Pneumococcal sequences
Detection of multiple pneumococcal serotype carriage can enhance monitoring of pneumococcal vaccine impact, particularly among high-burden childhood populations. We assessed methods for identifying co-carriage of pneumococcal serotypes from whole-genome sequences. 24Twenty-four nasopharyngeal samples were collected during community carriage surveillance from healthy children in Blantyre, Malawi, which were then serotyped by microarray. Pneumococcal DNA from culture plate sweeps were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq, and genomic serotyping was carried out using SeroCall and PneumoKITy. Their sensitivity was calculated in reference to the microarray data. Local maxima in the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density distributions were assessed for their correspondence to the relative abundance of serotypes. Across the 24 individuals, the microarray detected 77 non-unique serotypes, of which 42 occurred at high relative abundance (>10%) (per individual, median, 3; range, 1–6 serotypes). The average sequencing depth was 57X (range: 21X - –88X). The sensitivity of SeroCall for identifying high -abundance serotypes was 98% (95% CI, 0.87–1.00), 20% (0.08–0.36) for low abundance (<10%), and 62% (0.50–0.72) overall. PneumoKITy's sensitivity was 86% (0.72–0.95), 20% (0.06–0.32), and 56% (0.42–0.65), respectively. Local maxima in the SNP frequency distribution were highly correlated with the relative abundance of high-abundance serotypes. Six samples were resequenced, and the pooled runs had an average 4-fourfold increase in sequencing depth. This allowed genomic serotyping of two of the previously undetectable seven low-abundance serotypes. Genomic serotyping is highly sensitive for the detection of high-abundance serotypes in samples with co-carriage. Serotype-associated reads may be identified through SNP frequency, and increased read depth can increase sensitivity for low-abundance serotype detection.