title: Temporal and spatial variation in major ion chemistry and source identification of secondary inorganic aerosols in Northern Zhejiang Province, China.
abstract: To investigate the seasonal and spatial variations of ion chemistry of fine particles in Northern Zhejiang Province (NZP), China, one year-long field sampling was conducted at four representative sites (two urban, one suburb, and one rural sites) in both cities of Hangzhou and Ningbo from December 2014 to November 2015. Twelve water soluble inorganic ions (WSII) were characterized in this comprehensive study. The annual average of PM2.5concentration in NZP as overall was 66.2 ± 37.7 μg m-3, and urban sites in NZP were observed with more severe PM2.5pollution than the suburban and rural sites. The annual average concentration of total WSII at four sampling sites in NZP was 29.1 ± 19.9 μg m-3, dominated by SO42-(10.3 μg m-3), and followed by NO3-(8.9 μg m-3), NH4+(6.6 μg m-3), Cl-(1.3 μg m-3) and K+(0.7 μg m-3). Among all cations, NH4+was the predominant neutralizing ion with the highest neutralization factor (NF), while the remaining cations showed limited neutralization capacity. The highest and lowest sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) values in this region were found in summer and winter, respectively; while the seasonal patterns for nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) were opposite to that of SOR. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the significant sources of WSII in NZP were industrial emissions, biomass burning, and formation of secondary inorganic aerosols. In addition, contribution from transboundary transport of polluted aerosols was also confirmed from the assessment through air mass backward trajectory analysis.
authors.affiliation: International Doctoral Innovation Centre, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, PR China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, PR China.
authors.forename: Jing-Sha
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, PR China.
authors.forename: Meng-Xia
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Snape
authors.affiliation: International Doctoral Innovation Centre, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, PR China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, PR China; Centre for Sustainable Energy Technologies, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing, PR China. Electronic address: jun.he@nottingham.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, U.P., India.
authors.forename: Sailesh N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Behera
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Meteorological Science Institute, Hangzhou, PR China. Electronic address: forsnow@126.com.
authors.forename: Hong-Hui
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Dong-Sheng
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Cheng-Jun
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, PR China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China.
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Meteorological Science Institute, Hangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Yu-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Rong-Guang
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D007477:Ions / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D012995:Solubility; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D007477:Ions; D052638:Particulate Matter; D013455:Sulfur; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Inorganic ions; Northern Zhejiang Province; PCA; PM(2.5); Temporal and spatial variability