title: Survival of Helicobacter pylori in gastric acidic territory.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicobacter pylori is well adapted to colonize the epithelial surface of the human gastric mucosa and can cause persistent infections. In order to infect the gastric mucosa, it has to survive in the gastric acidic pH. This organism has well developed mechanisms to neutralize the effects of acidic pH.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review article was designed to summarize the various functional and molecular aspects by which the bacterium can combat and survive the gastric acidic pH in order to establish the persistent infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the keywords (acid acclimation, gastric acidic environment, H. pylori and survival) in combination or alone for pubmed search of recent scientific literatures. One hundred and forty one papers published between 1989 and 2016 were sorted out. The articles published with only abstracts, other than in English language, case reports and reviews were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Many literatures describing the role of several factors in acid survival were found. Recently, the role of several other factors has been claimed to participate in acid survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, this organism has well characterized mechanisms for acid survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.
authors.forename: Shamshul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.|Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Yoshio
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1222-5819
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaoka
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000143:Acids
keywords: 
  Helicobacter pylori
  ; acid acclimation; gastric acidic environment; survival