title: Practice Patterns for the Use of Antibiotic Agents in Damage Control Laparotomy and Its Impact on Outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to identify practice patterns associated with the use of antimicrobial agents with damage control laparotomy (DCL) and the relationship with post-operative intra-abdominal infection (IAI) rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a retrospective review of trauma patients undergoing laparotomy at a Level 1 trauma center in 2010. Patients undergoing DCL versus those primarily closed (PCL) were compared for antimicrobial use (ABX) and its correlation with IAI rates (p < 0.05). Deaths with length of stay <5 days were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 121 patients were identified (28 DCL, 93 PCL). The DCL group was more severely injured (Injury Severity Score [ISS]: 31.4 ± 15 DCL vs. 18 ± 12.7 PCL, p < 0.001) with more small and large bowel injuries (SLBI), although not statistically significant (53.6% DCL vs. 35.5% PCL, p = 0.12). Practice patterns of ABX administration in terms of pre-operative (94.6% PCL vs. 69.2% DCL, p = 0.0012) and post-operative administration (PCL: 50.5% none, 21.5% one day, 28% long term >1 d; DCL: 21.4% none, 25.0% one day, 53.6% long term >1 day, p = 0.0130) were significant. Regression analyses demonstrated that neither ISS nor DCL was an independent predictor of infection, but pre-operative ABX was a negative predictor (odds ratio [OR] 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05-0.91, p = 0.037), while post-operative ABX (OR 6.7, 95%CI 1.33-33.8, p = 0.044) and SLBI (OR 3.45, CI 1.03-11.5, p = 0.02) were positive predictors of infection with an receiver operating characteristic of 0.81.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant variations exist in the use of ABX in DCL and PCL. These variations may lead to deleterious results from both lack of initial pre-operative coverage and prolonged ABX use. The decrease in infection rates with pre-operative ABX yet significant increase with continued post-operative use even in the presence of SLBI suggests the need for a more standardized approach. With the increase in DCL and the open abdomen, more research is needed to clearly establish ABX protocols in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia.
authors.forename: Stephanie R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia.
authors.forename: Luke G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Surgery, John Peter Smith Hospital , Fort Worth, Texas.
authors.forename: Therese M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Duane
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D059413:Intraabdominal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: antimicrobial; infections; laparotomy