title: Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes among women with previous gestational diabetes: epidemiological and immunological aspects in a follow-up of three years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to verify the incidence on the development of type 2 diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes with and without periodontitis after a three-year time interval.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initial sample of this follow-up study consisted of 90 women diagnosed with gestational diabetes who underwent periodontal examination. After three years, 49 women were subjected to new periodontal examination and biological, behavioral, and social data of interest were collected. Additionally, the quantification of the C-reactive protein in blood samples was performed. Fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels were requested. Saliva samples were collected for quantification of interleukin 6 and 10, tumor necrosis factor α, matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 18.4% and of periodontitis was 10.2%. There was no significant difference in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among women with and without periodontitis. It was observed impact of C-reactive protein in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it was not observed impact of periodontitis on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus among women with previous gestational diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was not observed impact of periodontitis on the development of type 2 diabetes among women with previous gestational diabetes. The impact of C-reactive protein in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus highlights the importance of an inflammatory process in the diabetes pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Periodontologia e Patologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rafael Paschoal
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Esteves Lima
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Periodontologia e Patologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
authors.forename: Luis Otávio Miranda
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Cota
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Periodontologia e Patologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
authors.forename: Tarcília Aparecida
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Taubaté, Centro de Pesquisa Periodontal, Taubaté, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Sheila Cavalca
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cortelli
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Taubaté, Centro de Pesquisa Periodontal, Taubaté, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: José Roberto
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cortelli
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Periodontologia e Patologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
authors.forename: Fernando Oliveira
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000032:analysis; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D016753:Interleukin-10; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha