title: Sensor Fusion to Infer Locations of Standing and Reaching Within the Home in Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of rehabilitation after spinal cord injury is to enable successful function in everyday life and independence at home. Clinical tests can assess whether patients are able to execute functional movements but are limited in assessing such information at home. A prototype system is developed that detects stand-to-reach activities, a movement with important functional implications, at multiple locations within a mock kitchen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten individuals with incomplete spinal cord injuries performed a sequence of standing and reaching tasks. The system monitored their movements by combining two sources of information: a triaxial accelerometer, placed on the subject's thigh, detected sitting or standing, and a network of radio frequency tags, wirelessly connected to a wrist-worn device, detected reaching at three locations. A threshold-based algorithm detected execution of the combined tasks and accuracy was measured by the number of correctly identified events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The system was shown to have an average accuracy of 98% for inferring when individuals performed stand-to-reach activities at each tag location within the same room.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of accelerometry and tags yielded accurate assessments of functional stand-to-reach activities within a home environment. Optimization of this technology could simplify patient compliance and allow clinicians to assess functional home activities.
authors.affiliation: From the Max Nader Lab for Rehabilitation Technologies and Outcomes Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (LL, CKM, AJ); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois (LL, KK, AJ); Center for Bionic Medicine (LL, TR, JMO, CKM, AJ), and Sensory Motor Performance Program (KK), Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio (TR).
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lonini
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reissman
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ochoa
authors.forename: Chaithanya K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Mummidisetty
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kording
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jayaraman
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000379:methods*; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D059015:Wireless Technology