title: Avian blastoderm dormancy arrests cells in G2and suppresses apoptosis.
abstract: In most avian species, the early embryo suspends development when the ambient temperature is too low; the resultant dormant state is called cold torpor. However, very little is known about dormant avian embryos at the cellular level. To investigate the molecular processes that occur in the chicken blastoderm during cold torpor, we performed transcriptome analysis and investigated cellular responses in dormant embryos. In embryos stored at low temperature, we observed up-regulation of genes and proteins related to endoplasmic reticulum stress and stress-activated protein kinase signaling. In addition, the proportion of early apoptotic cells rose dramatically during torpor, whereas the proportion of late apoptotic cells was unchanged. Cell cycle analysis revealed that mitotic arrest occurred at the G2phase in a DNA damage-independent manner and that the arrest was alleviated after incubation at 37°C. Our data suggest that the dormant avian embryo tolerates cold stress by inducing stress-tolerance pathways, inhibiting late apoptosis, and triggering cell cycle arrest at the G2phase.-Ko, M. H., Hwang, Y. S., Rim, J. S., Han, H. J., Han, J. Y. Avian blastoderm dormancy arrests cells in G2and suppresses apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Mee Hyun
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young Sun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Seop
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rim
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Jae
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; jaehan@snu.ac.kr.|Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan.
authors.forename: Jae Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001756:Blastoderm / Q000502:physiology*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000502:physiology; D059565:G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000502:physiology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D059467:Transcriptome
keywords: ER stress; RNA sequencing; SAPK signaling; chicken