title: Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup O3a2b2-N6 reveals patrilineal traces of Austronesian populations on the eastern coastal regions of Asia.
abstract: Austronesian diffusion is considered one of the greatest dispersals in human history; it led to the peopling of an extremely vast region, ranging from Madagascar in the Indian Ocean to Easter Island in Remote Oceania. The Y-chromosome haplogroup O3a2b*-P164(xM134), a predominant paternal lineage of Austronesian populations, is found at high frequencies in Polynesian populations. However, the internal phylogeny of this haplogroup remains poorly investigated. In this study, we analyzed -seventeen Y-chromosome sequences of haplogroup O3a2b*-P164(xM134) and generated a revised phylogenetic tree of this lineage based on 310 non-private Y-chromosome polymorphisms. We discovered that all available O3a2b*-P164(xM134) samples belong to the newly defined haplogroup O3a2b2-N6 and samples from Austronesian populations belong to the sublineage O3a2b2a2-F706. Additionally, we genotyped a series of Y-chromosome polymorphisms in a large collection of samples from China. We confirmed that the sublineage O3a2b2a2b-B451 is unique to Austronesian populations. We found that O3a2b2-N6 samples are widely distributed on the eastern coastal regions of Asia, from Korea to Vietnam. Furthermore, we propose- that the O3a2b2a2b-B451 lineage represents a genetic connection between ancestors of Austronesian populations and ancient populations in North China, where foxtail millet was domesticated about 11,000 years ago. The large number of newly defined Y-chromosome polymorphisms and the revised phylogenetic tree of O3a2b2-N6 will be helpful to explore the origin of proto-Austronesians and the early diffusion process of Austronesian populations.
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Lan-Hai
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-7400
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yik-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Zhi
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ling-Xiang
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Woei-Yuh
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Rick Twee-Hee
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society (CAS-MPG) Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society (CAS-MPG) Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society (CAS-MPG) Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.|School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shu-Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics*; D002681:China; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D049690:History, Ancient; D063426:Human Migration / Q000266:history; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea; D008297:Male; D058974:Phylogeography; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014744:Vietnam