title: Lithium: A classic drug-Frequently discussed, but, sadly, seldom prescribed!
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Distinguished authors in the field have repeatedly alerted psychiatrists of the alarming trends in the treatment of bipolar disorders: decline of lithium use, paralleled by the increase of prescribing anticonvulsants and second-generation antipsychotic drugs. Research has been conducted in order to explore the factors that led to this development and to provide arguments for the need to reverse this trend.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper represents a narrative review of the literature containing retrieved research articles focusing on the efficacy of lithium. The papers included in this overview were published prior to June 2016; additional papers were identified by searching the reference lists of reviewed articles. Taking into account the amount of literature available, no search can be exhaustive; on the other hand, the studies consulted, all of which explore the effectiveness of various compounds, may have their own limitations as well.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evidence of the effectiveness of lithium in the treatment of acute mania, acute bipolar depression and the prevention of manic and depressive episodes is compelling. Lithium is the most effective augmentation agent in treatment-resistant depression. Its anti-suicidal effects are well established. The neuroprotective effects of lithium have been demonstrated in case-control studies and in population-based research. It has been established that starting lithium early in the course of the disorder reduces the rates of treatment non-response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite abundant evidence regarding the efficacy of lithium and its effectiveness in the treatment of bipolar disorders, its use is declining at the beginning of the 21st century. It is of paramount importance to keep reminding psychiatrists and educating physicians about the unique properties of lithium and about monitoring patients treated with lithium, since it has been suggested that lithium should once again become the first-line treatment for bipolar disorders.
authors.affiliation: 1 Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.|2 Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zivanovic
mesh_terms: D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D018020:Lithium Compounds
keywords: Lithium; bipolar disorder; long-term treatment