title: Biomimetic Bacterial Identification Platform Based on Thermal Wave Transport Analysis (TWTA) through Surface-Imprinted Polymers.
abstract: This paper introduces a novel bacterial identification assay based on thermal wave analysis through surface-imprinted polymers (SIPs). Aluminum chips are coated with SIPs, serving as synthetic cell receptors that have been combined previously with the heat-transfer method (HTM) for the selective detection of bacteria. In this work, the concept of bacterial identification is extended toward the detection of nine different bacterial species. In addition, a novel sensing approach, thermal wave transport analysis (TWTA), is introduced, which analyzes the propagation of a thermal wave through a functional interface. The results presented here demonstrate that bacterial rebinding to the SIP layer resulted in a measurable phase shift in the propagated wave, which is most pronounced at a frequency of 0.03 Hz. In this way, the sensor is able to selectively distinguish between the different bacterial species used in this study. Furthermore, a dose-response curve was constructed to determine a limit of detection of 1 × 104CFU mL-1, indicating that TWTA is advantageous over HTM in terms of sensitivity and response time. Additionally, the limit of selectivity of the sensor was tested in a mixed bacterial solution, containing the target species in the presence of a 99-fold excess of competitor species. Finally, a first application for the sensor in terms of infection diagnosis is presented, revealing that the platform is able to detect bacteria in clinically relevant concentrations as low as 3 × 104CFU mL-1in spiked urine samples.
authors.affiliation: Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University , P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5658-5066
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Steen Redeker
authors.affiliation: Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University , P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Soft-Matter Physics and Biophysics Section, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kasper
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eersels
authors.affiliation: Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University , P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Onno
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akkermans
authors.affiliation: Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University , P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Royakkers
authors.affiliation: Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University , P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Simba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dyson
authors.affiliation: Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University , P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kunya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nurekeyeva
authors.affiliation: Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University , P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Beniamino
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ferrando
authors.affiliation: Soft-Matter Physics and Biophysics Section, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cornelis
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University , Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.affiliation: Soft-Matter Physics and Biophysics Section, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University , P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Diliën
authors.affiliation: Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University , P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6939-0866
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Grinsven
authors.affiliation: Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University , P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thomas Jan
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0172-9330
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cleij
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D057230:Limit of Detection; D054802:Molecular Imprinting; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D062165:Receptors, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011140:Polyurethanes; D062165:Receptors, Artificial; D000535:Aluminum
keywords: bacterial identification; cross-selectivity matrix; mixed bacterial solution; surface-imprinted polymers; thermal wave transport analysis (TWTA)