title: Aminochrome induces microglia and astrocyte activation.
abstract: Aminochrome has been suggested as a more physiological preclinical model capable of inducing five of the six mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Until now, there is no evidence that aminochrome induces glial activation related to neuroinflammation, an important mechanism involved in the loss of dopaminergic neurons. In this study, the potential role of aminochrome on glial activation was studied in primary mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures and microglial primary culture from Wistar rats. We demonstrated that aminochrome induced a reduction in the number of viable cells on cultures exposed to concentration between 10 and 100μM. Moreover, aminochrome induces neuronal death determined by Fluoro-jade B. Furthermore, we demonstrated that aminochrome induced reduction in the number of TH-immunoreactive neurons and reactive gliosis, featured by morphological changes in GFAP+and Iba1+cells, increase in the number of OX-42+cells and increase in the number of NF-κB p50 immunoreactive cells. These results demonstrate aminochrome neuroinflammatory ability and support the hypothesis that it may be a better PD preclinical model to find new pharmacological treatment that stop the development of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cleonice C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fillipe M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana H C
authors.initials: JHC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Grangeiro
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Érica N
authors.initials: ÉN
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Érica Patricia L
authors.initials: ÉPL
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cleide S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Segura-Aguilar
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Electronic address: vdsilva@ufba.br.
authors.forename: Victor Diogenes A
authors.initials: VDA
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045563:Indolequinones / Q000633:toxicity*; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D039481:CD11b Antigen; D045563:Indolequinones; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit; C091584:aminochrome 1
keywords: Astrogliosis; Dopamine; Microgliosis; Neuroinflammation; Parkinson's disease