title: In vivo intrabursal administration of bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate enhances vascular integrity in a rat model of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
abstract: Can the bioactive lipid sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) act as an endothelial barrier-enhancing molecule and, in turn, restore the vascular integrity and homoeostasis in a rat model of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).
  
  
  
  In vivo administration of S1P may prevent the early onset of OHSS and decrease its severity.
  
  
  
  Although advances in the prediction and treatment of OHSS have been made, complete prevention has not been possible yet. S1P in follicular fluid from women at risk of developing OHSS are lower in comparison from women who are not at such risk and administration of S1P in an OHSS rat model decreases ovarian capillary permeability.
  
  
  
  We used an animal model that develops OHSS in immature Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into three groups: the control group, which was injected with 10 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG), and 10 IU of hCG 48 h later; the OHSS group, which was injected with excessive doses of PMSG (50 IU/day) for four consecutive days, followed by hCG; and the OHSS + S1P group, which was injected with the same doses of PMSG and hCG as the OHSS group and then treated with 5 μl S1P (1 mM) under the bursa of both ovaries, whereas the other groups of animals received the S1P vehicle.
  
  
  
  Rats were killed by decapitation 48 h after the hCG injection for ovary, endometrium and blood collection. The ovaries were weighed and then used for subsequent assays, while the serum was used for hormone assays. One of the ovaries from each rat (n = 6) was used for Western immunoblot and the other for immunohistochemical analysis. Statistical comparisons between groups were carried out.
  
  
  
  S1P administration reduced the ovarian weight (P < 0.05), and decreased the concentration of serum progesterone in the OHSS group compared to the OHSS group without treatment (P < 0.001). The percentage of antral follicles in the OHSS group was lower than that in the control group. S1P increased the percentage of antral follicles (P < 0.05) and decreased the percentage of corpora lutea (P < 0.01) and cystic structures in the OHSS group (P < 0.05). S1P had no effect on the expression levels of the enzymes 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) or cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), but reduced the levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in OHSS rat ovaries (P < 0.05). S1P decreased the endothelial (P < 0.05) and periendothelial (P < 0.01) cell area in OHSS rat ovaries. S1P restored the levels of N-cadherin and VE-cadherin proteins to control values. Furthermore, S1P enhanced the levels of claudin-5, occludin (P < 0.05) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) in OHSS (P < 0.01). In addition, no histological differences were found in endometrium between OHSS and S1P-treated OHSS animals.
  
  
  
  The results of this study were generated from an in vivo OHSS experimental model, which has been used by several authors and our group due to the similarity between the rat and human angiogenic systems. Further studies in patients will be needed to evaluate the effects of S1P in the pathogenesis of OHSS.
  
  
  
  These findings concern the pathophysiological importance of S1P in OHSS. More studies on the regulation of endothelial cell barrier function by S1P in reproductive pathological processes and its therapeutic application are required.
  
  
  
  N/A.
  
  
  
  This work was supported by grants from ANPCyT (PICT 2012-897), CONICET (PIP 5471), Roemmers and Baron Foundations, Argentina. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Pietro
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pascuali
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Leopoldina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Scotti
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Griselda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Irusta
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bas
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junin 954, C1113AAD, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.|Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tesone
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Dalhia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abramovich
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Parborell
mesh_terms: D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D062507:Claudin-5 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003338:Corpus Luteum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006064:Gonadotropins, Equine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D062793:Occludin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016471:Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000081025:Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; D000099152:Cadherin 5
chemical_list: D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015820:Cadherins; D062507:Claudin-5; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D006064:Gonadotropins, Equine; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D062793:Occludin; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011374:Progesterone; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid; D013110:Sphingosine; D000081025:Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; D000099152:Cadherin 5; C491510:Cldn5 protein, rat; C570099:N-cadherin, rat; C568987:Ocln protein, rat; C578616:S1PR1 protein, rat; C060506:sphingosine 1-phosphate
keywords: OHSS; angiogenesis; ovary; sphingolipids; vascular integrity