title: Factors Related to Prostaglandin-Associated Periorbitopathy in Glaucoma Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine factors related to prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy (PAP) and its prevalence in glaucoma or ocular hypertension (OHT) patients using prostaglandins analogs (PGAs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study of glaucoma or OHT patients, using topical PGAs for at least 3 months, was performed. Eyes treated with PGAs were photoraphed and independently evaluated for PAP by 2 glaucoma specialists using at least 4 out of 7 clinical appearances. The factors of interest were sex, age, body mass index (BMI), types of glaucoma, types of PGAs, duration of PGA use, and concurrent 0.5% timolol. Univariate (χ2 test) and multivariate (multiple logistic regression) analyses assessing risk factors for PAP were performed to estimate the odds ratios (OR) with 95% conidence intervals (CIs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirty-four eyes from 134 patients were included. Seventy (52.2%), 21 (15.7%), and 43 (32%) eyes received components of latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost, respectively. Prevalence of PAP was 44.8% (95% CI, 36.3 to 53.3). Older age >60 years (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2 to 7.8), bimatoprost (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.6 to 9.5), travoprost (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 10.1), and timolol (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.3 to 6.8) were at risk of PAP development. In addition, BMI ≥23 kg/㎡ (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.7) was reversely associated with PAP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older age, bimatoprost, or travoprost were associated with PAP, whereas high BMI was found as a protective factor. Interestingly, timolol possibly precipitated periorbital change when in use with prostaglandins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chanikarn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patradul
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Visanee
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tantisevi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manassakorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069580:Bimatoprost / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D000077338:Latanoprost; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D011461:Prostaglandins F, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011465:Prostaglandins, Synthetic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000069557:Travoprost / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D011461:Prostaglandins F, Synthetic; D011465:Prostaglandins, Synthetic; D000077338:Latanoprost; D000069580:Bimatoprost; D000069557:Travoprost
keywords: glaucoma; periorbitopathy; prostaglandin