title: Impact of Cognition and Clinical Factors on Functional Outcome in Patients with Bipolar Disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the role of different clinical variables and cognition on functional outcome in patients with bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 61 euthymic patients with bipolar disorder and 30 healthy individuals were included in the study. The patients were divided into low functioning (n = 30) or high functioning (n = 31) subgroups based on functioning level measured by Global Assessment of Functioning Scale score. Groups were subjected to neurocognitive and clinical assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical variables differed significantly between low and high functioning patient groups, namely total number of episodes, depressive episodes, and time since the last episode. These variables were also correlated significantly with Global Assessment of Functioning Scale score. All 3 groups differed significantly for digit span backward test, verbal learning and memory test, Trail Making Test, and Stroop Colour Test. Digit span backward test, Trail Making Test, and Stroop Colour Test were significantly correlated with Global Assessment of Functioning Scale score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total episodes, depressive episodes, time since the last episode, and cognitive dysfunction correlated with poor functioning. Executive dysfunction was the strongest predictor of psychosocial outcome in euthymic bipolar patients. Long-term therapeutic interventions should target relapse prevention with special consideration given to depressive episodes and cognitive rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry SMS Medical College Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry SMS Medical College Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry SMS Medical College Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry SMS Medical College Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bagotia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Cognition; Depressive disorder