title: Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.
abstract: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize the knowledge about the relation between intake of 12 major food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Medline (Ovid), Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar for prospective studies investigating the association between whole grains, refined grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes, eggs, dairy, fish, red meat, processed meat, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) on risk of T2D. Summary relative risks were estimated using a random effects model by contrasting categories, and for linear and non-linear dose-response relationships. Six out of the 12 food-groups showed a significant relation with risk of T2D, three of them a decrease of risk with increasing consumption (whole grains, fruits, and dairy), and three an increase of risk with increasing consumption (red meat, processed meat, and SSB) in the linear dose-response meta-analysis. There was evidence of a non-linear relationship between fruits, vegetables, processed meat, whole grains, and SSB and T2D risk. Optimal consumption of risk-decreasing foods resulted in a 42% reduction, and consumption of risk-increasing foods was associated with a threefold T2D risk, compared to non-consumption. The meta-evidence was graded "low" for legumes and nuts; "moderate" for refined grains, vegetables, fruit, eggs, dairy, and fish; and "high" for processed meat, red meat, whole grains, and SSB. Among the investigated food groups, selecting specific optimal intakes can lead to a considerable change in risk of T2D.
authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany. lukas.schwingshackl@dife.de.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schwingshackl
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, UZA II, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lampousi
authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Knüppel
authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwedhelm
authors.affiliation: German Nutrition Society, Godesberger Allee 18, 53175, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bechthold
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London, W2 1PG, UK.|Institute for Biometry and Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schlesinger
authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005502:Food / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat; D009754:Nuts; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D014675:Vegetables; D000067348:Whole Grains
keywords: Diet; Dose–response; Food; Meta-analysis; Type 2 diabetes