Cells were first lysed with RLT buffer before RNA extraction was conducted using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Concentration and purity of extracted RNA was assessed with the NanoDrop spectrophotometer ND-1000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific/ PeqLab). RNA was isolated according to the protocol and sent out to Novogene for sample QC, library preparation, and sequencing. Sequencing was performed at 20M paired-end reads per sample on the NovaSeq X Plus Series (PE150) (Illumina).