title: Anti-Hyperuricemic, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Siegesbeckia orientalis L. Resulting from the Fraction with High Phenolic Content.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The medicinal plant Siegesbeckia orientalis L. has been commonly used for the treatment of acute arthritis, rheumatism, and gout in Vietnam. However, pharmacological research of this plant associated with gout has not been reported. Anti-hyperuricemic and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated and observed for the crude ethanol extract (CEE) of S. orientalis. Retention of these biological properties was found in a n-butanol-soluble fraction (BuOH fr.) of the extract, and therefore further biological and chemical investigations were undertaken on the BuOH fr. to support the medical relevance of this plant.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aerial part of S. orientalis was obtained in the mountainous region of Vietnam. The crude ethanol extract (CEE) and its BuOH fr. were prepared from the plant materials. Anti-hyperuricemic activities of the CEE and BuOH fr. were tested in vivo using the model oxonate-induced hyperuricemia rats through determination of serum uric acid levels and inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase (XO) in the rat liver. Anti-inflammatory activities of the BuOH fr. were also evaluated in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw edema and urate-induced synovitis in rats. Active components of the BuOH fr. were characterized by comparison of HPLC retention time (tR) and spectroscopic data (UV,1H-NMR) with those of reference compounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CEE of S. orientalis displayed anti-hyperuricemic activity, and the BuOH fr. was found to be the most active portion of the extract. Further in vivo studies on this fraction showed 31.4% decrease of serum uric acid levels, 32.7% inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO), 30.4% reduction of paw edema volume, symptomatic relief in urate-induced synovitis and significant analgesic effect at the dose of 120 mg/kg, as compared to the corresponding values of the control groups. Chemical analysis of the BuOH fr. revealed high phenolic content, identified as caffeic acid analogues and flavonones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggested that anti-hyperuricemic and anti-inflammatory mechanism of S. orientalis is related to XO inhibitory effect of the phenolic components. Our findings support the use of this plant as the treatment of gout and other inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Thuy Duong
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Standardization, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Phuong Thien
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Thuong
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, Jeonbuk, 55338, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In Hyun
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Thi Kim Huyen
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Standardization, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Minh Khoi
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam. anh90tk@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hoang Anh
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea. mkna@cnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: MinKyun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Na
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D002351:Carrageenan; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D014744:Vietnam; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014527:Uric Acid; D002351:Carrageenan; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase
keywords: Analgesic activity; Anti-hyperuricemic activity; Anti-inflammatory activity; Caffeic acid analogues; Flavonones; Siegesbeckia orientalis; Xanthine oxidase