title: The effect of blood transfusion on compensatory reserve: A prospective clinical trial.
abstract: Bleeding activates the body's compensatory mechanisms, causing changes in vital signs to appear late in the course of progressive blood loss. These vital signs are maintained even when up to 30% to 40% of blood volume is lost. Laboratory tests such as hemoglobin, hematocrit, lactate, and base deficit levels do not change during acute phase of bleeding. The compensatory reserve measurement (CRM) represents a new paradigm that measures the total of all physiological compensatory mechanisms, using noninvasive photoplethysmography to read changes in arterial waveforms. This study compared CRM to traditional vital signs and laboratory tests in actively bleeding patients.
  
  
  
  Study patients had gastrointestinal bleeding and required red blood cell (RBC) transfusion (n = 31). Control group patients had similar demographic and medical backgrounds. They were undergoing minor surgical procedures and not expected to receive RBC transfusion. Vital signs, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, and CRM were recorded before and after RBC transfusion or the appropriate time interval for the control group. Receiver operator characteristic curves were plotted and areas under the curves (AUCs) were compared.
  
  
  
  CRM increased 10.5% after RBC transfusion, from 0.77 to 0.85 (p < 0.005). Hemoglobin level increased 22.4% after RBC transfusion from 7.3 to 8.7 (p < 0.005). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, and heart rate did change significantly. The AUC for CRM as a single measurement for predicting hemorrhage at admission was 0.79, systolic blood pressure was 0.62, for heart rate was 0.60, and pulse pressure was 0.36.
  
  
  
  This study demonstrated that CRM is more sensitive to changes in blood volume than traditional vital signs are and could be used to monitor and assess resuscitation of actively bleeding patients.
  
  
  
  Care management, level II.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery "A" Meir Medical Center (A.B., O.Y., T.H., R.A.-K., A.B., H.P.), Kfar Saba and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps (A.B., R.N., E.G., A.Y.), Tel Hasomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Surgery (E.G.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; and Battlefield Health & Trauma Center for Human Integrative Physiology Combat Casualty Care Research Program (V.A.C.), US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft. Sam, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benov
authors.forename: Ori
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yaslowitz
authors.forename: Tal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.forename: Rotem
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amir-Keret
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nadler
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Elon
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Glassberg
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yitzhak
authors.forename: Victor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Convertino
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Paran
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055986:Vital Signs