title: Processing political misinformation: comprehending the Trump phenomenon.
abstract: This study investigated the cognitive processing of true and false political information. Specifically, it examined the impact of source credibility on the assessment of veracity when information comes from a polarizing source (Experiment 1), and effectiveness of explanations when they come from one's own political party or an opposition party (Experiment 2). These experiments were conducted prior to the 2016 Presidential election. Participants rated their belief in factual and incorrect statements that President Trump made on the campaign trail; facts were subsequently affirmed and misinformation retracted. Participants then re-rated their belief immediately or after a delay. Experiment 1 found that (i) if information was attributed to Trump, Republican supporters of Trump believed it more than if it was presented without attribution, whereas the opposite was true for Democrats and (ii) although Trump supporters reduced their belief in misinformation items following a correction, they did not change their voting preferences. Experiment 2 revealed that the explanation's source had relatively little impact, and belief updating was more influenced by perceived credibility of the individual initially purporting the information. These findings suggest that people use political figures as a heuristic to guide evaluation of what is true or false, yet do not necessarily insist on veracity as a prerequisite for supporting political candidates.
authors.affiliation: School of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, E53-470, Cambridge, MA 20139USA; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), Perth 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Briony
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7464-8940
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Swire
authors.affiliation: School of Political Science , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, E53-470, Cambridge, MA 20139 USA.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Berinsky
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia (M304), Perth 6009, Australia; School of Experimental Psychology and Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1655-2013
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lewandowsky
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Science , University of Western Australia (M304) , Perth 6009 , Australia.
authors.forename: Ullrich K H
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Ecker
keywords: belief updating; continued influence effect; misinformation; motivated cognition; source credibility