title: Mitigating the Hook Effect in Lateral Flow Sandwich Immunoassays Using Real-Time Reaction Kinetics.
abstract: The quantification of analyte concentrations using lateral flow assays is a low-cost and user-friendly alternative to traditional lab-based assays. However, sandwich-type immunoassays are often limited by the high-dose hook effect, which causes falsely low results when analytes are present at very high concentrations. In this paper, we present a reaction kinetics-based technique that solves this problem, significantly increasing the dynamic range of these devices. With the use of a traditional sandwich lateral flow immunoassay, a portable imaging device, and a mobile interface, we demonstrate the technique by quantifying C-reactive protein concentrations in human serum over a large portion of the physiological range. The technique could be applied to any hook effect-limited sandwich lateral flow assay and has a high level of accuracy even in the hook effect range.
authors.affiliation: Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1445-9982
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.affiliation: School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
authors.forename: Dakota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Dell
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States.|Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Global Health, and Technology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
authors.forename: Saurabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.|Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14850, United States.|Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Global Health, and Technology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Erickson
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis* / Q000276:immunology; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods*; D007700:Kinetics; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D055585:Physical Phenomena
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D006046:Gold; D002097:C-Reactive Protein