title: Cytokines and Chemokines Involved in Acute Retinal Necrosis.
abstract: To investigate which cytokines and chemokines are involved in the immunopathogenesis of acute retinal necrosis (ARN), and whether cytokine profiles are associated with clinical manifestations, such as visual outcome.
  
  
  
  Serum and aqueous humor (AH) samples of 19 patients with ARN were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay. Infectious controls consisted of 18 patients with rubella virus-associated Fuchs' uveitis and 20 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis all confirmed by intraocular fluid analyses. The control group consisted of seven paired AH and serum samples from seven noninflammatory control patients with age-related cataract. In each sample, 4 anti-inflammatory, 12 proinflammatory, 2 vascular, and 4 other immune mediators were measured. In addition, various clinical characteristics were assessed.
  
  
  
  In ARN, 10 of the 22 mediators, including most proinflammatory and vascular mediators such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, MIF, MCP-1, Eotaxin, IP-10, IL-15, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1, were significantly elevated when compared to all controls. In addition, one anti-inflammatory mediator (IL-10) was significantly elevated in ARN as compared to the controls. No association was found between the time of sampling and the extent and levels of immune mediator expression.
  
  
  
  The pathogenesis of ARN is characterized by the presence of predominantly proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines with high expression levels as compared to other infectious causes of uveitis. There are no indications for an obvious Th-1 or Th-17 pathway. The combined data suggest that immune mediator expression is related to severity of disease, which is more fulminant in ARN, rather than to a specific uveitis entity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 2Department of Medical Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lenneke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Visser
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: H de Boer
authors.affiliation: Department of Science, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands 4Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ger
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: T Rijkers
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wiertz
authors.affiliation: Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk-Jan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van den Ham
authors.affiliation: Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: M van Loon
authors.affiliation: Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aniki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rothova
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 2Department of Medical Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jolanda D F
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: de Groot-Mijnes
mesh_terms: D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007118:Immunoassay; D015882:Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines