title: Mixture toxicity of four commonly used pesticides at different effect levels to the epigeic earthworm, Eisenia fetida.
abstract: As commonly used pesticides, chlorpyrifos (CPF), fenobucarb (FEN), clothianidin (CLO) and acetochlor (ACE) are widely applied on crops worldwide. In this study, the combined toxicities of their binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures were evaluated using the earthworm Eisenia fetida as test organism. Mixture toxicities were studied using the combination index (CI) method and visualized by isobolograms, and then data were compared with traditional concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. Two binary mixtures of CPF+FEN and FEN+ACE, two ternary mixtures of CPF+CLO+FEN and CPF+FEN+ACE, and quaternary mixture of CPF+FEN+ACE+CLO exhibited a clear synergistic effect. The CI method was compared with the classical models of CA and IA, indicating that the CI method could accurately predict the combined toxicities of the chemicals. The results indicated that it was difficult to predict combined effects of these pesticides from mode of action alone because of existence of complicated synergistic and antagonistic responses. More attention should be paid to the potential synergistic effects of chemicals interactions, which might cause serious ecological problems.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control / Lab (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Guiling
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control / Lab (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control / Lab (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control / Lab (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
authors.forename: Huiyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control / Lab (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China. Electronic address: wq13575733860@126.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China. Electronic address: qyzcaas@163.com.
authors.forename: Yongzhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002219:Carbamates / Q000633:toxicity; D002681:China; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006146:Guanidines / Q000633:toxicity; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D014052:Toluidines / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D006146:Guanidines; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D010575:Pesticides; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013844:Thiazoles; D014052:Toluidines; C480342:clothianidin; C019276:BPMC; C043377:acetochlor; D004390:Chlorpyrifos
keywords: Combination Index; Mixture toxicity; Pesticide; Soil invertebrates; Terrestrial ecotoxicology