Total RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent (Life Technologies) following the manufacturer's protocol. The aqueous phase was separated with chloroform, and RNA was precipitated using isopropanol. RNA quality and concentration were measured using Nanodrop 2000. RNA libraries for RNA-seq were prepared using Hieff NGS® Ultima Dual-mode mRNA Library Prep Kit (12309ES,Yeasen)  following manufacturer's protocols.