title: Exercise Strategies to Counteract Brain Aging Effects.
abstract: Stimulating structural and functional adaptation that improves cognitive performance in specific tasks is the major objective of therapeutic exercise training. In this review we briefly summarize central physiological mechanisms activated by exercise. We further discuss the influence of different kinds of exercise on cognitive improvement. In particular, the effects on cognitive function of aerobic endurance, resistance and respiratory exercise, and combinations thereof are presented. The accumulating evidence reinforces the position that regular aerobic, and possibly also resistance training, offers a powerful tool to cope with biologic aging of central nervous system functions. Nevertheless, the potential magnitude of cognition improvement or restrain of age-related cognition deterioration and the quantity of physical activity required to induce meaningful responses remain to be clarified.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Szalewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radkowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Demkow
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 15 Tuwima Street, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland. pawelwinklewski@wp.pl.|Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland. pawelwinklewski@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Pawel J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Winklewski
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D001921:Brain; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015444:Exercise; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006801:Humans
keywords: Brain aging; Central noradrenergic system; Cognition; Exercise; Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; Respiratory exercise