title: A 3D virtual reality ophthalmoscopy trainer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Performing eye examinations is an important clinical skill that medical students often find difficult to become proficient in. This paper describes the development and evaluation of an innovative 3D virtual reality (VR) training application to support learning these skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  The VR ophthalmoscope was developed by a clinical team and technologist using the unity game engine, smartphone and virtual reality headset. It has a series of tasks that include performing systematic eye examinations, identifying common eye pathologies and a knowledge quiz. As part of their clinical training, 15 fourth-year medical students were surveyed for their views on this teaching approach. The Technology Acceptance Model was used to evaluate perceived usefulness and ease of use. Data were also collected on the usability of the app, together with the students' written comments about it.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Users agreed that the teaching approach improved their understanding of ophthalmoscopy (n = 14), their ability to identify landmarks in the eye (n = 14) and their ability to recognise abnormalities (n = 15). They found the app easy to use (n = 15), the teaching approach informative (n = 13) and that it would increase students' confidence when performing these tasks in future (n = 15). Performing eye examinations is an important clinical skill DISCUSSION: The evaluation showed that a VR app can successfully simulate the processes involved in performing eye examinations. The app was highly rated for all elements of perceived usefulness, ease of use and usability. Medical students stated that they would like to be taught other medical skills in this way in future.
authors.affiliation: School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Jake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carruthers
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000193:education; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D000076142:Virtual Reality