Urine cfDNA was extracted as described in Lin et al., 2021 (doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11040650). The low molecular weight (LMW) fraction (cfDNA; <1 kb) was size-selected with HighPrep PCR magnetic beads (MagBio Genomics, Gaithersburg, MD) at 0.55X bead/sample ratio. Targeted sequencing was performed using the HBV panels from JBS Science (JBS Science, Inc, Doylestown, PA). Libraries were prepared from 10 ng of urine cfDNA using the NEBNext Ultra II DNA Kit (NEB, Ipswich, MA) and xGen UDI-UMI adapters (IDT, Cornwall, IA), followed by target enrichment according to the manufacturers pr