title: Hydroxytyrosol prevents reduction in liver activity of Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturases, oxidative stress, and depletion in long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content in different tissues of high-fat diet fed mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n-6) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) with relevant roles in the organism. EPA and DHA are synthesized from the precursor alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3), whereas AA is produced from linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6) through the action of Δ5 and Δ6-desaturases. High-fat diet (HFD) decreases the activity of both desaturases and LCPUFA accretion in liver and other tissues. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a natural antioxidant, has an important cytoprotective effects in different cells and tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male mice C57BL/6 J were fed a control diet (CD) (10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrates) or a HFD (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrates) for 12 weeks. Animals were daily supplemented with saline (CD) or 5 mg HT (HFD), and blood and the studied tissues were analyzed after the HT intervention. Parameters studied included liver histology (optical microscopy), activity of hepatic desaturases 5 and 6 (gas-liquid chromatography of methyl esters derivatives) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase by spectrophotometry), oxidative stress indicators (glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactants, and the antioxidant capacity of plasma), gene expression assays for sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) (qPCR and ELISA), and LCPUFA profiles in liver, erythrocyte, brain, heart, and testicle (gas-liquid chromatography).
  
  
  RESULTS
  HFD led to insulin resistance and liver steatosis associated with SREBP-1c upregulation, with enhancement in plasma and liver oxidative stress status and diminution in the synthesis and storage of n-6 and n-3 LCPUFAs in the studied tissues, compared to animals given control diet. HT supplementation significantly reduced fat accumulation in liver and plasma as well as tissue metabolic alterations induced by HFD. Furthermore, a normalization of desaturase activities, oxidative stress-related parameters, and tissue n-3 LCPUFA content was observed in HT-treated rats over control animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HT supplementation prevents metabolic alterations in desaturase activities, oxidative stress status, and n-3 LCPUFA content in the liver and extrahepatic tissues of mice fed HFD.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, 70000, Santiago 7, Chile. rvalenzuelab@med.uchile.cl.|Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. rvalenzuelab@med.uchile.cl.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, 70000, Santiago 7, Chile.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Echeverria
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, 70000, Santiago 7, Chile.
authors.forename: Macarena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Rincón-Cervera
authors.affiliation: Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, 70000, Santiago 7, Chile.
authors.forename: María Catalina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Rodas
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department. Faculty of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Illesca
authors.affiliation: Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valenzuela
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Videla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D000090943:Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D044943:Fatty Acid Desaturases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050602:Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011897:Random Allocation; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D000090943:Delta-5 Fatty Acid Desaturase; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; D044943:Fatty Acid Desaturases; D050602:Linoleoyl-CoA Desaturase; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol
keywords: Antioxidant capacity; Hydroxytyrosol; LCPUFA; Liver and extrahepatic tissues; Oxidative stress; Δ5/Δ6 Desaturase activity