title: Effects of metals cadmium and chromium alone and in combination on the liver and kidney tissue of male Spraque-Dawley rats: An ultrastructural and electron-energy-loss spectroscopy investigation.
abstract: Heavy metal pollution has increased in the last decades. Water sources are contaminated and human exposure is often long term exposure to variable amounts of different metals. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed via oral gavage for 28 days to cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr), alone and in combination at concentrations 1000 times the human World Health Organization's acceptable water limits. Rat equivalent dosages were used. Blood markers of liver and kidney function were measured, changes to cellular morphology was determined with transmission electron microscopy and the intracellular metal localisation was determined with the electron energy-loss spectroscopy and energy filtered transmission electron microscopy analysis. Both Cd and Cr caused changes to the nuclear and mitochondrial membranes and irregular chromatin condensation of hepatocytes. Cr exposure caused dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). The combination caused nuclear and mitochondrial membrane damage as well as irregular chromatin condensation. In the kidney tissue, Cd caused irregular chromatin condensation in the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). Cr caused changes to the outer nuclear and mitochondrial membrane and chromatin structure. The combination group caused membrane damage, irregular chromatin condensation and rER changes in the PCT. All the metal groups showed damage to the endothelial cells and pedicles, but not to the mesangial cells. Cd and Cr bio-accumulation was observed in the nucleus, mitochondria and rER of the liver and kidney and therefore are responsible for the cellular observed damage that can cause functional changes to the tissues and organs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa.
authors.forename: Chantelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venter
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa.
authors.forename: Hester Magdalena
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5762-3765
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Oberholzer
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscope Unit, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
authors.forename: Franscious Riccardo
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa.
authors.forename: Megan Jean
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bester
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D046590:Spectroscopy, Electron Energy-Loss
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D002857:Chromium
keywords: chronic effects; environmental toxicity; heavy metals