design: Nucleic acids were extracted using the PowerFecal DNA/RNA Purification Kit (QIAGEN) and quality-checked by Qubit fluorimetry and TapeStation (Agilent). DNA libraries were prepared with the ThruPLEX DNA Library Prep Kit (Takara), and RNA-Seq libraries with the TruSeq RNA Library Prep Kit combined with the Ribo-Zero Plus Microbiome rRNA Depletion Kit (Illumina), following manufacturers instructions. Libraries were assessed on the Bioanalyzer (Agilent), quantitated by qPCR, and only those passing QCshowing no adapter-dimers and appropriate insert size (250500 bp for RNA-Seq; 3001000 bp for DNA)were retained. Libraries were then pooled in equimolar concentrations with 1% PhiX and sequenced on the NovaSeq 6000 (S4 flow cell, 318-cycle paired-end run) to generate 150 bp paired-end reads.