title: Bizarreness and Emotion Identification in Grete Stern Photomontages: Gender and Age Disparities.
abstract: Although the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) is used to evaluate emotions (valence, arousal, and dominance evoked by a large set of photographs), bizarre images in works of art have not been assessed with the IAPS procedures. Understood here as strange, non-sense, and absurd mental contents or expressions accompanied by surprise and confusion emotions, bizarreness was assessed after healthy adult volunteers assigned this specified variable to 140 Grete Stern's photomontages overtly intended to illustrate strange, absurd, and non-sensical contents in dream reports. The images were presented to 21 Young Males (YM) and 30 Young Females (YF) who were instructed to use the IAPS Self-Assessment Manikin, along with an additional bizarre-to-normal scale, to evaluate their response to them. The valence and the bizarre-to-normal ratings showed a dissimilar pattern of distribution between genders. Ratings of scales were different, and a greater variation in scales occurred according to gender. When bizarreness was appraised, gender differences became more evident especially for YF, who rated half of the images as bizarre, and with a diminished feeling of control, while the neutral and normal images were deemed more pleased and controlled. Valence, bizarreness, and dominance formed a different component than arousal in both groups. Negative correlations between valence and dominance, and between valence and bizarreness were also found in both groups, plus a positive one for dominance and bizarreness in YF, along with curvilinear relationships among all scales. On a second experiment, 10 photomontages evaluated by YF asbizarreor asnormalwere administered to 18 Old Males (OM) and 28 Old Females (OF). OF's arousal showed less neutral evaluations than OM's. In OF the bizarre images evoked either more excitation or calmness than in OM. The distribution of the bizarre-to-normal scale was significantly different across the evaluations in YM, YF, OM, and OF. The use of this extended IAPS instrument to explore bizarreness and emotional variables in response to art images seems suitable and potentially valuable to characterize bizarre, absurd, or non-sensical mental states and their brain correlates.
authors.affiliation: Cátedras CONACyT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaMexico City, Mexico; Área Académica de Gerontología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de HidalgoPachuca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosales-Lagarde
authors.affiliation: Cátedras CONACyT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaMexico City, Mexico; Área Académica de Gerontología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de HidalgoPachuca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Claudia Isabel
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Martínez-Alcalá
authors.affiliation: Área Académica de Gerontología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Pachuca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pliego-Pastrana
authors.affiliation: Área Académica de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Pachuca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Eva María
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Molina-Trinidad
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Historia y Filosofía de la Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: José-Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Díaz
keywords: Grete Stern; age; art; bizarreness; emotion; gender