title: Geographical Differences in Dietary Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Acids between Manufacturing and Application Regions in China.
abstract: Emissions of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have increased in China over the past decade, but human exposure pathways are poorly understood. Here we analyzed 15 PFAAs in commonly consumed food items and calculated body weight normalized dietary intake rates (estimated dietary intake, EDIs) in an area with ongoing PFAA production (Hubei province; n = 121) and an urbanized coastal area (Zhejiang province; n = 106). Geographical differences in concentrations were primarily observed for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) in animal food items and short-chain PFAAs in vegetable food items. The average EDI of ∑PFAAs for adults in Hubei (998 ng kg-1day-1) was more than 2 orders of magnitude higher than that in Zhejiang (9.03 ng kg-1day-1). In Hubei province, the average EDI of PFOS for adults (87 ng kg-1day-1) was close to or exceeded advisory guidelines used in other countries indicating health risks for the population from long-term exposure. Yet, PFOS could only account for about 10% of the EDI of ∑PFAAs in the Hubei province, which was dominated by short-chain PFAAs through consumption of vegetables. The large contribution of short-chain PFAAs to the total EDIs in manufacturing areas emphasize the need for improved exposure and hazard assessment tools of these substances.
authors.affiliation: College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310032, China.|State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway.|ACES - Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vestergren
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.|MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University , Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thanh
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5729-1908
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Junchao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Guibin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Dorte
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9620-3053
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herzke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002210:Caprylates; D002681:China; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D005466:Fluorocarbons