title: Clostridium difficile infection.
abstract: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the main cause of nosocomial diarrhea in industrialized countries and the source of a growing number of cases of diarrhea in the community. The outbreak of the hypervirulent strain belonging to ribotype 027 has increased the incidence and severity of CDI in some countries. Although CDI usually courses as a mild diarrhea it can lead to severe forms such as toxic megacolon or septic shock. One of every 2 episodes of CDI is not diagnosed in Spanish hospitals due to a lack of clinical suspicion or the use of insensitive diagnostic methods. The diagnostic techniques of choice are algorithms based on the detection of glutamate dehydrogenase and molecular detection of the genes of the toxins with or without the direct detection of the toxins. The recommended treatment for CDI depends on the type of infection and the characteristics of the patient.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES CD06/06/0058), Madrid, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España. Electronic address: luisalcala@efd.net.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alcalá Hernández
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reigadas Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES CD06/06/0058), Madrid, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouza Santiago
mesh_terms: D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Clostridium difficile; Colitis pseudomembranosa; Fidaxomicina; Fidaxomicine; Metronidazol; Metronidazole; Pseudomembranous colitis; Recurrence; Recurrencia; Vancomicina; Vancomycin