title: Maternal Active Smoking During Pregnancy and Low Birth Weight in the Americas: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking during pregnancy may negatively impact newborn birth weight. This study investigates the relationship between maternal active smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight in the Americas through systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted through indexed databases and the grey literature. Case-control and cohort studies published between 1984 and 2016 conducted within the Americas were included without restriction regarding publication language. The article selection process and data extraction were performed by two independent investigators. A meta-analysis of random effects was conducted, and possible causes of between-study heterogeneity were evaluated by meta-regressions and subgroup analyses. Publication bias was assessed by visual inspection of Begg's funnel plot and by Egger's regression test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature search yielded 848 articles from which 34 studies were selected for systematic review and 30 for meta-analysis. Active maternal smoking was associated with low birth weight, OR = 2.00 (95% CI: 1.77-2.26; I2 = 66.3%). The funnel plot and Egger's test (p = .14) indicated no publication bias. Meta-regression revealed that sample size, study quality, and the number of confounders in the original studies did not account for the between-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis indicated no significant differences when studies were compared by design, sample size, and regions of the Americas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low birth weight is associated with maternal active smoking during pregnancy regardless of the region in the Americas or the studies' methodological aspects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A previous search of the major electronic databases revealed that no studies appear to have been conducted to summarize the association between maternal active smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight within the Americas. Therefore, this systematic review may help to fill the information gap. The region of the Americas contains some of the most populous countries in the world; therefore, this study may provide useful data from this massive segment of the world's population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscilla Perez da Silva
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiana A F
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Da Mata
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Claudia Godoy
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Keitty Regina Cordeiro
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maurício Gomes
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology