Extraction of RNA from frozen muscle biopsy samples was carried out following an established protocol . Frozen samples were cryogenically homogenized using Cryomill (Retsh GmbH, Germany), and the amorphous materials were sorted into two aliquots for the transcriptomic and metabolomic assays, respectively. After adding TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, MA) to the aliquot marked for transcriptomic assay, it was cryogenically homogenized using a Precellys Evolution Homogenizer (Bertin Technologies SAS, France). mRNA was extracted following standard Trizol extraction protocol, and the quantity and quality of RNA were determined using the NanoDrop 2000 spectrometer (Thermo Fisher, Wilmington, DE) and the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA), respectively.