Total RNA samples were extracted on d0 (prior to plating on laminin) or d7 post-plating on laminin (d5 in SD Medium), and ~4 million Brown Norway rat laminin-non-binding spermatogenic cells, using the RNAqueous Kit (Ambion, Inc.). RNA concentration in each isolated sample was measured using the RiboGreen Kit (Invitrogen, Inc.). Standard RNA Sequencing Protocols used for analyses on rat spermatogonial transcripts were conducted by The McDermott Center Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Core at UT Southwestern Medical Center as describe by (Kollipara and Kittler, 2015).