title: Intravenous anaesthesia using detomidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin for laparotomy in pregnant pony mares.
abstract: Objective To characterize intravenous anaesthesia with detomidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin in pregnant ponies. Animals Twelve pony mares, at 260-320 days gestation undergoing abdominal surgery to implant fetal and maternal vascular catheters. Materials and methods Pre-anaesthetic medication with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (30 µg kg-1), butorphanol (20 µg kg-1) and detomidine (10 µg kg-1) preceded induction of anaesthesia with detomidine (10 µg kg-1) and ketamine (2 mg kg-1) IV Maternal arterial blood pressure was measured directly throughout anaesthesia and arterial blood samples were taken at 20-minute intervals for measurement of blood gases and plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose and lactate. Anaesthesia was maintained with an IV infusion of detomidine (0.04 mg mL-1), ketamine (4 mg mL-1) and guaiphenesin (100 mg mL-1) (DKG) for 140 minutes. Oxygen was supplied by intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) adjusted to maintain PaCO2between 5.0 and 6.0 kPa (38 and 45 mm Hg), while PaO2was kept close to 20.0 kPa (150 mm Hg) by adding nitrous oxide. Simultaneous fetal and maternal blood samples were withdrawn at 90 minutes. Recovery quality was assessed. Results DKG was infused at 0.67 ± 0.17 mL kg-1hour-1for 1 hour then reduced, reaching 0.28 ± 0.14 mL kg-1hour-1at 140 minutes. Arterial blood gas values and pH remained within intended limits. During anaesthesia there was no change in heart rate, but arterial blood pressure decreased by 10%. Plasma glucose and lactate increased (10-fold and 2-fold, respectively) and cortisol decreased by 50% during anaesthesia. Fetal umbilical venous pH, PO2and PCO2were 7.34 ± 0.06, 5.8 ± 0.9 kPa (44 ± 7 mm Hg) and 6.7 ± 0.8 kPa (50 ± 6 mm Hg); and fetal arterial pH, PO2and PCO2were 7.29 ± 0.06, 4.0 ± 0.7 kPa (30 ± 5 mm Hg) and 7.8 ± 1.7 kPa (59 ± 13 mm Hg), respectively. Surgical conditions were good but four ponies required a single additional dose of ketamine. Ponies took 60 ± 28 minutes to stand and recovery was good. Conclusions and clinical relevance Anaesthesia produced with DKG was smooth while cardiovascular function in mare and fetus was well preserved. This indicates that DKG infusion is suitable for maintenance of anaesthesia in pregnant equidae.
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Polly M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: FMVZ, Unesp, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, 18618-000, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Stelio Pl
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Kate L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge, Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bloomfield
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge, Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Abigail L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fowden
keywords: anaesthesia; detomidine; guaiphenesin; ketamine; ponies; pregnancy