title: [Development of antimicrobial resistance in Germany : What is the current situation?]
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The frequency of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) is increasing in Germany and worldwide.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Presentation of MDRO resistance rates and prevalence in Germany MATERIALS AND METHODS: Results from the Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance (ARS) and Hospital Infection Surveillance Systems (Krankenhausinfektions-Surveillance-Systems, KISS) and from recent prevalence surveys are presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRSA-resistance rates and the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have remained at a stable level over the last few years. In contrast, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and multidrug-resistant gramnegative (MRGN) bacteria have increased considerably. VRE prevalence has more than tripled in the past 5 years, and Escherichia coli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, acylureidopenicillins, and fluoroquinolones increased by 43% in 2015 compared with the previous year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New policies to control MDRO should focus on VRE and the heterogeneous group of MRGN bacteria. In the case of the latter, the different bacterial species' characteristics should be taken into consideration.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Nationales Referenzzentrum für die Surveillance von Nosokomialen Infektionen, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Deutschland. friederike.maechler@charite.de.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maechler
authors.affiliation: Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Nationales Referenzzentrum für die Surveillance von Nosokomialen Infektionen, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geffers
authors.affiliation: Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Nationales Referenzzentrum für die Surveillance von Nosokomialen Infektionen, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.affiliation: Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Nationales Referenzzentrum für die Surveillance von Nosokomialen Infektionen, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: L-A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Peña Diaz
authors.affiliation: Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Nationales Referenzzentrum für die Surveillance von Nosokomialen Infektionen, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behnke
authors.affiliation: Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Nationales Referenzzentrum für die Surveillance von Nosokomialen Infektionen, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gastmeier
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005858:Germany; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; D011159:Population Surveillance; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D065507:Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Infectious diseases; MRSA; Staphylococcus aureus; Surveillance; VRE