title: Differentiation-dependent rearrangements of actin filaments and microtubules hinder apical endocytosis in urothelial cells.
abstract: During differentiation, superficial urothelial cells (UCs) of the urinary bladder form the apical surface, which is almost entirely covered by urothelial plaques containing densely packed uroplakin particles. These urothelial plaques are the main structural components of the blood-urine permeability barrier in the urinary bladder. We have shown previously that endocytosis from the apical plasma membrane decreases during urothelial cell differentiation. Here, we investigated the role of actin filament and microtubule rearrangements in apical endocytosis of differentiating UCs cells using hyperplastic and normoplastic porcine urothelial models. Partially differentiated normal porcine UCs contained actin filaments in the subapical cytoplasm, while microtubules had a net-like appearance. In highly differentiated UCs, actin filaments mostly disappeared from the subapical cytoplasm and microtubules remained as a thin layer close to the apical plasma membrane. Inhibition of actin filament formation with cytochalasin-D in partially differentiated UCs caused a decrease in apical endocytosis. Depolymerisation of microtubules with nocodazole did not prevent endocytosis of the endocytotic marker WGA into the subapical cytoplasm; however, it abolished WGA transport to endolysosomal compartments in the central cytoplasm. Cytochalasin-D or nocodazole treatment did not significantly change apical endocytosis in highly differentiated UCs. In conclusion, we showed that the physiological differentiation-dependent or chemically induced redistribution and reorganization of actin filaments and microtubules impair apical endocytosis in UCs. Importantly, reduced apical endocytosis due to cytoskeletal rearrangements in highly differentiated UCs, together with the formation of rigid urothelial plaques, reinforces the barrier function of the urothelium.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.|Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Larisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tratnjek
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Rok
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romih
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. mateja.erdani@mf.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Mateja Erdani
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kreft
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004285:Dogs; D004705:Endocytosis; D061985:Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*
keywords: Cytoskeleton; Differentiation; Endocytosis; Permeability barrier; Urinary bladder; Urothelium