title: Variability in Heat Strain in Fully Encapsulated Impermeable Suits in Different Climates and at Different Work Loads.
abstract: A major concern for responders to hazardous materials (HazMat) incidents is the heat strain that is caused by fully encapsulated impermeable (NFPA 1991) suits. In a research project, funded by the US Department of Defense, the thermal strain experienced when wearing these suits was studied. Forty human subjects between the ages of 25 and 50 participated in a protocol approved by the local ethical committee. Six different fully encapsulated impermeable HazMat suits were evaluated in three climates: moderate (24°C, 50% RH, 20°C WBGT), warm-wet (32°C, 60% RH, 30°C WBGT), and hot-dry (45°C, 20% RH, 37°C WBGT, 200 W m-2 radiant load) and at three walking speeds: 2.5, 4, and 5.5 km h-1. The medium speed, 4 km h-1, was tested in all three climates and the other two walking speeds were only tested in the moderate climate. Prior to the test a submaximal exercise test in normal clothing was performed to determine a relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption (pretest). In total, 163 exposures were measured. Tolerance time ranged from as low as 20 min in the hot-dry condition to 60 min (the maximum) in the moderate climate, especially common at the lowest walking speed. Between the six difference suits limited differences were found, a two-layered aluminized suit exhibited significant shorter tolerance times in the moderate climate, but no other major significant differences were found for the other climates or workloads. An important characteristic of the overall dataset is the large variability between the subjects. Although the average responses seem suitable to be predicted, the variability in the warmer strain conditions ranged from 20 min up to 60 min. The work load in these encapsulated impermeable suits was also significantly higher than working in normal clothing and higher than predicted by the Pandolf equation. Heart rate showed a very strong correlation to body core temperature and was in many cases the limiting factor. Setting the heart rate maximum at 80% of predicted individual maximum (age based) would have prevented 95% of the cases with excessive heat strain. Monitoring of heart rate under operational conditions would further allow individually optimize working times and help in preventing exertional heat stroke.
authors.affiliation: Textile Protection Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Emiel A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: DenHartog
authors.affiliation: Textile Protection Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Candace D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.affiliation: Textile Protection Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
authors.forename: A Shawn
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Deaton
authors.affiliation: TNO CBRN Protection, 2280AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bogerd
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D002980:Climate; D005080:Exercise Test; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D011481:Protective Clothing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016526:Workload
keywords: ergonomics; extreme environments; personal protective clothing; protective clothing and heat stress