title: Influence of remote ischemic conditioning and tramadol hydrochloride on oxidative stress in kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: To evaluate the effects of tramadol hydrochloride associated to remote ischemic perconditioning on oxidative stress.
  Twenty five male rats (Wistar) underwent right nephrectomy and were distributed into five groups: Sham group (S); Ischemia/Reperfusion group (I/R) with 30 minutes of renal ischemia; Remote ischemic perconditioning group (Per) with three cycles of 10 minutes of I/R performed during kidney ischemia; Tramadol group (T) treated with tramadol hydrochloride (40mg/kg); remote ischemic perconditioning + Tramadol group (Per+T) with both treatments. Oxidative stress was assessed after 24 hours of reperfusion.
  Statistical differences were observed in MDA levels between I/R group with all groups (p<0.01), in addition there was difference between Tramadol with Sham, Per and Per+T groups (p<0.05), both in plasma and renal tissue.
  Remote ischemic perconditioning was more effective reducing renal ischemia-reperfusion injury than administration of tramadol or association of both treatments.
authors.affiliation: PhD, Full Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Estadual do Pará (UEPA), Belem-PA, Brazil. Conception, design and scientific content of the study; critical revision.
authors.forename: Rita de Cássia Silva de
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: PhD, Full Professor, Department of Experimental Surgery, UEPA, Belem-PA, Brazil. Conception, design and scientific content of the study; critical revision.
authors.forename: Marcus Vinicius Henriques
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.affiliation: Master, Postgraduate Program in Surgery and Experimental Research, UEPA, Belem-PA, Brazil. Statistical analysis, manuscript preparation, English version.
authors.forename: Rubens Fernando Gonçalves
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Graduate student, School of Medicine, UEPA, Belem-PA, Brazil. Technical procedures, interpretation of data, manuscript preparation.
authors.forename: Leonam Oliver Durval
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Graduate student, School of Medicine, UEPA, Belem-PA, Brazil. Technical procedures, interpretation of data, manuscript preparation.
authors.forename: Andrew Moraes
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Graduate student, School of Medicine, UEPA, Belem-PA, Brazil. Technical procedures, interpretation of data, manuscript preparation.
authors.forename: Fernando Mateus Viegas
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Brandão
authors.affiliation: Graduate student, School of Medicine, Centro Universitário do Pará (CESUPA), Belem-PA, Brazil. Technical procedures, interpretation of data, manuscript preparation.
authors.forename: Lainy Carollyne da Costa
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Cavalcante
authors.affiliation: Graduate student, School of Medicine, Centro Universitário do Pará (CESUPA), Belem-PA, Brazil. Technical procedures, interpretation of data, manuscript preparation.
authors.forename: Eduardo Henrique Herbster
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Gouveia
authors.affiliation: Graduate student, School of Medicine, Centro Universitário do Pará (CESUPA), Belem-PA, Brazil. Technical procedures, interpretation of data, manuscript preparation.
authors.forename: Higor Yuri Bezerra
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Henriques
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D007511:Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014147:Tramadol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D020011:Protective Agents; D014147:Tramadol; D008315:Malondialdehyde