title: Training spatial-simultaneous working memory in individuals with Down syndrome.
abstract: Recent studies have suggested that the spatial-simultaneous component of working memory (WM), which is involved when stimuli are presented simultaneously, is selectively impaired in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The main objective of the present study was to examine whether WM performance can be enhanced in individuals with DS by analyzing the immediate and maintenance effects of a training program. For this purpose, 61 individuals with DS were randomly assigned to three groups: one trained on simultaneous components of visuospatial WM; one serving as an active control group, that completed activities on vocabulary; and one serving as a passive control group, that only attended the pre- and post-test and follow-up assessments. The efficacy of the training was analyzed in terms of specific (spatial-simultaneous WM tasks), near transfer (spatial-sequential and verbal WM tasks), far transfer (spatial abilities, everyday competences), and maintenance effects (with a follow-up at 1 month). The results showed an overall significant effect on the WM on the group receiving the training. The benefit was generally specific, however, with some transfer to other WM tasks, but only in the immediate (post-test) assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Italy. Electronic address: silvia.lanfranchi@unipd.it.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lanfranchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pulina
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Carretti
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Irene C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Mammarella
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D004495:Education of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D065852:Spatial Memory; D014163:Transfer, Psychology; D014825:Vocabulary
keywords: Down syndrome; Intellectual disability; Spatial-sequential memory; Training; Working memory