500 mg of homogenized plant tissue were used per N. benthamiana leaf sample and RNA extraction buffer (38% saturated phenol, 0.8 M guanidine thiocyanate, 0.4 M ammonium thiocyanate, 0.1 M sodium acetate) was added to each sample. RNA libraries for RNA-seq were prepared using the QuantSeq 3' mRNA-Seq Library Prep Kit.