title: A computational measurement of cartilaginous endplate structure using ultrashort time-to-echo MRI scanning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrashort time-to-echo (UTE) MRI scanning has been applied to observe the cartilaginous endplate (CEP) in intervertebral disc. CEP plays a critical role in IVD health and disease. Nevertheless, current measurements of CEP based on UTE MRI technique are still by manual segmentation, and observation of signal abnormality was usually time-consuming and often disturbed by subjective bias. This study hence proposed an efficient way to harvest the global parameters of CEP after UTE MRI scanning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ex-vivo UTE-MRI scanning was performed using 12 goat lumbar spine specimens. After the UTE-MRI data were collected, the computational method for CEP segmentation and assessment was developed. Global view of CEP, e.g., surface morphology as well as distributions of thickness and signal intensity, were measured. Histological staining of the CEP as well as manual CEP segmentation was then conducted to validate the accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Segmentation of CEP by the proposed method presented a good agreement with manual measurement, with mean Jaccard index of 0.7296 and mean Cohen's Kappa coefficient of 0.8286. The processing time for CEP segmentation and property measurements was 59.2s which was much shorter than the manual measurement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This newly-developed technique is able to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the CEP structure, which is very valuable for the clinicians and researchers to accurately evaluate the endplate health after UTE MRI scanning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
authors.forename: Ri-Chu
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
authors.forename: Yong-Can
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
authors.forename: Keith D K
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China. Electronic address: yhud@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002356:Cartilage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006041:Goats; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: Cartilaginous endplate; Image segmentation; Intervertebral disc; MRI; Ultrashort time-to-echo