title: The development of a prediction tool to identify cancer patients at high risk for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the availability of effective antiemetics and evidence-based guidelines, up to 40% of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy fail to achieve complete nausea and vomiting control. In addition to type of chemotherapy, several patient-related risk factors for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) have been identified. To incorporate these factors into the optimal selection of prophylactic antiemetics, a repeated measures cycle-based model to predict the risk of ≥ grade 2 CINV (≥2 vomiting episodes or a decrease in oral intake due to nausea) from days 0 to 5 post-chemotherapy was developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 1198 patients enrolled in one of the five non-interventional CINV prospective studies were pooled. Generalized estimating equations were used in a backwards elimination process with the P-value set at <0.05 to identify the relevant predictive factors. A risk scoring algorithm (range 0-32) was then derived from the final model coefficients. Finally, a receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROCC) analysis was done to measure the predictive accuracy of the scoring algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 4197 chemotherapy cycles, 42.2% of patients experienced ≥grade 2 CINV. Eight risk factors were identified: patient age <60 years, the first two cycles of chemotherapy, anticipatory nausea and vomiting, history of morning sickness, hours of sleep the night before chemotherapy, CINV in the prior cycle, patient self-medication with non-prescribed treatments, and the use of platinum or anthracycline-based regimens. The ROC analysis indicated good predictive accuracy with an area-under-the-curve of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.67-0.70). Before to each cycle of therapy, patients with risk scores ≥16 units would be considered at high risk for developing ≥grade 2 CINV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical application of this prediction tool will be an important source of individual patient risk information for the oncology clinician and may enhance patient care by optimizing the use of the antiemetics in a proactive manner.
authors.affiliation: The Ottawa Hospital Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dranitsaris
authors.affiliation: Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molassiotis
authors.affiliation: The Ottawa Hospital Regional Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clemons
authors.affiliation: UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roeland
authors.affiliation: The West Clinic, Memphis, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schwartzberg
authors.affiliation: Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dielenseger
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Center, University of Warwick, Conventry, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Clinique de Genolier, Genolier, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aapro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: CINV; cancer; emesis; nausea; prediction; risk