hTSCs were transduced with an empty vector using lentivirus. ChIP was performed using ChIP Reagents (#318-07131; Nippon Gene, Tokyo, Japan) and an anti-FLAG antibody (1:100; #F3165; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Briefly, IP was performed in buffer containing 400 mM NaCl instead of 150 mM to reduce the background signal. ChIP-seq libraries were prepared using NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (#E7645; New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA) and sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Reads were trimmed using TrimGalore and aligned to the reference genome (UCSC hg38) using Bowtie 2 v2.2.5. SALL4-binding sites were identified using MACS2 v2.2.7.2.