title: Conversion and characterization of activated carbon fiber derived from palm empty fruit bunch waste and its kinetic study on urea adsorption.
abstract: Urea removal is an important process in household wastewater purification and hemodialysis treatment. The efficiency of the urea removal can be improved by utilizing activated carbon fiber (ACF) for effective urea adsorption. In this study, ACF was prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber via physicochemical activation using sulfuric acid as an activating reagent. Based on the FESEM result, ACF obtained after the carbonization and activation processes demonstrated uniform macropores with thick channel wall. ACF was found better prepared in 1.5:1 acid-to-EFB fiber ratio; where the pore size of ACF was analyzed as 1.2 nm in diameter with a predominant micropore volume of 0.39 cm3g-1and a BET surface area of 869 m2g-1. The reaction kinetics of urea adsorption by the ACF was found to follow a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The equilibrium amount of urea adsorbed on ACF decreased from 877.907 to 134.098 mg g-1as the acid-to-fiber ratio increased from 0.75 to 4. During the adsorption process, the hydroxyl (OH) groups on ACF surface were ionized and became electronegatively charged due to the weak alkalinity of urea solution, causing ionic repulsion towards partially anionic urea. The ionic repulsion force between the electronegatively charged ACF surface and urea molecules became stronger when more OH functional groups appeared on ACF prepared at higher acid impregnation ratio. The results implied that EFB fiber based ACF can be used as an efficient adsorbent for the urea removal process.
authors.affiliation: School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Transkrian Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chee-Heong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ooi
authors.affiliation: School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Transkrian Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wee-Keat
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Cheah
authors.affiliation: D115M, Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yoke-Leng
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.affiliation: School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Transkrian Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Swee-Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Pung
authors.affiliation: School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Transkrian Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. Electronic address: feiyee@usm.my.
authors.forename: Fei-Yee
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Yeoh
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D002244:Carbon; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D002606:Charcoal; D005638:Fruit; D014508:Urea; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid
chemical_list: D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D002606:Charcoal; D002244:Carbon; D014508:Urea
keywords: Activated carbon fiber; BET surface area; Empty fruit bunch fiber; Kinetics; Urea adsorption