title: Bacillus methylotrophicus M4-96 isolated from maize (Zea mays) rhizoplane increases growth and auxin content in Arabidopsis thaliana via emission of volatiles.
abstract: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria stimulate plant growth and development via different mechanisms. In this study, we characterized the effect of volatiles from Bacillus methylotrophicus M4-96 isolated from the maize rhizosphere on root and shoot development, and auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytostimulation occurred after 4 days of interaction between M4-96 and Arabidopsis grown on opposite sides of divided Petri plates, as revealed by enhanced primary root growth, root branching, leaf formation, and shoot biomass accumulation. Analysis of indole-3-acetic acid content revealed two- and threefold higher accumulation in the shoot and root of bacterized seedlings, respectively, compared to uninoculated plants, which was correlated with increased expression of the auxin response marker DR5::GUS. The auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid inhibited primary root growth and lateral root formation in axenically grown seedlings and antagonized the plant growth-promoting effects of M4-96. Analysis of bacterial volatile compounds revealed the presence of four classes of compounds, including ten ketones, eight alcohols, one aldehyde, and two hydrocarbons. However, the abundance of ketones and alcohols represented 88.73 and 8.05%, respectively, of all airborne signals detected, with acetoin being the main compound produced. Application of acetoin had a different effect from application of volatiles, suggesting that either the entire pool or acetoin acting in concert with another unidentified compound underlies the strong phytostimulatory response. Taken together, our results show that B. methylotrophicus M4-96 generates bioactive volatiles that increase the active auxin pool of plants, stimulate the growth and formation of new organs, and reprogram root morphogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pérez-Flores
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valencia-Cantero
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Josué
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Altamirano-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pelagio-Flores
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Bucio
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
authors.forename: Perla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: García-Juárez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. lmacias@umich.mx.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Macías-Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001407:Bacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D027343:Rhizome / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D003313:Zea mays / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C030737:indoleacetic acid
keywords: 1-Naphthylphthalamic acid; Acetoin; Arabidopsis; Auxin; Bacillus methylotrophicus; Morphogenesis