title: Simulation training in upper tract endourology: myth or reality?
abstract: Surgeons training in the twenty-first century are subject to a myriad of pressures, as has always been the case within surgical training. These include reduced hours available for training and increased threat of litigation against their operating practice. The Halstedian approach of "see one, do one, teach one" has been replaced within surgical training and simulation has become established to enable urology trainees to develop technical and non-technical skills away from the operating room. With the primary focus as patient safety and increasing operating skill, "simulation training" encompasses several modalities. These include wet-lab cadaveric and animal models, dry lab, high fidelity, low-fidelity and virtual reality (VR). These can be used to practice generic surgical skills, such as laparoscopic suturing or knot tying on a robotic console. Beyond this there is potential for simulation training courses and full-immersion simulation to address non-technical skills and team aspects within the operating room. To incorporate simulators into training, models must be carefully designed and evaluated according to certain considerations, ensuring that they address parameters such as face, content and construct validity. This review aimed to provide an overview of simulation platforms available within endourology, considering ureterorenoscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy and the status of their validation.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College, London, UK.|Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, London, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College, London, UK.|Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, London, UK.
authors.forename: Takashige
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College, London, UK.|Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, London, UK.
authors.forename: Abdullatif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Veneziano
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Research and Training Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kemal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sarica
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College, London, UK.|Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, London, UK.
authors.forename: M Shamim
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College, London, UK.|Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, London, UK.
authors.forename: Prokar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College, London, UK - kamran.ahmed@kcl.ac.uk.|Department of Urology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D000066908:Simulation Training; D014551:Urinary Tract / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education*