Rattus norvegicus Raw sequence reads
In this study, we demonstrate that interface-specific interactions between bacterial pathogens and hosts are modulated by osmolarity. By performing single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS), we found that the adhesion forces are ~25 nN. Interestingly, the adhesion forces (Fad) increased by more than 4-fold and more than 3-fold in hypotonic and hypertonic osmotic exposure, respectively. Through genetic and protein level analysis, we discovered that collagen XV is upregulated in hypoosmolarity, while hyperosmolarity upregulates collagen II. These two distinct collagen subtypes regulate adhesion in a specific manner, influencing bacterial invasion.