title: Ecotoxicological Evaluation of the UV Filters Ethylhexyl Dimethyl p-Aminobenzoic Acid and Octocrylene Using Marine Organisms Isochrysis galbana, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Paracentrotus lividus.
abstract: The growing concern regarding the negative effects of solar radiation on the skin has led to a drastic increase in the use of sunscreens containing in its composition up to 10% of aromatic chemicals, such as ethylhexyl dimethyl p-aminobenzoic acid (OD-PABA) and octocrylene (OC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and to assess the environmental risk posed by these two ultraviolet filters, widely used in cosmetics and as plastic additives, in the marine environment. Several ecotoxicological bioassays were performed with three model organisms belonging to different trophic levels: the microalgae Isochrysis galbana, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, and the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The results show remarkable toxicity to marine species for both OD-PABA (EC10values range 26,5-127 µg L-1) and OC (EC10range 103-511 µg L-1). The cell division in the microalgae I. galbana was the most sensitive endpoint tested. To determine the environmental risk of these substances, the risk coefficient (RQ) was calculated. Due to the higher concentrations reported, OC showed remarkable risk (RQ = 0.27), whereas for OD-PABA the risk was low (RQ = 0.007).
authors.affiliation: Toralla Marine Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain. aritzgiraldo@gmail.com.|Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas - Marcosende, 36200, Vigo, Galicia, Spain. aritzgiraldo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-799X
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giraldo
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montes
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodil
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Quintana
authors.affiliation: Toralla Marine Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.|Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas - Marcosende, 36200, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vidal-Liñán
authors.affiliation: Toralla Marine Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.|Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas - Marcosende, 36200, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beiras
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000502:physiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D058087:Haptophyta; D049878:Mytilus; D047328:Paracentrotus; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D062366:para-Aminobenzoates / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D062366:para-Aminobenzoates; C088673:octocrylene; C041981:padimate-O