title: On-site Direct Detection of Astaxanthin from Salmon Fillet Using Raman Spectroscopy.
abstract: A new technology employing Raman spectroscopy is attracting attention as a powerful biochemical technique for the detection of beneficial and functional food nutrients, such as carotenoids and unsaturated fatty acids. This technique allows for the dynamic characterization of food nutrient substances for the rapid determination of food quality. In this study, we attempt to detect and measure astaxanthin from salmon fillets using this technology. The Raman spectra showed specific bands corresponding to the astaxanthin present in salmon and the value of astaxanthin (Raman band, 1518 cm-1) relative to those of protein/lipid (Raman band, 1446 cm-1) in the spectra increased in a dose-dependent manner. A standard curve was constructed by the standard addition method using astaxanthin as the reference standard for its quantification by Raman spectroscopy. The calculation formula was established using the Raman bands typically observed for astaxanthin (i.e., 1518 cm-1). In addition, we examined salmon fillets of different species (Atlantic salmon, coho salmon, and sockeye salmon) and five fillets obtained from the locations (from the head to tail) of an entire Atlantic salmon. Moreover, the sockeye salmon fillet exhibited the highest astaxanthin concentration (14.2 mg/kg), while coho salmon exhibited an intermediate concentration of 7.0 mg/kg. The Raman-based astaxanthin concentration in the five locations of Atlantic salmon was more strongly detected from the fillet closer to the tail. From the results, a rapid, convenient Raman spectroscopic method was developed for the detection of astaxanthin in salmon fillets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun-Ichi
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Hikima
authors.affiliation: Integrated Institute for Regulatory Science, Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Tsurumaki-cho, Sbinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Integrated Institute for Regulatory Science, Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Tsurumaki-cho, Sbinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan.|Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hiro-O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Hamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fish Health Management, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maita
authors.affiliation: Integrated Institute for Regulatory Science, Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Tsurumaki-cho, Sbinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunaga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yazawa
authors.affiliation: Integrated Institute for Regulatory Science, Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Tsurumaki-cho, Sbinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan.|Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu, Sbinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takeyama
authors.affiliation: Integrated Institute for Regulatory Science, Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Tsurumaki-cho, Sbinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-0041, Japan. takashi.aoki65@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aoki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063427:Food Quality; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis*; D012474:Salmon / Q000378:metabolism*; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological; D024341:Xanthophylls; C005948:astaxanthine
keywords: Astaxanthin; On-site direct detection; Raman spectroscopy; Salmon fillet