library_construction_protocol: Colon tissue samples (∼ 2 cm) were excised post-mortem, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70°C. For RNA extraction, frozen tissues were transferred directly into gentleMACS™ M Tubes (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) containing TRI Reagent® (Molecular Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA) without allowing them to thaw. The tissues were homogenized using the gentleMACS™ Dissociator (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Subsequently, mucosal RNA was isolated from the homogenized tissue using the Monarch® Total RNA Miniprep Kit (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The concentration and purity of the isolated DNA and RNA samples were first assessed in-house using a spectrophotometer (NanoDrop™ One/OneC, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The samples were then shipped on dry ice to Novogene Europe (Cambridge, UK) for library preparation, sequencing, data processing, and statistical analysis. Library preparation was performed by Novogene (Cambridge, UK). Please inquire Novogene for further details.