title: Outcomes of Elective Outpatient Hysteroscopic Sterilization in Undocumented Women: A Retrospective Analysis.
abstract: To determine the feasibility of hysteroscopic sterilization in low-income and unauthorized immigrant women when financial barriers to care are removed.
  
  
  
  Outpatient hysteroscopic sterilization for low-income women at an urban clinic was made possible by grant funding. All procedures were performed by obstetrician/gynecologist attending physicians or supervised trainees. Electronic records were reviewed for cases performed from June 2010 to December 11, 2013. Outcome incidences and complications were determined. Subgroup analyses using demographic and clinical factors were performed.
  
  
  
  Hysteroscopic sterilization was attempted in 197 patients. Most were Hispanic (93%) and undocumented immigrants (83%). Bilateral placement was achieved on first attempt in 92% (181/197). Successful placement was ultimately achieved in 96% (190/197), and 88% (168/190) returned for hysterosalpingogram (HSG). Appropriate tubal occlusion was documented on 96% (161/168) of HSGs with mean time of 3.5 ± 1.3 months. Repeat HSG at 6 months showed 100% occlusion (7/7). Of the initial cohort, 85% (168/197) could ultimately rely on Essure for contraception. One pregnancy was self-reported 9 months after the procedure; the patient had not followed up for HSG. There were no pregnancies among those who completed follow-up. There were no cases of procedural complications. Successful Essure placement was not associated with age, parity, immigration status, or clinical characteristics (analgesics administered, history of cesarean section, vaginal delivery, cervical surgery, ectopic, fibroids, or pelvic inflammatory disease). The only factor positively associated with HSG follow-up was age 35 years or younger (53% vs. 47%; p = .03).
  
  
  
  Successful hysteroscopic sterilization can be achieved in an undocumented, low-income population. Rates of confirmatory HSG follow-up were found to be higher than in the general population. Public funding of programs could decrease unintended pregnancies and pregnancy-related costs.
authors.affiliation: Tufts Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Patsy J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of OB/GYN, Division of Family Planning, Aurora, Colorado. Electronic address: jennifer.butler@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of OB/GYN, Division of Family Planning, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gavito
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of OB/GYN, Division of Family Planning, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Jeanelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheeder
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of OB/GYN, Division of Family Planning, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tocce
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D003267:Contraception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007047:Hysterosalpingography; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010045:Outpatients; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D049168:Pregnancy, Unplanned; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive / Q000009:adverse effects; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal