For bulk RNA-seq, the total RNA was extracted using the Qiasymphony RNA kit (Qiagen, cat. no. 931636). For bulk RNA-seq, sequencing libraries were prepared with the NEBNext Ultra II RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (NEB, cat. no. E7770S), including mRNA enrichment, cDNA synthesis, and PCR enrichment. Library quality and quantification were assessed using Agilent TapeStation and Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer, respectively. Sequencing was performed on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform in a 2 × 150 paired-end mode.