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Fecal DNA was extracted using PowerSoil DNA isolation kits (Mo Bio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The DNA samples were treated with RNAse A (PureLink #12091-021, Invitrogen Bioservices, Bangalore, India) to get rid of RNA. One microgram of DNA was fragmented in the range of 300 to 400 bases, and libraries prepared using TruSeq DNA sample preparation kit v2 (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) as per manufacturers instructions.