title: Precision Cardiovascular Medicine: State of Genetic Testing.
abstract: In the 15 years following the release of the first complete human genome sequences, our understanding of rare and common genetic variation as determinants of cardiovascular disease susceptibility, prognosis, and therapeutic response has grown exponentially. As such, the use of genomics to enhance the care of patients with cardiovascular diseases has garnered increased attention from clinicians, researchers, and regulatory agencies eager to realize the promise of precision genomic medicine. However, owing to a large burden of "complex" common diseases, emphasis on evidence-based practice, and a degree of unfamiliarity/discomfort with the language of genomic medicine, the development and implementation of genomics-guided approaches designed to further individualize the clinical management of a variety of cardiovascular disorders remains a challenge. In this review, we detail a practical approach to genetic testing initiation and interpretation as well as review the current state of cardiovascular genetic and pharmacogenomic testing in the context of relevant society and regulatory agency recommendations/guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine Residency Program, Clinician-Investigator Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Giudicessi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Electronic address: kullo.iftikhar@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Iftikhar J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Kullo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Electronic address: ackerman.michael@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ackerman
mesh_terms: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods*; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents