title: Comparative isolation and genetic diversity of Arcobacter sp. from fish and the coastal environment.
abstract: Arcobacter species are emerging food-borne and water-borne human pathogens associated mostly with food animals and their environment. The present study was aimed to isolate Arcobacter species from fish, shellfish and coastal water samples using two methods and to determine their genetic diversity. Of 201 samples of fish, shellfish and water samples analysed, 66 (32·8%) samples showed the presence of Arcobacter DNA from both Arcobacter enrichment broth and Bolton broth. Arcobacters were isolated from 58 (87·8%) and 38 (57·5%) of Arcobacter DNA-positive samples using Arcobacter blood agar and Preston blood agar, respectively. Arcobacter sp. identified by biochemical tests were further analysed by a genus-specific PCR, followed by a multiplex-PCR and 16S rRNA-RFLP. From both the methods, four different Arcobacter species namely Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter skirrowii, Arcobacter mytili and Arcobacter defluvii were isolated, of which A. butzleri was the predominant species. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR fingerprint analysis revealed that the arcobacters isolated in this study were genetically very diverse and no specific genotype was found associated with a specific source (seafood or water). Since pathogenic arcobacters are not known to be natural inhabitants of coastal marine environment, identifying the sources of contamination will be crucial for effective management of this problem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arcobacter sp. are emerging food- and water-borne human pathogens. In this study, comparison of two selective media suggested Arcobacter blood agar to be more efficient in yielding Arcobacter sp. from seafood. Furthermore, the isolation of Arcobacter sp. such as Arcobacter butzleri, A. skirrowii, A. mytili and A. defluvii from seafood suggests diverse sources of contamination of seafood by Arcobacter sp. Analysis of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-PCR patterns of A. butzleri showed high genetic diversity and lack of clonality among the isolates. Arcobacter contamination of seafood is an emerging issue both from seafood safety and seafood trade point of view.
authors.affiliation: Quality Control Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology Department, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rathlavath
authors.affiliation: Quality Control Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology Department, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Quality Control Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology Department, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: B B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1822-9167
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Nayak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020640:Arcobacter / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005399:Fishes / Q000382:microbiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017747:Seafood / Q000382:microbiology*; D012758:Shellfish / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: 
  A. defluvii
  ; 
  Arcobacter
  ; ERIC-PCR; genetic diversity; seafood; shellfish