Total RNA was purified from cultured HaCaT cells using Direct-zol RNA Miniprep Kits (Zymo, # R2052) following manufacturer's instructions, and concentration was determined by Nanodrop 8000 spectrophotometer. A total of 500 ng RNA was submitted to Genewiz. Briefly, mRNA was selected by Poly(A) enrichment, followed by fragmentation and reverse transcription, and the addition of sequencing adapters and amplification. The final library was sequenced on a NovaSeq X (150bp PE) at a depth of 20 million reads per library.