title: TGF-β1 functional polymorphisms: a review.
abstract: Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays a role in several biological processes. TGF-β1 is the most abundantly expressed isoform, associated with susceptibility to various diseases, and several polymorphisms have been described in the TGF-β1 gene structure, and some of them have been associated with functional implications. To date, eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one deletion/insertion polymorphism have been shown to affect TGF-β1 expression (rs2317130, rs11466313, rs1800468, rs1800469, rs11466314, rs1800471, rs1800470, and rs11466316); some of these interfere with transcriptional regulation by affecting the binding of transcription factors binding, while others interfere with protein production. These polymorphisms have been associated with different types of diseases (i.e., cancers, cardiac diseases, inflammatory diseases, and others) and could therefore be used as susceptibility biomarkers. Since polymorphism clusters are likely to be more reliable than single polymorphisms in this respect, it is hoped that haplotype analysis of TGF-β1 may reveal the genetic basis of disease susceptibility associated with the TGF-β1 gene.
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biologic Science Center, Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme Cesar
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Martelossi Cebinelli
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biologic Science Center, Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kleber
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Paiva Trugilo
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biologic Science Center, Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Badaró Garcia
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biologic Science Center, Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brajão de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055503:Protein Multimerization / Q000235:genetics; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000378:metabolism; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
keywords: EMSA; TGF-β1 polymorphisms; clinical implications; haplotype; luciferase