Adherent BMSCs were harvested from culture, washed, and prepared as single-cell suspensions for 10x Genomics loading. Cell viability was confirmed to be greater than 85% before library preparation. In the 10x Genomics Chromium workflow, cells were partitioned into gel bead-in-emulsions (GEMs), and mRNA from individual cells was reverse-transcribed and barcoded to generate single-cell cDNA libraries. Single-cell RNA-seq libraries were prepared by OE Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) using the 10x Genomics Chromium platform and Chromium Single Cell 3' Reagent Kits v3 according to the manufacturer's protocol. Gel bead-in-emulsions were generated, followed by reverse transcription, cDNA amplification, and library construction using standard 10x Genomics workflows. Qualified libraries were sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform to generate paired-end reads.