title: Blood flow-induced physically based guidewire simulation for vascular intervention training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A realistic guidewire behavior simulation is a vital component of a virtual vascular intervention system. Such systems are a safe, low-cost means of establishing a training environment to help inexperienced surgeons develop their intervention skills. Previous attempts to simulate the complex movement of a guidewire inside blood vessels have rarely considered the influence of blood flow. In this paper, we address this problem by integrating blood flow analysis and propose a novel guidewire simulation model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The blood flow distribution inside the arterial vasculature was computed by separating the vascular model into discrete cylindrical vessels and modeling the flow in each vessel according to Poiseuille Law. The blood flow computation was then integrated into a robust Kirchhoff elastic model. With hardware acceleration, the guidewire simulation can be run in real time. To evaluate the simulation, an experimental environment with a 3D-printed vascular phantom and an electromagnetic tracking system was set up, with clinically used guidewire sensors applied to trace its motion as the standard for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The virtual guidewire motion trace was assessed by comparing it to the comparison standard. The root-mean-square (RMS) value of the newly proposed guidewire model was 2.14 mm ± 1.24 mm, lower than the value of 4.81 mm ± 3.80 mm for the previous Kirchhoff model, while maintaining a computation speed of at least 30 fps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental results revealed that the blood flow-induced model exhibits better performance and physical credibility with a lower and more stable RMS error than the previous Kirchhoff model.
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jiayin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking, 100005, China. drxiehz@163.com.
authors.forename: Hongzhi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking, 100005, China.
authors.forename: Shuyang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. gulixu@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Lixu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gu
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Blood flow analysis; Physically based guidewire simulation; Poiseuille Law; Vascular intervention