title: Multistage Sclerotherapy for Extensive Lymphatic Malformations With Airway Involvement in Infant: A Protocol to Prevent Tracheotomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The management of extensive head and neck lymphatic malformations (LMs) in infants is challenging because of life-threatening upper airway compression. The aim of this study was to present a management protocol and evaluate the clinical outcomes for preventing tracheotomy in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen infants with extensive head and neck LMs and airway involvement were enrolled from August 2010 through September 2015 at the Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Jinan, China). According to various key factors associated with airway compression of patients in the perioperative period, different anesthesia types, treatment times, sclerosant concentrations, and sclerotherapy protocols were used. Multistage sclerotherapy was performed with bleomycin A5. All patients were followed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. More extended follow-up was offered if patients had a residual lesion requiring supplementary sclerotherapy. Reviews on the site and size of the lesion, times and durations of treatments, therapeutic response, airway complications, and conduction of tracheotomy were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LM lesions in the head and neck were located in the floor of the mouth, tongue, and neck. An overall average of 5 treatments was required; a lesion volume decrease of more than 50% was achieved in all patients. For efficacy, morphologic resolution was achieved in 3 of 15 cases (20%), and there was a substantial response in 12 of 15 cases (80%). Eight of 15 patients (53.3%) with microcystic LMs exhibited immediate swelling and had more serious upper airway symptoms than preoperatively, and 2 of 15 patients (13.3%) had feeding difficulty. No upper airway obstruction occurred and no tracheotomy was performed in the patients in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multistage sclerotherapy with bleomycin A5 is a safe and effective treatment for extensive head and neck LMs in infants with airway involvement. A routine perioperative protocol is essential for decreasing airway complications.
authors.affiliation: Attending Staff, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital and the Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: An-Wei
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Attending Staff, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital and the Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital and the Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Ying-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Professor and Department Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital and the Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China. Electronic address: lshqilu@163.com.
authors.forename: Shao-Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006257:Head / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044148:Lymphatic Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009333:Neck / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D001761:Bleomycin; D003907:Dexamethasone; D008012:Lidocaine