design: Fecal slurries of different individual microbiomes were first subjected to whole metagenomic DNA extraction using the FastDNA Spin Kit (MP Biomedicals, 116540600). Quantification of DNA contents was performed using the Qubit High Sensitivity dsDNA Assay Kit, as previously described32. Metagenomic DNA sequencing was performed with Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform at Gnome Qubec CES using PCR-free library preparation