title: Eight-minute self-regulation intervention raises educational attainment at scale in individualist but not collectivist cultures.
abstract: Academic credentials open up a wealth of opportunities. However, many people drop out of educational programs, such as community college and online courses. Prior research found that a brief self-regulation strategy can improve self-discipline and academic outcomes. Could this strategy support learners at large scale? Mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII) involves writing about positive outcomes associated with a goal, the obstacles to achieving it, and concrete if-then plans to overcome them. The strategy was developed in Western countries (United States, Germany) and appeals to individualist tendencies, which may reduce its efficacy in collectivist cultures such as India or China. We tested this hypothesis in two randomized controlled experiments in online courses (n= 17,963). Learners in individualist cultures were 32% (first experiment) and 15% (second experiment) more likely to complete the course following the MCII intervention than a control activity. In contrast, learners in collectivist cultures were unaffected by MCII. Natural language processing of written responses revealed that MCII was effective when a learner's primary obstacle was predictable and surmountable, such as everyday work or family obligations but not a practical constraint (e.g., Internet access) or a lack of time. By revealing heterogeneity in MCII's effectiveness, this research advances theory on self-regulation and illuminates how even highly efficacious interventions may be culturally bounded in their effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; kizilcec@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: René F
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6283-5546
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Kizilcec
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
authors.forename: Geoffrey L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000076363:Academic Success; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D003469:Culture; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007858:Learning; D008875:Middle Aged; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States; D014495:Universities / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: culture; education; field experiment; goal pursuit; motivation