title: Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and inflammatory cytokines in paediatric sickle cell disease.
abstract: Alteration in the concentration of inflammatory cytokines may contribute to pathogenesis in sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Vitamin D may suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhance anti-inflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  
  To compare steady state levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines of Nigerian SCA children with age- and sex-matched healthy controls, and determine the relationship with 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25-OHD). Effects of three months of vitamin D supplementation on cytokines of SCA children with suboptimal 25-OHD were also evaluated.
  
  
  
  Serum 25-OHD, IL-1β, 2, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18 of 95 SCA children and 75 matched controls were determined using HPLC. The 12 SCA children with suboptimal 25-OHD received 2000IU of vitamin D daily for 3months, and their post supplementation cytokines and 25-OHD levels were compared with the baseline values.
  
  
  
  IL-2, 6, 8, 12, 17 and 18 were higher in SCA children than the controls (p≤0.001), but no significant variation in IL-11 and 13 (p=0.131 and 0.057 respectively). Patients with suboptimal serum 25-OHD had higher IL-6, 8 and 18 (p=0.003, 0.010 and 0.002 respectively) and lower levels of IL-11 (p=0.005). Significant positive treatment effects were observed: post-supplementation, serum 25-OHD increased by 23.3ng/mL, p<0.001; proinflammatory cytokines IL-2, 6, 8, 17 and 18 (p<0.001) were reduced and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-11 was increased, p<0.001.
  
  
  
  Suboptimal 25OHD is associated with enhanced levels of pro-inflammatory markers in children with SCA. Three months of daily vitamin D supplementation reversed the trend. Hence; Vitamin D supplementation may reduce the inflammatory milieu and serve as an anti-inflammatory agent in the management of SCA.
authors.affiliation: Haematology and Blood Transfusion Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Electronic address: adegoke2samade@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Samuel Ademola
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Adegoke
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olufemi Samuel
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Adekunle D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Adekile
authors.affiliation: Haematology and Blood Transfusion Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Stella
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D017370:Interleukin-11 / Q000097:blood; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508611:IL11 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D017370:Interleukin-11; D007376:Interleukin-2; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; Cytokines; Paediatric; Sickle cell disease; Supplementation