library_construction_protocol: After cells were exposed to 100 μg/mL of PS-C-NPLs (PS-C 30 nm, PS-C 50 nm, and PS-C 100 nm) for 24 hours, RNA isolation and purification were performed using the TRI Reagent® protocol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Briefly, cells were lysed with 1 mL of TRI Reagent, and the homogenized lysates were transferred to Eppendorf tubes (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). Chloroform was added, followed by incubation and centrifugation. The aqueous phase, containing RNA, was transferred to new tubes, and RNA was precipitated with 2-propanol. After centrifugation, RNA pellets were washed with 75 % ethanol and centrifuged again. The pellets were air-dried, resuspended in RNase-free water, and RNA quality and concentration were measured using a NanoDrop® spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The experiment was conducted with technical quadruplicates for each treatment and triplicates for the negative control. RNA libraries for RNA-seq were prepared using TruSeq Stranded Total RNA with Ribo-Zero H/M/R_Gold kit following manufacter's protocol.