MaterialsOne-year-old Angelica gigas (AG) rootstock seedlings planted in pots in March were used for this study. From May 22 to June 1, AG plants were subjected to temperature treatment for 10 days using a temperature gradient tunnel (3 m wide, 3 m high, 27 m long) located at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in Eumseong, Republic of Korea. The tunnel was designed to create a natural temperature gradient from the outside to the innermost section. mRNA samples were collected from AG leaves under conditions where the temperature was 1C, 23C, 45C, and 56C higher than the outside temperature. The samples were labeled AG01, AG02, AG03, and AG04, respectively.MethodsmRNA was extracted using the Qiagen RNA Extraction Kit, and RNA sequencing was performed by Macrogen. Sequencing was conducted in triplicates for each sample to ensure reproducibility and reliability.