For scRNA-seq, td-Tomato+ cells were isolated from bone marrow and bone by flow cytometry. For RNA-seq and ATAC-seq, td-Tomato+ cells were isolated from growth plate or periosteum by flow cytometry, and 1000 of these cells were used for constructing RNA-seq library, while 3000~5000 of these cells were used for constructing ATAC-seq library. RNA-seq libraries were constructed by a modified Smartseq2 method with UMI barcodes (Nature 533:487, 2016). ATAC-seq libraries were constructed by TruePrep DNA Library Prep Kit V2 for Illumina (Vazyme, TD502-01).