title: Sources and fate of antimicrobials in integrated fish-pig and non-integrated tilapia farms.
abstract: Antimicrobial contamination in aquaculture products constitutes a food safety hazard, but little is known about the introduction and accumulation of antimicrobials in integrated fish-pig aquaculture. This study, conducted in 2013, aimed to determine the residues of 11 types of antimicrobials by UPLC-MS/MS analysis in fish feed (n=37), pig feed (n=9), pig manure (n=9), pond sediment (n=20), fish skin (n=20) and muscle tissue (n=20) sampled from integrated tilapia-pig farms, non-integrated tilapia farms and fish feed supply shops. There was a higher occurrence of antimicrobial residues in fish skin from both integrated and non-integrated farms, and in pig manure. Enrofloxacin (3.9-129.3μg/kg) and sulfadiazine (0.7-7.8μg/kg) were commonly detected in fish skin and muscle, pig manure and pond sediment from integrated farms, with different types of antimicrobials found in pig manure and tilapia samples. In non-integrated farms, sulfadiazine (2.5-89.9μg/kg) was the predominant antimicrobial detected in fish skin and muscle, fish feed and pond sediment. In general, antimicrobials seemed not to be commonly transmitted from pig to fish in tilapia-pig integrated farms, and fish feed, pig feed and pond sediment did not seem as important sources of the antimicrobials found in fish from both systems. The frequent findings of antimicrobial residues in fish skin compared with fish muscle was probably due to different pharmacokinetics in different tissue types, which have practical food safety implications since antimicrobial residues monitoring is usually performed analyzing mixed skin and fish muscle samples.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China. Electronic address: lp-liu@shou.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Academy of Inspection and Quarantine of the P.R. China, Ningbo 315012, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: Departement of Food Science, University of Liège - FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 10, Sart Tilman B43bis, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marie-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Scippo
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hvidtfeldt
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: adal@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D017756:Aquaculture; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D008372:Manure; D009132:Muscles / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D017210:Tilapia
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D008372:Manure
keywords: Antimicrobial residues; Feed; Integrated production system; Pig manure; Sediment; Tilapia