design: To validate the accuracy of our predicted TSS, we conducted Cap-seq experiments, a technique adept at precisely capturing the TSS of mRNA. Purified polyA+ RNA was first dephosphorylated using Calf Intestine Phosphatase (CIP) and then the 5 cap was removed with Tobacco Acid Pyrophosphatase (TAP), utilizing the FirstChoice RLM-RACE kit (Thermo Scientific, AM1700). Illumina 5 adaptors (Vazyme, NR811) were ligated to the 5 monophosphate ends generated specifically at TSSs, followed by RNA fragmentation with magnesium ions at 94C for 4 minutes (NEB, E6150), resulting in an average fragment size of about 260 nucleotides. Subsequent CIP treatment converted the 3 monophosphate ends generated by RNA fragmentation into 3-OH ends, to which Illumina 3 adapters (Vazyme, NR811) were ligated. The libraries were amplified by RT-PCR for 18-20 cycles. Each step mentioned above was followed by purification using phenol/chloroform extraction followed by isopropanol precipitation. The final PCR amplification products were purified by 8% native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). 150bp paired-end sequencing was performed on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform, producing approximately 26 million reads per sample.