title: Transcriptomic responses of the liver and adipose tissues to altered carbohydrate-fat ratio in diet: an isoenergetic study in young rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To elucidate the effects of altered dietary carbohydrate and fat balance on liver and adipose tissue transcriptomes, 3-week-old rats were fed three kinds of diets: low-, moderate-, and high-fat diets (L, M, and H) containing a different ratio of carbohydrate-fat (C-F) (65:15, 60:20, and 35:45 in energy percent, respectively).
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats consumed the diets for 9 weeks and were subjected to biochemical and DNA microarray analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rats in the H-group exhibited lower serum triacylglycerol (TG) levels but higher liver TG and cholesterol content than rats in the L-group. The analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between each group (L vs M, M vs H, and L vs H) in the liver revealed about 35% of L vs H DEGs that were regulated in the same way as M vs H DEGs, and most of the others were L- vs H-specific. Gene ontology analysis of these L vs H DEGs indicated that those related to fatty acid synthesis and circadian rhythm were enriched. Interestingly, about 30% of L vs M DEGs were regulated in a reverse way compared with L vs H and M vs H DEGs. These reversed liver DEGs included M-up/H-down genes (Sdsfor gluconeogenesis from amino acids) and M-down/H-up genes (Gpd2for gluconeogenesis from glycerol,Agpat9for TG synthesis, andAcot1for beta-oxidation). We also analyzed L vs H DEGs in white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues and found that both oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids were inhibited in these tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the alteration of dietary C-F balance differentially affects the transcriptomes of metabolizing and energy-storing tissues.
authors.affiliation: Nissin Global Innovation Center, Nissin Foods Holdings, 2100 Tobukimachi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0001 Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Project on Health and Anti-Aging, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Center (LiSE) 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821 Japan.
authors.forename: Akihito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yasuoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033 Japan.
authors.forename: Manae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033 Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumakura
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan.
authors.forename: Tomiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asakura
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 37-1 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033 Japan.
authors.forename: Toshitada
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagai
keywords: Brown adipose tissue; Carbohydrate-fat ratio; Liver; Transcriptome; White adipose tissue