235.
authors.forename: Stefany
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Acosta-Torres
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235.
authors.forename: Tianshen
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235.
authors.forename: Ayobami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Odu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235.
authors.forename: Jijia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235.
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lamus
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pillai
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D017722:Hospital Charges; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014517:Ureteral Obstruction / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*