title: Unraveling the Differences between Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotics in Modulating Protective Immunity to Enteric Infections.
abstract: The role of intestinal microbiota and probiotics in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, including diarrheal diseases in children and animal models, is increasingly recognized. Intestinal commensals play a major role in development of the immune system in neonates and in shaping host immune responses to pathogens. Lactobacilli spp. andEscherichia coliNissle 1917 are two probiotics that are commonly used in children to treat various medical conditions including human rotavirus diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease. Although the health benefits of probiotics have been confirmed, the specific effects of these established Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G-) probiotics in modulating immunity against pathogens and disease are largely undefined. In this review, we discuss the differences between G+ and G- probiotics/commensals in modulating the dynamics of selected infectious diseases and host immunity. These probiotics modulate the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and protective immunity against pathogens in a species- and strain-specific manner. Collectively, it appears that the selected G- probiotic is more effective than the various tested G+ probiotics in enhancing protective immunity against rotavirus in the gnotobiotic piglet model.
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Sukumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kandasamy
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Anastasia N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Vlasova
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, OH , USA.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Kuldeep S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chattha
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Lulu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Langel
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rauf
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Huang-Chi
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Gireesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rajashekara
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University , Wooster, OH , USA.
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Saif
keywords: Escherichia coli Nissle; Lactobacillus; children; diarrhea; gnotobiotic piglet disease model; immunity; probiotics; rotavirus