title: Lifestyle and Physiological Factors Associated with Facial Wrinkling in Men and Women.
abstract: Facial wrinkling is one of the most notable signs of skin aging. Men and women show different wrinkling patterns yet the lifestyle and physiological factors underlying these sex-specific patterns are relatively unknown. Here, we investigated sex-specific determinants for facial wrinkles. Wrinkle area was quantified digitally using facial photographs of 3,831 northwestern Europeans (51-98 years, 58% female). Effect estimates from multivariable linear regressions are presented as the percentage difference in the mean value of wrinkle area per unit increase of a determinant (%Δ). Wrinkle area was higher in men (median 4.5%, interquartile range: 2.9-6.3) than in women (3.6%, interquartile range: 2.2-5.6). Age was the strongest determinant, and current smoking (men: 15.5%Δ; women: 30.9%Δ) and lower body mass index (men: 1.7%Δ; women: 1.8%Δ) were also statistically significantly associated with increased wrinkling. Pale skin color showed a protective effect (men: -21.0%Δ; women: -28.5%Δ) and, in men, sunburn tendency was associated with less wrinkling. In women, low educational levels and alcohol use were associated with more wrinkling, whereas female pattern hair loss and a higher free androgen index were associated with less wrinkling. In summary, we validated known and identified additional determinants for wrinkling. Skin aging-reducing strategies should incorporate the sex differences found in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Merel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Luba M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leonie C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M Arfan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ikram
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joop S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Laven
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kayser
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Loes M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hollestein
authors.affiliation: Unilever Research and Development, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: t.nijsten@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nijsten
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*