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The 16S rDNA V4 region was amplified. For the PCR product, the jagged ends of the DNA fragments were converted into blunt ends by using T4 DNA Polymerase, Klenow Fragment, and T4 Polynucleotide Kinase. Then, an A base was added to each 3end to facilitate easier addition of adapters. Fusion primers with dual index and adapters were used for PCR, and fragments that were too short were removed using Ampure beads. In both cases, only the qualified library can be used for sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq PE250 (V2) platform, which generates paired-end reads.