title: State-level gonorrhea rates and expedited partner therapy laws: insights from time series analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we examined state-level monthly gonorrhea morbidity and assessed the potential impact of existing expedited partner therapy (EPT) laws in relation to the time that the laws were enacted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We obtained state-level monthly gonorrhea morbidity (number of cases/100,000 for males, females and total) from the national surveillance data. We used visual examination (of morbidity trends) and an autoregressive time series model in a panel format with intervention (interrupted time series) analysis to assess the impact of state EPT laws based on the months in which the laws were enacted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For over 84% of the states with EPT laws, the monthly morbidity trends did not show any noticeable decreases on or after the laws were enacted. Although we found statistically significant decreases in gonorrhea morbidity within four of the states with EPT laws (Alaska, Illinois, Minnesota, and Vermont), there were no significant decreases when the decreases in the four states were compared contemporaneously with the decreases in states that do not have the laws.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no impact (decrease in gonorrhea morbidity) attributable exclusively to the EPT law(s). However, these results do not imply that the EPT laws themselves were not effective (or failed to reduce gonorrhea morbidity), because the effectiveness of the EPT law is dependent on necessary intermediate events/outcomes, including sexually transmitted infection service providers' awareness and practice, as well as acceptance by patients and their partners.
authors.affiliation: Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. Electronic address: kfo0@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Owusu-Edusei
authors.affiliation: Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.affiliation: Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chesson
authors.affiliation: Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
authors.forename: T L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Gift
authors.affiliation: Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Leichliter
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D065186:Interrupted Time Series Analysis; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012747:Sexual Partners; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Expedited partner therapy; Gonorrhea; Law; Time series analysis