title: Association of subjective memory complaint and depressive symptoms with objective cognitive functions in prodromal Alzheimer's disease including pre-mild cognitive impairment.
abstract: Subjective memory complaints (SMC) and depressive symptoms (SDS) are common in the elderly population. However, the relationship among SMC, SDS, and cognitive function remains unclear. We investigated these associations in the elderly from cognitively normal (CN), pre-mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and amnestic MCI (aMCI) groups.
  
  
  
  Participants (CN, 299; pre-MCI, 106; aMCI, 267) underwent comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessment. and self-report SMC and SDS questionnaires. SMC and SDS were administered in a self-report format. For each neuropsychological test z-score, stepwise multiple linear regressions were performed to assess the relative contribution of SMC, SDS, and their interactions.
  
  
  
  SMC are associated with lower objective memory, while SDS are associated with lower psychomotor speed. Interactions between SMC and SDS were significant for tests of memory, executive function, psychomotor speed, and global cognition. Additional analyses revealed that SDS moderated the SMC-cognition relationship such that only individuals with higher SDS showed significant SMC-cognition associations.
  
  
  
  Due to the cross-sectional design, associations among SMC, SDS, and cognitive function was rather weak, albeit significant. Additionally, future biomarker studies, such as those assessing amyloid burden, are needed to explore the mechanisms underlying the relationship among SMC, SDS, and cognitive function.
  
  
  
  Early identification of individuals at risk for developing abnormal cognitive changes is critical. Our findings from the study involving a large sample of carefully selected participants suggest that SMC and SDS could be used as early detection markers of Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Dementia, Gwangju 61452, South Korea; Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Hyun
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Dementia, Gwangju 61452, South Korea; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Chosun University/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hoowon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Dementia, Gwangju 61452, South Korea; Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu Yeong
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Dementia, Gwangju 61452, South Korea; College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kun Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Research Center for Dementia, Gwangju 61452, South Korea; Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Chosun University/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61452, South Korea. Electronic address: ilhan.choo@chosun.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Il Han
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Choo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D058068:Endophenotypes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D057566:Self Report
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Amnestic mild cognitive impairment; Depressive symptom; Pre-amnestic mild cognitive impairment; Prodromal; Subjective memory complaints