title: If You're Not Measuring, You're Guessing: The Advent of Objective Concussion Assessments.
abstract: Sport-related concussion remains one of the most complex injuries presented to sports medicine professionals. Although the injury has been recognized since ancient times, the concussion-assessment process has seen significant advances over the last 30 years. This review outlines the addition of objective measures to the clinical evaluation of the concussed athlete, beginning in the 1980s and continuing through the modern age. International and domestic organizations now describe standardized symptom reports, neurostatus and neurocognitive-function evaluations, and postural-control measures as standards of medical care, a significant shift from a short time ago. Despite this progression, much about the injury remains unknown, including new clinical and research-based assessment techniques and how the injury may influence the athlete's cognitive health over the long term.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Steven P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Broglio
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Guskiewicz
authors.affiliation: Pittsburgh Steelers Organization, PA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norwig
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D032921:Consensus; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology; D013178:Sports Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: evaluation; evidence-based medicine; traumatic brain injury