title: Frequency of nodular goiter and autoimmune thyroid disease and association of these disorders with insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome.
abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent endocrine disease in women. Nodular goiter and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) are endocrinologic abnormalities that have high prevalence. The purpose of our study was to detect the prevalence of AITD and nodular goiter in patients with PCOS and investigate whether PCOS-related hormones and metabolic factors affect these thyroid disorders.
  
  
  
  Ninety-seven women with PCOS and 71 healthy female volunteers were recruited into the study. Serum-free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, anti-thyroperoxidase antibody and anti-thyroglobulin antibody levels were evaluated. Thyroid volume (TV) was calculated using ultrasonography.
  
  
  
  The body mass index (BMI), Waist/Hip ratio, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and low-density lipoproteins, and fasting insulin were significantly higher in the PCOS group (p<.05). The control group had significantly higher serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol results (p=.005). The mean TV was 11.4±4.7 mL in the PCOS group and 9.9±2.8 mL in the controls (p=.022). Twenty-nine patients with PCOS (29/97; 29.9%) had thyroid nodules, whereas only eleven control subjects had thyroid nodules (11/71; 15.5%) (p=.043). The frequency of AITD was significantly higher in the PCOS group (p=.001). A statistically significant relationship was found between TV and age, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, BMI, and fasting insulin (p<.05). Participants with thyroid nodules were older and had higher fasting glucose, BMI, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR values compared with those without thyroid nodules (p<.05).
  
  
  
  We demonstrated that TV and frequency of nodular goiter were increased in patients with PCOS. This result was related with insulin resistance. Therefore, we recommend that patients with PCOS must be investigated for the development of nodular goiter and AITD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Melia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karaköse
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hepsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erman
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Çakal
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Müyesser
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saykı Arslan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tutal
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Şafak
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Akın
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: İlknur
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Ünsal
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dışkapı Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Özbek
keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome; autoimmune thyroid disease; nodular goiter insulin resistance.