title: Medication adherence: staying within the boundaries of safety.
abstract: An important domain of patient safety is the management of medications in home and community settings by patients and their caregiving network. This study applied human factors/ergonomics theories and methods to data about medication adherence collected from 61 patients with heart failure accompanied by 31 informal caregivers living in the US. Seventy non-adherence events were identified, described, and analysed for performance shaping factors. Half were classified as errors and half as violations. Performance shaping factors included elements of the person or team (e.g. patient limitations), task (e.g. complexity), tools and technologies (e.g. tool quality) and organisational, physical, and social context (e.g. resources, support, social influence). Study findings resulted in a dynamic systems model of medication safety applicable to patient medication adherence and the medication management process. Findings and the resulting model offer implications for future research on medication adherence, medication safety interventions, and resilience in home and community settings. Practitioner Summary: We describe situational and habitual errors and violations in medication use among older patients and their family members. Multiple factors pushed performance towards risk and harm. These factors can be the target for redesign or various forms of support, such as education, changes to the plan of care, and technology design.
authors.affiliation: a Vanderbilt School of Nursing , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.|b The Center for Research and Innovation in Systems Safety (CRISS) , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA.
authors.forename: Robin Sue
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0497-952X
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mickelson
authors.affiliation: c Department of BioHealth Informatics , Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing , Indianapolis , IN , USA.|d Indiana University Center for Aging Research , Regenstrief Institute, Inc. , Indianapolis , IN , USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3603-6158
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Holden
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006804:Ergonomics; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D061214:Patient Safety; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013714:Tennessee; D016903:Drug Monitoring
keywords: Patient safety; chronic disease; human factors in healthcare; medication adherence; resilience