title: Two 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Strains Recently Found in California Harbor Different Prophages.
abstract: 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas), an α-proteobacterium, is associated with citrus Huanglongbing (HLB; yellow shoot disease). In California, two cases of CLas have been detected in Los Angeles County, one in Hacienda Heights in 2012 and the other in San Gabriel in 2015. Although all infected trees were destroyed in compliance with a state mandate, citrus industry stakeholder concerns about HLB in California are high. Little is known about the biology of CLas, particularly the California strains, hindering effective HLB management efforts. In this study, next-generation sequencing technology (Illumina MiSeq) was employed to characterize the California CLas strains. Data sets containing >4 billion (Giga) bp of sequence were generated from each CLas sample. Two prophages (P-HHCA1-2 and P-SGCA5-1) were identified by the MiSeq read mapping technique referenced to two known Florida CLas prophage sequences, SC1 and SC2. P-HHCA1-2 was an SC2-like or Type 2 prophage of 38,989 bp in size. P-SGCA5-1 was an SC1-like or Type 1 prophage of 37,487 bp in size. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that P-HHCA1-2 was part of an Asiatic lineage within the Type 2 prophage group. Similarly, P-SGCA5-1 was part of an Asiatic lineage within Type 1 prophage group. The Asiatic relatedness of both P-HHCA1-2 and P-SGCA5-1 was further presented by single nucleotide polymorphism analysis at terL (encoding prophage terminase) that has been established for CLas strain differentiation. The presence of different prophages suggests that the two California CLas strains could have been introduced from different sources. An alternative explanation is that there was a mixed CLas population containing the two types of prophages, and limited sampling in a geographic region may not accurately depict the true CLas diversity. More accurate pathway analysis may be achieved by including more strains collected from the regions.
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; third author: Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento; fourth author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Services, National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside; and sixth author: San Joaquín Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; third author: Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento; fourth author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Services, National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside; and sixth author: San Joaquín Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; third author: Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento; fourth author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Services, National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside; and sixth author: San Joaquín Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA.
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Kumagai
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; third author: Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento; fourth author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Services, National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside; and sixth author: San Joaquín Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polek
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; third author: Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento; fourth author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Services, National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside; and sixth author: San Joaquín Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: First, second, and fifth authors: Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; third author: Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento; fourth author: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Services, National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Riverside; and sixth author: San Joaquín Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D002957:Citrus / Q000382:microbiology*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D010802:Phylogeny; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D039002:Prophages / Q000235:genetics*; D012230:Rhizobiaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000821:virology*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA