title: Endocrine and metabolic consequences due to restrictive carbohydrate diets in children with type 1 diabetes: An illustrative case series.
abstract: Low carbohydrate diets for the management of type 1 diabetes have been popularised by social media. The promotion of a low carbohydrate diet in lay media is in contrast to published pediatric diabetes guidelines that endorse a balanced diet from a variety of foods for optimal growth and development in children with type 1 diabetes. This can be a source of conflict in clinical practice. We describe a series of 6 cases where adoption of a low carbohydrate diet in children impacted growth and cardiovascular risk factors with potential long-term sequelae. These cases support current clinical guidelines for children with diabetes that promote a diet where total energy intake is derived from balanced macronutrient sources.
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia.|The School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Bock
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lobley
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, Australia.|University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.|Mothers and Babies Group Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia.|The School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia.|Sydney Medical School University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donaghue
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, Australia.|University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.|Mothers and Babies Group Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia.
authors.forename: Marcelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia.|The School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia.
authors.forename: Aris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siafarikas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.|Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Yoon Hi
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia.|The School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, John Hunter Children's Hospital, Newcastle, Australia.|University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.|Mothers and Babies Group Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia.
authors.forename: Carmel
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3104-8800
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smart
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000178:diet therapy*; D050528:Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male
keywords: carbohydrate; children; growth; nutrition; type 1 diabetes