title: Beam-on imaging of short-lived positron emitters during proton therapy.
abstract: In vivo dose delivery verification in proton therapy can be performed by positron emission tomography (PET) of the positron-emitting nuclei produced by the proton beam in the patient. A PET scanner installed in the treatment position of a proton therapy facility that takes data with the beam on will see very short-lived nuclides as well as longer-lived nuclides. The most important short-lived nuclide for proton therapy is12N (Dendooven et al 2015 Phys. Med. Biol. 60 8923-47), which has a half-life of 11 ms. The results of a proof-of-principle experiment of beam-on PET imaging of short-lived12N nuclei are presented. The Philips Digital Photon Counting Module TEK PET system was used, which is based on LYSO scintillators mounted on digital SiPM photosensors. A 90 MeV proton beam from the cyclotron at KVI-CART was used to investigate the energy and time spectra of PET coincidences during beam-on. Events coinciding with proton bunches, such as prompt gamma rays, were removed from the data via an anti-coincidence filter with the cyclotron RF. The resulting energy spectrum allowed good identification of the 511 keV PET counts during beam-on. A method was developed to subtract the long-lived background from the12N image by introducing a beam-off period into the cyclotron beam time structure. We measured 2D images and 1D profiles of the12N distribution. A range shift of 5 mm was measured as 6  ±  3 mm using the12N profile. A larger, more efficient, PET system with a higher data throughput capability will allow beam-on12N PET imaging of single spots in the distal layer of an irradiation with an increased signal-to-background ratio and thus better accuracy. A simulation shows that a large dual panel scanner, which images a single spot directly after it is delivered, can measure a 5 mm range shift with millimeter accuracy: 5.5  ±  1.1 mm for 1  ×  108protons and 5.2  ±  0.5 mm for 5  ×  108protons. This makes fast and accurate feedback on the dose delivery during treatment possible.
authors.affiliation: KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: H J T
authors.initials: HJT
authors.lastname: Buitenhuis
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diblen
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Brzezinski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brandenburg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dendooven
mesh_terms: D005246:Feedback; D005720:Gamma Rays / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided; D013997:Time Factors