title: Co-metabolic enhancement of organic removal from waste water in the presence of high levels of alkyl paraben constituents of cosmetic and personal care products.
abstract: The enhanced removal of organic material from municipal waste water containing 50 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand and a given amount of alkyl paraben using a biofilm system was investigated. The parabens used were methyl, ethyl, and propyl paraben. The experiments were conducted at influent paraben concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/L. The influent pH was measured around 4.6 because of paraben hydrolysis. The effluent pH increased due to hydrogen consumption and small molecular acid generation. The higher removal rates were observed for the paraben with longer alkyl chains, which were more hydrophobic and capable of penetrating into microbial cells. The co-existing organic constituents in municipal waste water were found to be competitive with paraben molecules for microbial degradation at low paraben loading (i.e., 10 mg/L). Instead, the co-metabolic effect was observed at a higher paraben loading (i.e., 50 mg/L) due to more active enzymatic catalysis, implying the possible enhancement or organic removal in the presence of high levels of parabens. The difference in BOD and TOC removing ratios for parabens decreased with increasing HRT, implying their better mineralization than that of municipal organic constituents. This was because the microbial organism became more adapted to the reacting system with longer HRT, and more oxygenase was produced to facilitate the catechol formation and ring-opening reactions, causing apparent enhancement in mineralization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. Electronic address: chfan@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chihhao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Geographic Information Technology Co., Ltd., Taipei, 10694, Taiwan. Electronic address: wangsc0430@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shin-Chih
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry*; D010226:Parabens / Q000737:chemistry*; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical / Q000737:chemistry; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics; D010226:Parabens; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Alkyl chain length; Biofilm system; Co-metabolism; Paraben; Phylogenetic analysis