title: Outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage associated with different oral anticoagulants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In an international collaborative multicenter pooled analysis, we compared mortality, functional outcome, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volume, and hematoma expansion (HE) between non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulation-related ICH (NOAC-ICH) and vitamin K antagonist-associated ICH (VKA-ICH).
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared all-cause mortality within 90 days for NOAC-ICH and VKA-ICH using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age; sex; baseline Glasgow Coma Scale score, ICH location, and log volume; intraventricular hemorrhage volume; and intracranial surgery. We addressed heterogeneity using a shared frailty term. Good functional outcome was defined as discharge modified Rankin Scale score ≤2 and investigated in multivariable logistic regression. ICH volume was measured by ABC/2 or a semiautomated planimetric method. HE was defined as an ICH volume increase >33% or >6 mL from baseline within 72 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 500 patients (97 NOAC-ICH and 403 VKA-ICH). Median baseline ICH volume was 14.4 mL (interquartile range [IQR] 3.6-38.4) for NOAC-ICH vs 10.6 mL (IQR 4.0-27.9) for VKA-ICH (p= 0.78). We did not find any difference between NOAC-ICH and VKA-ICH for all-cause mortality within 90 days (33% for NOAC-ICH vs 31% for VKA-ICH [p= 0.64]; adjusted Cox hazard ratio (for NOAC-ICH vs VKA-ICH) 0.93 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52-1.64] [p= 0.79]), the rate of HE (NOAC-ICH n = 29/48 [40%] vs VKA-ICH n = 93/140 [34%] [p= 0.45]), or functional outcome at hospital discharge (NOAC-ICH vs VKA-ICH odds ratio 0.47; 95% CI 0.18-1.19 [p= 0.11]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our international collaborative multicenter pooled analysis, baseline ICH volume, hematoma expansion, 90-day mortality, and functional outcome were similar following NOAC-ICH and VKA-ICH.
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Seiffge
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Traenka
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ghazala
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Basir
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Purrucker
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Timolaos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rizos
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Oluwaseun A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Sobowale
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hanne
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sallinen
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Shin-Joe
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Teddy Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrigno
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Houben
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Floris H B M
authors.initials: FHBM
authors.lastname: Schreuder
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Luke A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boulanger
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rustam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Shahi Salman
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hans R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Jäger
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ambler
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shakeshaft
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yakushiji
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philip M C
authors.initials: PMC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Staals
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cordonnier
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jiann-Shing
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jeng
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veltkamp
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dowlatshahi
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Engelter
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Adrian R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Parry-Jones
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Atte
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meretoja
authors.affiliation: From the Stroke Research Center (D.W., C.S., D.J.W.) and Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, and Department of Statistical Science (G.A.), UCL, London, UK; Stroke Center and Neurology (D.J.S., C.T., S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa (G.B., D.D.), Canada; Department of Neurology (J.C.P., T.R.), Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (O.A.S., A.R.P.-J.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurology (H.S., A.M.), Helsinki University Hospital, Finland; Stroke Center & Department of Neurology (S.-J.Y., J.-S.J.), Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei; Department of Medicine and neurology at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (T.Y.W., A.M.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; U1171-Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders (M.F., C.C.), Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, France; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.H.B.M.S., J.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosciences (J.A.P., P.M.C.C.), Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine (J.T., Y.Y.), Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Japan; Division of Clinical Neurosciences (M.B., R.A.-S.S.), Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh; Department of Stroke Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, UK; and Neurorehabilitation Unit (S.T.E.), University of Basel and University Center for Medicine of Aging, Felix Platter Hospital, Switzerland. d.werring@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Werring
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014812:Vitamin K