title: The safety of extended-release drug formulations for the treatment of ADHD.
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurobehavioral disorder affecting millions of patients worldwide. Effective treatments have been available for more than 60 years in the form of immediate-release (IR) stimulants However, stimulants have a high risk for abuse and are associated with adverse effects Including elevated blood pressure and heart rate, insomnia and decreased appetite. IR formulations also require multiple daily dosing. The search for improved safety, tolerability and convenience has led to the development of multiple extended-release (ER) stimulant and non-stimulant formulations. Areas covered: Adverse effects of (ER) products including amphetamine, methylphenidate, clonidine and guanfacine will be reviewed and their significance discussed. Expert opinion: Limitations of currently marketed medications have led to the search for drugs with efficacy comparable to ER stimulants and a more favorable adverse event profile. Several are in development, but their potential utility is not yet known. Current research is also focused on finding specific genetic defects in patients with ADHD. Exciting progress has been made with the identification of mGluR receptor defects in some patients. However because of the heterogeneity of the disorder, effective targeted treatments for the majority of patients with ADHD does not appear likely in the near future.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Inc ., 7351 Prairie Falcon Road, Las Vegas , Nevada , United States.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Childress
mesh_terms: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate
keywords: ADHD; amphetamine; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; clonidine; guanfacine; methylphenidate