title: Myelopathy associated with age-related cervical disc herniation: a retrospective review of magnetic resonance images.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical intervertebral disc herniation can lead to myelopathy. Aging is an established variable related to spondylotic myelopathy. Studying this association will help in controlling the increase in spondylotic myelopathy with age.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the association between cervical disc level, its direction, and the frequency of my-elopathy with age, and to assess the epidemiology of age-related cervical disc herniation and myelopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of magnetic resonance (MR) images.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary referral hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the MR images of adults patients ( > 18 years of age) referred to our department between 2001 and 2012 for suspected cervical spondylopathy. The direction and severity of herniation and the presence of myelopathy was determined for spinal levels C2 to C7.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relationship between age-related cervical disc herniation and myelopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied 6584 patient MR images, which included 2402 males (39.1%) and 3737 females (60.9%). The frequency of myelopathy increased with age from 0.6% in patients < 20 years of age, reaching 9.1% in patients > 70 years of age. The most common level affected by myelopathy was C5-C6. In elderly patients ( > 60 years), the C3-C4 level became the predominant level affected by myelopathy. Likewise, the frequency of central disc herniation increased significantly (P < .001) with age at all cervical levels. Furthermore, upper cervical levels showed a higher frequency of central disc herniation than lower cervical levels in the elderly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased frequency of central disc herniation with age suggest an important, and probably a cause-effect relationship, between herniation and myelopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We were unable to access clinical data or electrophysiological studies to correlate with MR image findings.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Nosaiba T. Al-Ryalat, School of Medicine,, University of Jordan,, Queen Rania Street, 11942,, Amman, Jordan, T: 00962797844924, nosaibaryalat@gmail.com, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-621.
authors.forename: Nosaiba Tawfik
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Al-Ryalat
authors.forename: Saif Aldeen
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: Walid Sulaiman
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Mahafza
authors.forename: Osama Ahmad
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Samara
authors.affiliation: Dr. Nosaiba T. Al-Ryalat, School of Medicine,, University of Jordan,, Queen Rania Street, 11942,, Amman, Jordan, T: 00962797844924, nosaibaryalat@gmail.com, ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-621.
authors.forename: Abdee Tawfiq
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Ryalat
authors.forename: Azmy Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Hadidy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult