title: A low technology emanator treated with the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin confers long term protection against outdoor biting vectors of lymphatic filariasis, arboviruses and malaria.
abstract: The vapor phase of the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin incapacitates mosquitoes and prevents them from feeding. Although existing emanator products for delivering volatile pyrethroids protect against outdoor mosquito bites, they are too short-lived to be practical or affordable for routine use in low-income settings. New transfluthrin emanators, comprised simply of treated hessian fabric strips, have recently proven highly protective against outdoor-biting vectors of lymphatic filariasis, arboviruses and malaria, but their full protective lifespan, minimum dose requirements, and range of protection have not previously been assessed.
  
  
  
  The effects of transfluthrin-treated hessian strips upon mosquito biting exposure of users and nearby non-users, as well as dependence of protection upon treatment dose, were measured outdoors in rural Tanzania using human landing catches (HLC).
  
  
  
  Strips treated with 10ml of transfluthrin prevented at least three quarters (p < 0.001) of outdoor bites by Anopheles arabiensis, Culex spp. and Mansonia spp. mosquitoes, and >90% protection against bites on warmer nights with higher evaporation rates, for at least one year. Strips treated with this high dose also reduced biting exposure of non-users at a distance of up to 5m from the strips for An. arabiensis (p < 0.001) and up to 2m for Mansonia spp. (p = 0.008), but provided no protection to non-users against Culex spp. No evidence of increased risk for non-users, caused by diversion of mosquitoes to unprotected individuals, was found at any distance within an 80m radius. A dose of only 1ml provided equivalent protection to the 10ml dose against An. arabiensis, Culex spp. and Mansonia spp. mosquitoes over 6 months (p < 0.001).
  
  
  
  Transfluthrin-treated hessian emanators provide safe, affordable, long-term protection against several different pathogen-transmitting mosquito taxa that attack humans outdoors, where they are usually active and cannot be protected by bed nets or residual sprays with conventional, solid-phase insecticides.
authors.affiliation: Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Coordination Office, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.|US National Research Council, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America.
authors.forename: Sheila B
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4063-6762
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ogoma
authors.affiliation: Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Coordination Office, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
authors.forename: Arnold S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mmando
authors.affiliation: Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Coordination Office, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.
authors.forename: Johnson K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Swai
authors.affiliation: Bayer CropScience Aktiengesellschaft, Monheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horstmann
authors.affiliation: Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Coordination Office, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.|Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gerry F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Killeen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D003465:Culex; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000517:prevention & control; D005464:Fluorobenzenes; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007306:Insecticides; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D011722:Pyrethrins; D013636:Tanzania
chemical_list: D003521:Cyclopropanes; D005464:Fluorobenzenes; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C560613:transfluthrin