title: New test method for the evaluation of the preservation efficacy of soaps at very alkaline pH made by saponification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop a test method to evaluate the preservation efficacy for a specific product, a very high-alkaline liquid soap (pH around 10) made by a saponification process. Several manufacturers have experienced contamination issues with these high-pH soaps despite passing a classic preservative efficacy challenge test or even a multi-inoculation challenge test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bacteria were isolated from contaminated soaps and were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. High-alkaline-pH unpreserved soaps were tested using the Thor Personal Care internal multichallenge test method (TM206) with classical microorganisms and then with the bacterial strains isolated from various contaminated soaps (TM768). Preservatives were added to these soaps and assessed for their efficacy using the newly developed test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four different species of bacteria (Nesterenkonia lacusekhoensis, Dermacoccus sp., Halomonas sp. and Roseomonas sp.) were identified by sequencing among the contaminants of the various soaps tested. Among these, only one bacterial species, Nesterenkonia lacusekhoensis, appeared to be responsible for the specific contamination of these high-alkaline soaps. Thus, one specific wild-type strain of Nesterenkonia lacusekhoensis, named as strain 768, was used in a new multi-inoculation test (TM768). Unlike the single inoculation challenge test, the multi-inoculation test using the Nesterenkonia strain 768 was able to predict the sensitivity of a product towards this bacterium. Among the 27 different preservatives tested, 10 were able to protect the formula against contamination with this bacterium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study enabled the development of a test method to evaluate the efficacy of preservation using a specific bacterium, Nesterenkonia lacusekhoensis, responsible for the contamination of very alkaline soaps made by saponification and identify an appropriate preservative system.
authors.affiliation: Thor Personal Care SAS, Microbiology Department, 147 rue Irène Joliot-Curie, Compiègne, 60208, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2617-9729
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Témoin-Fardini
authors.affiliation: Thor Personal Care SAS, Microbiology Department, 147 rue Irène Joliot-Curie, Compiègne, 60208, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Servant
authors.affiliation: Thor Personal Care SAS, Microbiology Department, 147 rue Irène Joliot-Curie, Compiègne, 60208, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sellam
mesh_terms: D000468:Alkalies / Q000737:chemistry*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry*; D012915:Soaps
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012503:Saponins; D012915:Soaps
keywords: liquid soaps; microbiology; preservation system; saponification