title: A Quantitative Approach to Predict Differential Effects of Anti-VEGF Treatment on Diffuse and Focal Leakage in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema: A Pilot Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We use semiautomated segmentation of fluorescein angiography (FA) to determine whether anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment for diabetic macular edema (DME) differentially affects microaneurysm (MA)-associated leakage, termed focal leakage, versus non-MA-associated leakage, termed diffuse leakage.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective study of 29 subjects treated with at least three consecutive injections of anti-VEGF agents for DME (mean 4.6 injections; range, 3-10) who underwent Heidelberg FA before and after anti-VEGF therapy. Inclusion criteria were macula center involving DME and at least 3 consecutive anti-VEGF injections. Exclusion criteria were macular edema due to cause besides DME, anti-VEGF within 3 months of initial FA, concurrent treatment for DME besides anti-VEGF, and macular photocoagulation within 1 year. At each time point, total leakage was semiautomatically segmented using a modified version of our previously published software. Microaneurysms were identified by an expert grader and leakage within a 117 μm radius of each MA was classified as focal leakage. Remaining leakage was classified as diffuse leakage. The absolute and percent changes in total, diffuse, and focal leakage were calculated for each subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean pretreatment total leakage was 8.2 mm2and decreased by a mean of 40.1% (P< 0.0001; 95% confidence interval [CI], [-28.6, -52.5]) following treatment. Diffuse leakage decreased by a mean of 45.5% (P< 0.0001; 95% CI, [-31.3, -59.6]) while focal leakage decreased by 17.9% (P= 0.02; 95% CI, [-1.0, -34.8]). The difference in treatment response between focal and diffuse leakage was statistically significant (P= 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-VEGF treatment for DME results in decreased diffuse leakage but had relatively little effect on focal leakage as assessed by FA. This suggests that diffuse leakage may be a marker of VEGF-mediated pathobiology. Patients with predominantly focal leakage may be less responsive to anti-VEGF therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluorescein angiography can define focal and diffuse subtypes of diabetic macular edema and these may respond differently to anti-VEGF treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Allingham
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Dibyendu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: Carey Vision Medical Group, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Erin B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Lally
authors.affiliation: Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rabbani
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Priyatham S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Mettu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cousins
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Sina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Farsiu
keywords: anti-VEGF; diabetic macular edema; fluorescein angiography; image segmentation