title: Physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of an experimental resin-based pulp capping material containing the quaternary ammonium salt and Portland cement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate in vitro the physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and calcium phosphate nucleation of an experimental light-curable pulp capping material composed of a resin with antibacterial monomer (MAE-DB) and Portland cement (PC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental material was prepared by mixing PC with a resin containing MAE-DB at a 2 : 1 ratio. Cured pure resin containing MAE-DB served as control resin. ProRoot MTA and Dycal served as commercial controls. The depth of cure, degree of monomer conversion, water absorption and solubility of dry samples, calcium release, alkalinizing activity, calcium phosphate nucleation and the cytotoxicity of materials were evaluated. Statistical analysis was carried out using anova followed by Tukey's HSD test (equal variance assumed) or Tamhane test (equal variance not assumed) and independent-samples t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental material had a cure depth of 1.19 mm, and the mean degree of monomer conversion was 70.93% immediately post-cure and 88.75% at 24 h post-cure. The water absorption of the experimental material was between those of MTA and Dycal, and its solubility was significantly less (P < 0.05) than that of Dycal and higher than that of MTA. The experimental material exhibited continuous calcium release and an alkalinizing power between those of MTA and Dycal throughout the test period. Freshly set experimental material, control resin and all 24-h set materials had acceptable cytotoxicity. The experimental material, MTA and Dycal all exhibited the formation of apatite precipitates after immersion in phosphate-buffered saline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental material possessed adequate physicochemical properties, low cytotoxicity and good calcium phosphate nucleation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.|State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Y W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5457-1023
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
authors.forename: Y N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: X D
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of General Dentistry and Emergency, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D003785:Dental Pulp Capping; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
keywords: calcium phosphate nucleation; cytotoxicity; physicochemical properties; pulp capping material; quaternary ammonium salt