title: Rapid and accurate peripheral nerve imaging by multipoint Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: Raman spectroscopy allows label-free, minimally invasive, and accurate detection of peripheral nerves. However, the conventional Raman imaging technique is time-consuming when measuring a large area of a sample. Establishing a method for rapidly acquiring spatial distribution of a bundle of peripheral nerve fibers is an essential step for Raman spectroscopy towards application in clinical surgery. Here we present a multipoint Raman spectroscopic technique for rapid peripheral nerve imaging. In only 5 seconds, spectra at 32 points situated on ex vivo rat peripheral nerve bundles and adjoining connective tissues were acquired. Principal component regression and discriminant analysis of spectra revealed that the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for nerve detection were 85.8%, 96.0%, and 90.8%, respectively. Of 158 peripheral nerves, 152 (96.2%) showed ratio of the number of nerve-positive prediction points to the total measurement points being 0.4 or larger, whereas 119 (99.2%) connective tissues among 120 showed ratio smaller than 0.4. Based on the ratio and a bright-field image of the sample, accurate visualization of peripheral nerves was implemented. The results indicated that the multipoint Raman spectroscopic technique is capable of rapid and accurate peripheral nerve imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kumamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Photonics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Kyoto, Japan. ttakam@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takamatsu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*