title: In this study, we aimed to evaluate different bacterial inoculation routes to reconstitute the typical gut microbiota of honey bees (gnotobiotic bees) under laboratory conditions. This approach is particularly relevant for laboratory-based studies designed to assess the effects of various stress factors on honey bee microbiota and contributing to the exploration of the sophisticated reciprocal action of microorganisms and human tissues.
design: In this study, we aimed to evaluate different bacterial inoculation routes to reconstitute the typical gut microbiota of honey bees (gnotobiotic bees) under laboratory conditions.