title: Effects of grape seed extract on periodontal disease: an experimental study in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of grape seed extract (GSE) on periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ligature induced periodontitis was created in 40 rats and they were assigned to four equal groups. One group was fed laboratory diet (group A) while three groups received GSE additionally. Silk ligatures were placed around the cervical area of the mandibular first molars for four weeks to induce periodontitis. The GSE groups were reallocated regarding GSE consumption as: for two weeks before ligation (group B; totally eight weeks), from ligation to two weeks after removal of the ligature (group C; totally six weeks), and for two weeks from ligature removal (group D; totally two weeks). Sections were assessed histologically and immunohistochemically. Inflammatory cell number (ICN), connective tissue attachment level (CAL), osteoclast density (OD), IL-10 and TGF-β stainings in gingival epithelium (GE), connective tissue (GC), and periodontal ligament (PL) were used as the study parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower ICN, higher CAL, and lower OD were observed in the GSE groups (p<0.05). IL-10 was more intensive in the GSE groups and in the GEs (p<0.05). Group B showed the highest IL-10 for PL (p<0.05). TGF-ß was higher in the GEs of all groups (p<0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest anti-inflammatory activities of GSE, but further investigations are needed for clarification of these activities.
authors.affiliation: Ondokuz Mayıs University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Feyza Otan
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Özden
authors.affiliation: Ondokuz Mayıs University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif Eser
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Sakallioğlu
authors.affiliation: Ondokuz Mayıs University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Umur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sakallioğlu
authors.affiliation: Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embriology, Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ayas
authors.affiliation: Giresun University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embriology, Giresun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Züleyha
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Erişgin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005881:Gingiva / Q000473:pathology; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10