title: Improving reproducibility and external validity. The role of standardization and data reporting of laboratory rat husbandry and housing.
abstract: To identify the most relevant flaws in standardization in husbandry practices and lack of transparency to report them. This review proposes some measures in order to improve transparency, reproducibility and eventually external validity in experimental surgery experiments with rat model.
  We performed a search of scientific articles in PUBMED data base. The survey was conducted from august 2016 to January 2017. The keywords used were "reproducibility", "external validity", "rat model", "rat husbandry", "rat housing", and the time frame was up to January 2017. Articles discarded were the ones which the abstract or the key words did not imply that the authors would discuss any relationship of husbandry and housing with the reproducibility and transparency of reporting animal experiment. Reviews and papers that discussed specifically reproducibility and data reporting transparency were laboriously explored, including references for other articles that could fulfil the inclusion criteria. A total of 246 articles were initially found but only 44 were selected.
  Lack of transparency is the rule and not the exception when reporting results with rat model. This results in poor reproducibility and low external validity with the consequence of considerable loss of time and financial resources. There are still much to be done to improve compliance and adherence of researchers, editors and reviewers to adopt guidelines to mitigate some of the challenges that can impair reproducibility and external validity.
  Authors and reviewers should avoid pitfalls of absent, insufficient or inaccurate description of relevant information the rat model used. This information should be correctly published or reported on another source easily available for readers. Environmental conditions are well known by laboratory animal personnel and are well controlled in housing facilities, but usually neglected in experimental laboratories when the rat model is a novelty for the researcher.
authors.affiliation: Fellow Master degree, Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB). DVM, Experimental and Compared Surgery Laboratory, Armed Forces Hospital, Brasilia-DF, Brazil. Acquisition of data, manuscript writing.
authors.forename: José Luiz
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fontoura-Andrade
authors.affiliation: PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, UnB, Brasilia-DF, Brazil. Manuscript writing, critical revision.
authors.forename: Rivadávio Fernandes Batista de
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.affiliation: PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, UnB, Brasilia-DF, Brazil. Manuscript writing, critical revision.
authors.forename: João Batista de
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sousa
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000367:Age Factors; D032761:Animal Experimentation / Q000592:standards*; D000821:Animal Feed; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000592:standards*; D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards*; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D008029:Lighting; D023421:Models, Animal; D051381:Rats; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D012737:Sex Factors