title: Long and short noncoding RNAs in lung cancer precision medicine: Opportunities and challenges.
abstract: The long and short noncoding RNAs have been involved in the molecular diagnosis, targeted therapy, and predicting prognosis of lung cancer. Utilizing noncoding RNAs as biomarkers and systemic RNA interference as an innovative therapeutic strategy has an immense likelihood to generate novel concepts in precision oncology. Targeting of RNA interference payloads such as small interfering RNAs, microRNA mimetic, or anti-microRNA (antagomirs) into specific cell types has achieved initial success. The clinical trials of noncoding RNA-based therapies are on the way with some positive results. Many attempts are done for developing novel noncoding RNA delivery strategies that could overcome systemic or local barriers. Furthermore, it precipitates concerted efforts to define the molecular subtypes of lung cancer, characterize the genomic landscape of lung cancer subtypes, identify novel therapeutic targets, and reveal mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance to targeted therapies. These efforts contribute a visible effect now in lung cancer precision medicine: patients receive molecular testing to determine whether their tumor harbors an actionable come resistance to the first-generation drugs are in clinical trials, and drugs targeting the immune system are showing activity in patients. This extraordinary promise is tempered by the sobering fact that even the newest treatments for metastatic disease are rarely curative and are effective only in a small fraction of all patients. Thus, ongoing and future efforts to find new vulnerabilities of lung cancers unravel the complexity of drug resistance, increase the efficacy of immunotherapies, and perform biomarker-driven clinical trials are necessary to improve the outcome of lung cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China.|2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China.|3 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, China.
authors.forename: Haihua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China.
authors.forename: Chengwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China.|2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China.|2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China.
authors.forename: Jingqiu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China.|2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China.
authors.forename: Zhaohui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D057285:Precision Medicine; D034622:RNA Interference; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000502:physiology; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D058727:RNA, Small Untranslated
keywords: Precision medicine; long noncoding RNA; lung cancer; microRNA; small interfering RNA; targeted therapy