title: Sedative-hypnotic effects of midazolam in goats after intravenous and intramuscular administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of dose and route of administration on the sedative-hypnotic effects of midazolam.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized controlled study ANIMALS: Six indigenous, African bred goats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pilot studies indicated that the optimum dose of midazolam for producing sedation was 0.6 mg kg-1for intramuscular (IM) injection, while the optimum intravenous (IV) doses causing hypnosis without, and with loss of palpebral reflexes were 0.6 mg kg-1and 1.2 mg kg-1, respectively. These doses and routes of administration were compared with a saline placebo in a randomized block design in the main experiment, and the sedative-hypnotic effects evaluated according to pre-determined scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intramuscular midazolam produced sedation with or without sternal recumbency in all animals with the peak effect occurring 20 minutes after administration. The scores for IM sedation with midazolam were significantly different (p < 0.05) from placebo. Intravenous midazolam at 0.6 mg kg-1resulted in hypnosis, and at 1.2 mg kg-1increased reflex suppression was observed. The maximum scores for hypnosis at both doses were obtained 5 minutes after IV injection. The mean (± SD) duration of lateral recumbency was 10.8 (± 3.8) minutes after IV midazolam (0.6 mg kg-1) compared to 20 (± 5.2) minutes after midazolam at 1.2 mg kg-1. Compared to baseline, the heart rate increased significantly (p < 0.05) after high dose IV midazolam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intramuscular midazolam (0.6 mg kg-1) produced maximum sedation 20 minutes after injection. Intravenous injection produced maximum hypnosis within 5 minutes. Increasing the IV dose from 0.6 to 1.2 mg kg-1resulted in increased reflex suppression and duration of hypnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For a profound effect with rapid onset midazolam should be given IV in doses between 0.6 and 1.2 mg kg-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa.
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Stegmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bester
keywords: Goats; midazolam