design: DNA was extracted at the South Australian Museum from a single leg using a modified version of the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding Glass Fiber Plate DNA Extraction Protocol in PALL Acroprep ADVANCE 96-Well Filter Plates (1 ml 3.0 m glass fibre75). The Meyer and Kircher (2010)76 protocol was followed to prepare indexed libraries for Illumina sequencing, incorporating the on-bead method of77 and78. Indexed samples were quantified fluorometrically on a Quantus fluorometer (Promega, Madison,WI, USA) and pooled into groups of five for the hybridisation step, based on similar concentration. MyBaits UCE Hymenoptera 2.5Kv2AB kit (Arbor Biosciences, USA) was used to capture UCE sequences, following the myBaits User Manual version 5.01. DNA concentration of the capture reactions was measured on a Quantus fluorometer and the libraries were pooled in equimolar quantities. Final fragment length distribution and molarity of the bee UCE library was determined on a TapeStation 2200 using high-sensitivity ScreenTape and reagents (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Sequencing was conducted on a NovaSeq 6000 SP single lane at the Australian Genomic Research Facility (AGRF) in Melbourne with 150 bp paired-end read cycles.