title: In vitro assessment of skin sensitization, photosensitization and phototoxicity potential of commercial glyphosate-containing formulations.
abstract: This study evaluated the applicability of a modified Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) (OECD N° 442C, 2015) through the 10-fold reduction of reaction volume (micro-DPRA, mDPRA) for skin sensitization evaluation of six commercial glyphosate-containing formulations. In addition, another modification of DPRA was proposed by adding a UVA (5J/cm2) irradiation step, namely photo-mDPRA, to better characterize (photo)sensitizer materials. The phototoxicity profile of pesticides was also evaluated using the 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test (3T3-NRU-PT) (OECD N° 432, 2004). The mDPRA could represent an environmentally acceptable test approach, since it reduces costs and organic waste. Peptide depletion was greater in photo-mDPRA and changed the reactivity class of each test material, in comparison to mDPRA. Thus, the association of mDPRA with photo-mDPRA was better for correctly characterizing human (photo)sensitizer substances and pesticides. In general, cysteine depletion was greater than that of lysine for all materials tested in both mDPRA and photo-mDPRA. Furthermore, while 3T3-NRU-PT is unable to predict (photo)sensitizers, it was capable of correctly identifying the phototoxic potential of the tested agrochemical formulations. In conclusion, mDPRA plus photo-mDPRA and 3T3-NRU-PT seem to be preliminary non-animal test batteries for skin (photo)sensitization/phototoxicity assessment of chemicals, agrochemical formulations and their ingredients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato Ivan
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: de Ávila
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel Campos
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Danillo Fabrini Maciel Costa
authors.initials: DFMC
authors.lastname: Veloso
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Larissa Cleres
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliana Martins
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil. Electronic address: marizeufg@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marize Campos
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Valadares
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D041702:BALB 3T3 Cells; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D017484:Dermatitis, Phototoxic / Q000473:pathology*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009499:Neutral Red; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D003545:Cysteine; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D008239:Lysine; D009499:Neutral Red; D000097797:Glyphosate
keywords: Agrochemical mixtures; Glyphosate; Non-animal testing; Phototoxicity; Skin photosensitization; Skin sensitization