16S rRNA sequencing
Amplicon sequencing of bacterial (V3-V4) and archaeal (V4-V5) 16S rRNA genes was performed using Illumina NovaSeq 6000. DNA was amplified using primers 338F/806R for bacteria and Arc519F/Arc991R for archaea. Amplicons were purified, quantified, pooled in equal amounts, and sequenced with paired-end reads.