microbial DNA for 16S-seq was extracted with PureLink Microbiome DNA kit (Invitrogen), microbial RNA extracted with RNeasy PowerMIcrobiome kit (Qiagen), host RNA extracted with trizol (Invitrogen) 16S-seq - custom library preparation protocol, dual RNA-seq libraries were prepared using Illumina Stranded Total RNA Prep kit with the Ribo-zero Plus, and they were sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 with single read 100bp.