title: Insights into the phylogeny of Northern Hemisphere Armillaria: Neighbor-net and Bayesian analyses of translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequences.
abstract: Armillaria possesses several intriguing characteristics that have inspired wide interest in understanding phylogenetic relationships within and among species of this genus. Nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence-based analyses of Armillaria provide only limited information for phylogenetic studies among widely divergent taxa. More recent studies have shown that translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) sequences are highly informative for phylogenetic analysis of Armillaria species within diverse global regions. This study used Neighbor-net and coalescence-based Bayesian analyses to examine phylogenetic relationships of newly determined and existing tef1 sequences derived from diverse Armillaria species from across the Northern Hemisphere, with Southern Hemisphere Armillaria species included for reference. Based on the Bayesian analysis of tef1 sequences, Armillaria species from the Northern Hemisphere are generally contained within the following four superclades, which are named according to the specific epithet of the most frequently cited species within the superclade: (i) Socialis/Tabescens (exannulate) superclade including Eurasian A. ectypa, North American A. socialis (A. tabescens), and Eurasian A. socialis (A. tabescens) clades; (ii) Mellea superclade including undescribed annulate North American Armillaria sp. (Mexico) and four separate clades of A. mellea (Europe and Iran, eastern Asia, and two groups from North America); (iii) Gallica superclade including Armillaria Nag E (Japan), multiple clades of A. gallica (Asia and Europe), A. calvescens (eastern North America), A. cepistipes (North America), A. altimontana (western USA), A. nabsnona (North America and Japan), and at least two A. gallica clades (North America); and (iv) Solidipes/Ostoyae superclade including two A. solidipes/ostoyae clades (North America), A. gemina (eastern USA), A. solidipes/ostoyae (Eurasia), A. cepistipes (Europe and Japan), A. sinapina (North America and Japan), and A. borealis (Eurasia) clade 2. Of note is that A. borealis (Eurasia) clade 1 appears basal to the Solidipes/Ostoyae and Gallica superclades. The Neighbor-net analysis showed similar phylogenetic relationships. This study further demonstrates the utility of tef1 for global phylogenetic studies of Armillaria species and provides critical insights into multiple taxonomic issues that warrant further study.
authors.affiliation: a United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service , Rocky Mountain Research Station , 1221 South Main Street, Moscow , Idaho 83843.
authors.forename: Ned B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Klopfenstein
authors.affiliation: b Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management , Colorado State University , 307 University Avenue, Ft. Collins , Colorado 80523.
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: c College of Bioresource Sciences , Nihon University , 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880 , Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.affiliation: a United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service , Rocky Mountain Research Station , 1221 South Main Street, Moscow , Idaho 83843.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.affiliation: d United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service , Rocky Mountain Research Station , 735 North 500 East, Provo , Utah 84606.
authors.forename: Bryce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: a United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service , Rocky Mountain Research Station , 1221 South Main Street, Moscow , Idaho 83843.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ross-Davis
authors.affiliation: e Departamento de Agronomía, División de Ciencias de la Vida , Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato , C.P. 36824 , Apdo. Postal 311, Irapuato , Guanajuato , México.
authors.forename: Rubén D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Elías-Román
authors.affiliation: f Isontammentie 90 , FI-02400 Kirkkonummi , Finland.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Korhonen
authors.affiliation: g Faculty of Forestry , University of Belgrade , Kneza Viseslava 1, 11030 Belgrade , Serbia.
authors.forename: Nenad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Keča
authors.affiliation: h Neiker Tecnalia, Production and Plant Protection , Granja Modelo de Arkaute , 46 Post, Vitoria-Gasteiz , 01080 , Spain.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iturritxa
authors.affiliation: i Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo , Instituto de Fitosanidad-Fitopatología , Texcoco 56230 , México.
authors.forename: Dionicio
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alvarado-Rosales
authors.affiliation: j Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research , Pb 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway.
authors.forename: Halvor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Solheim
authors.affiliation: k UMass Extension, Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01002.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Brazee
authors.affiliation: l Department of Forest Pathology , Poznan University of Life Sciences , Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań , Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Łakomy
authors.affiliation: m Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre , 230 53 Alnarp , Sweden.
authors.forename: Michelle R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.affiliation: n Kansai Research Center , Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute , 68 Nagai-Kyutaro, Momoyama, Fushimi , Kyoto 612-0855 , Japan.
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: o Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine , University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan and Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute , Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8687 , Japan.
authors.forename: Taisei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: p Facultad de Ciencias Forestales , Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León , Linares , Nuevo León , Mexico.
authors.forename: Fortunato
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garza-Ocañas
authors.affiliation: q NAGREF-Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems , Terma Alkmanos , 11528 Athens, B.O. 14180 , Greece.
authors.forename: Panaghiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsopelas
authors.affiliation: r Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL , Zuercherstrasse 111 , CH-8903 Birmensdorf , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rigling
authors.affiliation: r Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL , Zuercherstrasse 111 , CH-8903 Birmensdorf , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prospero
authors.affiliation: r Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL , Zuercherstrasse 111 , CH-8903 Birmensdorf , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tetyana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsykun
authors.affiliation: s Canadian Forest Service , Natural Resources Canada , PO Box 10380 Stn Sainte-Foy, Quebec City , Quebec G1V 4C7 , Canada.
authors.forename: Jean A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bérubé
authors.affiliation: t Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , KW Neatby Bldg , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0C6 Canada.
authors.forename: Franck O P
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Stefani
authors.affiliation: u Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources , University of Tehran , Karaj , 31587-77871 , Iran.
authors.forename: Saeideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jafarpour
authors.affiliation: v Moravian Museum , Department of Botany , Zelny trh 6, 659 37 Brno , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vladimír
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Antonín
authors.affiliation: w Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology , Mendel University in Brno , Zemědělská 3, CZ-613 00 Brno , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomšovský
authors.affiliation: a United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service , Rocky Mountain Research Station , 1221 South Main Street, Moscow , Idaho 83843.
authors.forename: Geral I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: x Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen AB24 2TZ , Scotland , UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.affiliation: y Department of Forestry, Environment and Systems , Kookmin University , Seoul 02707 , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mee-Sook
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D055392:Armillaria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D001208:Asia; D005060:Europe; D009656:North America; D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D020648:Peptide Elongation Factor 1
keywords: Agaricales; Armillaria; Bayesian analysis; split network; taxonomy; translation elongation factor 1-α gene