title: The use of super-selective mesenteric embolisation as a first-line management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, we aim to assess the efficacy and safety of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and super-selective mesenteric artery embolisation in managing lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) at a multi-centre health service in Melbourne (Australia).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case series of patients with LGIB treated with superselective embolisation in our area health service. Patients with confirmed active LGIB, on either radionuclide scintigraphy (RS) or contrast-enhanced multi-detector CT angiography (CE-MDCT), were referred for DSA, and subsequently endovascular intervention. Data collected included patient characteristics; screening modality; bleeding territory; embolisation technique; technical and clinical success; short to mediumterm complications and mortality up to 30 days; and the need for surgery related to procedural failure or complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 55 hospital admissions with acute unstable lower gastrointestinal bleeding that were demonstrable on CE-MDCT or RS over a 30-month period (from 1 January 2014 to 30 June 2016). Of these, eighteen patients were embolised. Immediate haemostasis was achieved in all embolised cases. Eight patients (44%) had clinical re-bleeding postembolisation and warranted repeated imaging. However, only one case (5.6%) had active bleeding identified and was re-embolised. There was no documented case of bowel ischemia or ischemic-stricture and none progressed on to surgery. 30 day mortality was zero.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Super-selective mesenteric embolisation is a viable, safe and effective first line management for localised LGIB. Our results overall compare favourably with the published experiences of other institutions. It is now accepted first-line practice at our institution to manage localised LGIB with embolisation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Western Health, 160 Furlong Road, Footscray, Melbourne, Victoria 3011, Australia.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Soh
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Western Health, 160 Furlong Road, Footscray, Melbourne, Victoria 3011, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Medical School - Western Precinct, Western Health, Sunshine Hospital 176, Furlong Road, St Albans, Melbourne, Victoria 3021, Australia.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chan
keywords: Angiography; Lower gastrointestinal bleeding; Mesenteric embolisation