MPCs used for RNA sequencing were cultured for 4 days in 10% serum obtained from control participants or from patients with late stage CKD. Total RNA was extracted from primary MPCs by pipetting Trizol TRI Reagent (#R2050-1-200, Zymo Research) onto wells and manual scraping. RNA was isolated using the Direct-zol RNA Miniprep kit (#R2051, Zymo Research) per manufacturer's instructions. RNA concentration and quality (average RIN: 9.7) was assessed with an RNA Nano chip kit on a bioanalyzer by the University of Kentucky Genomics Core Laboratory. Six hundred nanograms of total RNA was sent to Novogene for library construction and sequencing on an NovaSeq PE150 system using a paired-end 150 bp dual-indexing protocol.