For ATAC-seq library preparation, 50,000 cells were washed once with cold PBS and resuspended in lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) 10 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl2, and 0.1% (v/v) IGEPAL CA-630 (Sigma)). For ATAC-seq library preparation, 50,000 cells were washed once with cold PBS and resuspended in 50 ml of lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) 10 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl2, and 0.1% (v/v) IGEPAL CA-630 (Sigma)). The suspension was then centrifuged at 500 g for 10minutes at 4°C, followed by the addition of 50 ml of the transposition reaction mixture of the TruePrep DNA Library Prep Kit (Vazyme, TD502). Samples were then incubated at 37°C for 30minutes. Transposition reactions were cleaned up using the MinElute PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, 28004). ATAC-seq libraries were subjected to five cycles for preamplification and amplified by PCR for an appropriate number of cycles. Amplified libraries were purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, 28104). Library concentration was measured using the VAHTSTM Library Quantification Kit (Vazyme, NQ101).