Cells were lysed with lysis buffer (10mM Tris-HCl (pH7.4) supplemented with 10mM NaCl, 3mM MgCl2, 0.1% Tween-20, 0.1% NP-40, 0.01% digitonin, 1% BSA, 1mM DTT, and 1U/μl RNase inhibitor) for 3 minutes on ice. scMultiome libraries were prepared using Chromium Next GEM Single Cell Multiome ATAC + Gene Expression Reagent (10x Genomics) according to the manufacturer's instruction.