Total RNA was extracted using RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN, 74106) in accordance with the RNeasy Reagent manufacturer's protocol. The concentration of RNA was determined by NanoDrop 2000. RNA quality was determined on an Agilent TapeStation 4150 using an Agilent RNA ScreenTape (Agilent, 5067-5576). Total RNA libraries for RNA-seq were prepared using TruSeq total RNA Library Prep Kit following manufacturer's protocols.