title: Blood Glucose Levels After Local Musculoskeletal Steroid Injections in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Clinical Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become an epidemic in the United States and is associated with increased risk of multiple comorbidities, including painful musculoskeletal conditions. A common treatment for many of these painful musculoskeletal conditions is local soft tissue and intra-articular corticosteroid injection (CSI). These local injections have the potential to cause elevated blood glucose levels (BGLs) and cause complications in patients with DM. Therefore, it was the objective of this investigation to review the currently available evidence that directly addresses the effects of local CSIs used for painful musculoskeletal conditions on BGL in patients with DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Review databases were searched with a combination of the terms corticosteroid, glucocorticoid, steroid, injection, musculoskeletal, and diabetes. Search limits included the English language. Bibliographic references from these articles were also examined to identify pertinent literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. All these studies showed significant but transient increases in postinjection BGL after a single local CSI in patients with DM. There were no adverse reactions or complications reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single, local soft tissue and intra-articular musculoskeletal CSIs are most likely safe in patients with well-controlled DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Waterbrook
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
authors.forename: Brenden J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Balcik
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
authors.forename: Aaron John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Goshinska
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: diabetes; glucose; intra-articular; soft tissue; steroid injection