title: Disparities in tobacco marketing and product availability at the point of sale: Results of a national study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neighborhood socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities exist in the amount and type of tobacco marketing at retail, but most studies are limited to a single city or state, and few have examined flavored little cigars. Our purpose is to describe tobacco product availability, marketing, and promotions in a national sample of retail stores and to examine associations with neighborhood characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  At a national sample of 2230 tobacco retailers in the contiguous US, we collected in-person store audit data on: Availability of products (e.g., flavored cigars), quantity of interior and exterior tobacco marketing, presence of price promotions, and marketing with youth appeal. Observational data were matched to census tract demographics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 95% of stores displayed tobacco marketing; the average store featured 29.5 marketing materials. 75.1% of stores displayed at least one tobacco product price promotion, including 87.2% of gas/convenience stores and 85.5% of pharmacies. 16.8% of stores featured marketing below three feet, and 81.3% of stores sold flavored cigars, both of which appeal to youth. Stores in neighborhoods with the highest (vs. lowest) concentration of African-American residents had more than two times greater odds of displaying a price promotion (OR=2.1) and selling flavored cigars (OR=2.6). Price promotions were also more common in stores located in neighborhoods with more residents under age 18.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tobacco companies use retail marketing extensively to promote their products to current customers and youth, with disproportionate targeting of African Americans. Local, state, and federal policies are needed to counteract this unhealthy retail environment.
authors.affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. Electronic address: kurt_ribisl@unc.edu.
authors.forename: Kurt M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ribisl
authors.affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Ashley L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Feld
authors.affiliation: Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Nina C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Schleicher
authors.affiliation: Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
authors.forename: Shelley D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Golden
authors.affiliation: Center for Public Health Systems Science, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Luke
authors.affiliation: Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Henriksen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003132:Commerce; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology*; D062789:Tobacco Products; D014481:United States
keywords: Advertising; Cigarette smoking; Disparities; Marketing; Point of sale; Retail