title: Child Executive Control as a Moderator of the Longitudinal Association Between Sleep Problems and Subsequent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms.
abstract: To examine the longitudinal associations among sleep, executive control (EC), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in childhood.
  
  
  
  In this longitudinal study (N = 271), parents answered questions about sleep problems when children were 3 years old, children completed a comprehensive EC task battery at 4.5 years, and teachers completed standardized measures of child ADHD symptoms in 4th grade.
  
  
  
  Latent moderated structural equation models demonstrated that sleep problems at 3 years and EC deficits at 4.5 years were associated with ADHD symptoms in 4th grade. EC moderated the relationship between sleep problems and hyperactivity/impulsivity, such that children with both sleep problems and poor EC were particularly at risk for hyperactivity/impulsivity.
  
  
  
  Sleep problems and EC deficits early in development were associated with increased risk for ADHD symptoms in elementary school. Early assessment and intervention to promote healthy sleep and EC development may be helpful in ADHD prevention.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kidwell
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hankey
authors.forename: Jennifer Mize
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Kimberly Andrews
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Espy
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000073978:Academic Performance / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States; D010290:Parents; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012890:Sleep; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology
keywords: ADHD; child; executive control; sleep