title: The Italian version of the Trunk Impairment Scale: development and psychometric properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) is a widely-used tool aimed to evaluate trunk motor impairment for stroke patients. A validation trial of a translated form of the TIS was never conducted within an Italian population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe translation, cultural adaptation, and validation (internal consistency, reliability, and validity) of the Italian version of the TIS (TIS-I).
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation of the psychometric properties of a translated, culturally adapted questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient rehabilitation ward.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sub-acute stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The TIS-I was developed involving forward-backward translation to establish correspondence with the original English latest version. Psychometric testing included internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and intra-rater and inter-rater reliability (ICC and Kappa), the standard error of measurement (SEM) and the minimal detectable change (MDC). Concurrent validity was estimated by comparing the TIS-I to the Trunk Control Test, balance subscore of the Fugl-Meyer (FM-BAL) and the mobility section of the Lindmark motor assessment chart (LIND-MOB), and construct validity by comparing the TIS-I to Barthel Index (BI) (Spearman rank correlation coefficient).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scale was administered to 41 subjects, showing internal consistency ranged from 0.79 to 0.88. ICC values ranged from 0.725 to 0.933 for inter-rater reliability, with the SEM ranging from 0.52 to 1.11, and from 0.770 to 0.911 for intra-rater reliability, with SEM ranging from 0.52 to 1.64. MDC ranged from 1.44 to 4.55. Kappa values ranged from moderate to almost perfect. Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the TIS-I and the BI, LIND-MOB and FM-BAL was 0.63, 0.79 and 0.74 (P<0.001), respectively. Correlation coefficient between the TIS-I and the TCT was 0.81 (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the reliability and the validity of the TIS-I as measure of motor impairment of the trunk after stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TIS-I can be used in daily clinical practice and in research.
authors.affiliation: Functional Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy.
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.affiliation: School of Specialization in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orioli
authors.affiliation: School of Specialization in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casavola
authors.affiliation: Functional Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy - matteo.paci@applicazione.it.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D060726:Torso / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014177:Translations; D016896:Treatment Outcome