Impaired B-cell function in ERCC2 deficiency
Trichothiodystrophy-1 (TTD1) is an autosomal-recessive disease and caused by mutations in ERCC2, a gene coding for a subunit of the TFIIH transcription and nucleotide-excision repair (NER) factor. In almost half of these patients infectious susceptibility has been reported but the underlying molecular mechanism leading to immunodeficiency is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to perform extended molecular and immunological phenotyping in patients suffering from TTD1. Cellular immune phenotype was investigated using multicolour flow cytometry. DNA repair efficiency was evaluated in UV-irradiation assays. Furthermore, early BCR activation events and proliferation of TTD1 lymphocytes following DNA damage induction was tested. In addition, we performed differential gene expression analysis in peripheral lymphocytes of TTD1 patients. We investigated three unrelated TTD1 patients who presented with recurrent infections early in life of whom two harboured novel ERCC2 mutations and the third patient is a carrier of previously described pathogenic ERCC2 mutations. Hypogammaglobulinemia and decreased antibody responses following vaccination were found. TTD1 B-cells showed accumulation of g-H2AX levels, decreased proliferation activity and reduced cell viability following UV-irradiation. mRNA sequencing analysis revealed significantly downregulated genes needed for B-cell development and activation. Analysis of B-cell subpopulations showed low numbers of naïve and transitional B-cells in TTD1 patients, indicating abnormal B-cell differentiation in vivo. In summary, our analyses confirmed the pathogenicity of novel ERCC2 mutations and show that ERCC2 deficiency is associated with antibody deficiency most likely due to altered B-cell differentiation resulting from impaired B-cell activation and activation-induced gene transcription. Overall design: To investigate the differential gene expression in TTD1 patients, we isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 3 unrelated ERCC2 deficient patients as well as 5 healthy controls. Then, RNA was isolated from PBMCs, and total RNA served as input for mRNA sequencing analysis. Bioinformatic analysis following mRNA sequencing should reveal whether impaired or dysregulated transcription in PBMCs from TTD1 patients contributes to impaired antibody response found in these patients.