title: Fusing Biodiversity Metrics into Investigations of Daily Life: Illustrations and Recommendations With Emodiversity.
abstract: Functionalist emotion and ecological systems theories suggest emodiversity-the variety and relative abundance of individuals' emotion experiences-is beneficial for psychological and physical health and may change with age. This paper examines and provides recommendations for operationalization of diversity-type intraindividual variability (IIV) constructs using intensive longitudinal data, and demonstrates the utility of emodiversity by examining its links to physical health moderated by mean levels of emotion and age.
  
  
  
  Using data from a daily diary study of 138 adults (age 40 to 65 years), we consider how item selection, response scale, choice of diversity index, and number of occasions enable/constrain mapping to theory, measurement reliability, and empirical inquiry.
  
  
  
  Item selection and response scale had limited influence on rank-order differences in diversity. Reliable measurement (r ≥ .8) required a minimum of 6 to 12 occasions depending on choice of index, theoretical conception, study design, and distribution of diversity scores. The empirical findings suggest mean level of negative affect, rather than age, moderates the relation between negative emodiversity and health.
  
  
  
  This study provides recommendations for the calculation of diversity-type IIV constructs and illustrates the potential for study of emodiversity to contribute to understanding of successful aging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
authors.forename: Lizbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.|German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nilam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe.
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Zautra
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.|Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ong
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011581:Psychological Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Diversity; Emotion; Intraindividual variability; Longitudinal analysis