title: Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Renally Cleared Drugs in Pregnant Women.
abstract: Since pregnant women are considerably underrepresented in clinical trials, information on optimal dosing in pregnancy is widely lacking. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling may provide a method for predicting pharmacokinetic changes in pregnancy to guide subsequent in vivo pharmacokinetic trials in pregnant women, minimizing associated risks.
  
  
  
  The goal of this study was to build and verify a population PBPK model that predicts the maternal pharmacokinetics of three predominantly renally cleared drugs (namely cefazolin, cefuroxime, and cefradine) at different stages of pregnancy. It was further evaluated whether the fraction unbound (fu) could be estimated in pregnant women using a proposed scaling approach.
  
  
  
  Based on a recent literature review on anatomical and physiological changes during pregnancy, a pregnancy population PBPK model was built using the software PK-Sim®/MoBi®. This model comprised 27 compartments, including nine pregnancy-specific compartments. The PBPK model was verified by comparing the predicted maternal pharmacokinetics of cefazolin, cefuroxime, and cefradine with observed in vivo data taken from the literature. The proposed scaling approach for estimating the fuin pregnancy was evaluated by comparing the predicted fuwith experimentally observed fuvalues of 32 drugs taken from the literature.
  
  
  
  The pregnancy population PBPK model successfully predicted the pharmacokinetics of cefazolin, cefuroxime, and cefradine at all tested stages of pregnancy. All predicted plasma concentrations fell within a 2-fold error range and 85% of the predicted concentrations within a 1.25-fold error range. The fuin pregnancy could be adequately predicted using the proposed scaling approach, although a slight underestimation was evident in case of drugs bound to α1-acidic glycoprotein.
  
  
  
  Pregnancy population PBPK models can provide a valuable tool to predict a priori the pharmacokinetics of predominantly renally cleared drugs in pregnant women. These models can ultimately support informed decision making regarding optimal dosing regimens in this vulnerable special population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry-Clinical Pharmacy, Westfälische Wilhelm-University Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dallmann
authors.affiliation: Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Systems Pharmacology & Medicine I, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51373, Leverkusen, Germany. ibrahim.ince@bayer.com.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9036-7305
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ince
authors.affiliation: Bayer AG, ET-TD-ET Systems Pharmacology ONC, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany.
authors.forename: Juri
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Solodenko
authors.affiliation: Bayer AG, DD-CS Clinical Pharmacometrics, 42113, Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Bayer AG, DD-CS Clinical Pharmacometrics, 42113, Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willmann
authors.affiliation: Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Systems Pharmacology & Medicine I, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51373, Leverkusen, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eissing
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry-Clinical Pharmacy, Westfälische Wilhelm-University Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hempel
mesh_terms: D002437:Cefazolin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002444:Cefuroxime / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002515:Cephradine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D065667:Renal Elimination
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D002515:Cephradine; D002437:Cefazolin; D002444:Cefuroxime