title: Occurrence of fibrates and their metabolites in source and drinking water in Shanghai and Zhejiang, China.
abstract: Fibrates, which are widely used lipidaemic-modulating drugs, are emerging environmental pollutants. However, fibrate concentrations in the environment have not been thoroughly surveyed. Here, we determined concentrations of the most commonly used fibrates and their metabolites in source water and drinking water samples from ten drinking water treatment plants in Shanghai and Zhejiang, China, using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All the target compounds were detected in at least some of the source water samples, at concentrations ranging from 0.04 ng/L (fenofibrate) to 1.53 ng/L (gemfibrozil). All the compounds except fenofibrate were also detected in at least some of the drinking water samples, at recoveries ranging from 35.5% to 91.7%, suggesting that these compounds are poorly removed by typical drinking water treatment processes. In a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonistic activity assay, the target compounds showed no significant activity at nanogram per litre concentrations; therefore, our results suggest that the fibrate concentrations in drinking water in Shanghai and Zhejiang, China do not significantly affect human health. However, because of the increasing westernization of the Chinese diet, fibrate use may increase, and thus monitoring fibrate concentrations in aquatic environments and drinking water in China will become increasingly important.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ido
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.|Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Youhei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiromori
authors.affiliation: College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Usuda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisamitsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagase
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China.
authors.forename: Jianying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D011345:Fenofibrate / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D015248:Gemfibrozil; D011345:Fenofibrate