DNA-seq of Vespa soror: adult female thorax tissue
Total genomic DNA (gDNA) from the three species was extracted from thoracic muscle tissue using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (#69504, QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). DNA concentration was quantified using a dsDNA BR Qubit assay (Q32850, Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA), and its purity and integrity were assessed using A260/A280 and A260/A230 absorbance ratios and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. We performed shotgun sequencing of extracted gDNA from a female V. soror. For short-read sequencing, a paired-end (150 bp) library was prepared from 100 ng of gDNA using the NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (E7103, New England Biolabs, USA) and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform at KTest Science Co., Ltd. (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)