title: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV-infected patients.
abstract: To investigate the incidence and risk factors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) associated with toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) in patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
  
  
  
  A historical multicenter cohort study.
  
  
  
  We included all HIV-infected patients diagnosed with toxoplasmic encephalitis in six Dutch hospitals between 1996 and 2016. Diagnosis of TE-IRIS was made using predefined IRIS criteria. We distinguished paradoxical TE-IRIS (worsening of underlying treated infection) from unmasking TE-IRIS (unmasking of subclinical infection after start of cART). We compared CD4 cell count, plasma viral load and timing of cART initiation between patients with and without paradoxical TE-IRIS.
  
  
  
  A total of 211 toxoplasmic encephalitis cases were included. Among 143 cases at risk for paradoxical TE-IRIS, we identified five cases of paradoxical TE-IRIS (3.5%). In six other cases, we could not differentiate paradoxical TE-IRIS from recurrence of disease due to inadequate secondary Toxoplasma prophylaxis. There was no difference in time between start of toxoplasmic encephalitis treatment and cART initiation for patients who did or did not develop paradoxical TE-IRIS (P = 0.50). Within the group of 2228 patients who started cART while having a CD4 cell count below 200 × 10 cells/l and receiving adequate primary prophylaxis, we identified eight cases of unmasking TE-IRIS (0.36%). Unmasking TE-IRIS could not be differentiated from a newly occurring toxoplasmic encephalitis in six other patients, as they were not receiving adequate primary prophylaxis against Toxoplasma.
  
  
  
  Unmasking TE-IRIS was rare in this cohort, whereas paradoxical TE-IRIS did occur more often. We found no relationship between the timing of cART initiation and the occurrence of paradoxical TE-IRIS.
authors.affiliation: aDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam bSection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam cDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, OLVG, Amsterdam dDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Slotervaart Medical Center, Amsterdam eDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, Den Haag fDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht gDutch HIV Monitoring Foundation hDepartment of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ward P H
authors.initials: WPH
authors.lastname: van Bilsen
authors.forename: Charlotte H S B
authors.initials: CHSB
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Bart J A
authors.initials: BJA
authors.lastname: Rijnders
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brinkman
authors.forename: Jan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Mulder
authors.forename: Luc B S
authors.initials: LBS
authors.lastname: Gelinck
authors.forename: Andy I M
authors.initials: AIM
authors.lastname: Hoepelman
authors.forename: Ferdinand W N M
authors.initials: FWNM
authors.lastname: Wit
authors.forename: Diederik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van de Beek
authors.forename: Jan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Prins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D054019:Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D016781:Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents