title: Posterior tracheopexy for severe tracheomalacia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In severe tracheomalacia, aortopexy addresses anterior vascular compression, but does not directly address posterior membranous tracheal intrusion. We review patient outcomes of posterior tracheopexy for tracheomalacia with posterior intrusion to determine if there were resolution of clinical symptoms and bronchoscopic evidence of improvement in airway collapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who underwent posterior tracheopexy from October 2012 to March 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical symptoms, tracheomalacia scores based on standardized dynamic airway evaluation by anatomical region, and persistent airway intrusion were collected. Data were analyzed by Wald and Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  98 patients (51% male) underwent posterior tracheopexy at a median age of 15months (IQR 6-33months). Median follow-up was 5months (range 0.25-36months). There were statistically significant improvements in clinical symptoms postoperatively, including cough, noisy breathing, prolonged and recurrent respiratory infections, transient respiratory distress requiring positive pressure, oxygen dependence, blue spells, and apparent life-threatening events (p<0.001), as well as ventilator dependence (p=0.04). Tracheomalacia scores on bronchoscopy improved significantly in all regions of the trachea and bronchi (p<0.001). 9.2% had persistent airway intrusion requiring reoperation, usually with aortopexy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Posterior tracheopexy is effective in treating severe tracheomalacia with significant improvements in clinical symptoms and degree of airway collapse on bronchoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level III, treatment study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Hester F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: C Jason
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Smithers
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zurakowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Lawrence M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rhein
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Manfredi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States. Electronic address: russell.jennings@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Russell W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Jennings
mesh_terms: D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014132:Trachea / Q000601:surgery*; D055090:Tracheomalacia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Aortopexy; Posterior tracheopexy; Tracheomalacia