Genome sequencing and characterization of Salmonella enterica bacteriophages
This study describes the isolation, characterization, and complete genome sequencing of four novel bacteriophages—Phages 3, 4, 6, and 8—that specifically infect multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. The phages were recovered from untreated wastewater samples collected in Lebanon and demonstrated strong lytic activity, short latent periods, and broad host range profiles against clinical S. enteritidis isolates. Phenotypic assays confirmed their thermostability and pH tolerance, indicating potential resilience in environmental and industrial conditions. Whole-genome sequencing and annotation revealed linear double-stranded DNA genomes ranging from 40 to 109 kb with no detectable lysogeny, virulence, or antimicrobial resistance genes. Comparative genomic analysis positioned all four isolates within the Straboviridae family, representing novel viral species with potential for use in bacteriophage-based biocontrol strategies targeting multidrug-resistant Salmonella.