PAMD-Ch17, a Polymeric Analog of Plerixafor, Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction in T-ALL Cells Independent of CXCR4
PAMD-Ch17 is a polymer composed of the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100/Plerixafor with a cholesterol modification. In previous work, we showed that PAMD-Ch17, but not AMD3100, induces cell death and differentiation in mouse Acute Myeloid Leukemia cells. To investigate the mechanism of PAMD-Ch17's novel anti-leukemic effects, we tested PAMD-Ch17 against a panel of human leukemia cell lines and found that PAMD-Ch17 is effective against a variety of acute leukemias, with T-ALL cell lines being highly sensitive. Surprisingly, CXCR4 knock out T-ALL cells were equally sensitive to PAMD-Ch17. Using a fluorescently tagged PAMD-Ch17, we found that the drug colocalized to the mitochondria. We also found that PAMD-Ch17 induced changes in expression of genes related to mitochondrial function, increased levels of mitochondrial superoxide, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Using seahorse assays, we found that PAMD-Ch17 decreased baseline oxygen consumption, ATP production, and proton leakage. PAMD-Ch17 also decreased baseline extracellular acidification rate, indicating a decrease in overall metabolism. In mouse primary T-ALL but not healthy bone marrow cells, PAMD-Ch17 induced both mitochondrial superoxide and cell death. Using human bone marrow organoids, we found that PAMD-Ch17 induced mitochondrial superoxide and cell death in human primary T-ALL cells, but not in healthy stromal and hematopoietic cells. Collectively, our results indicate that PAMD-Ch17 has anti-leukemic effects against T-ALL cells but not healthy cells, likely mediated through a CXCR4 independent, mitochondrial based mechanism. These findings support further development of PAMDs as potential therapeutics for patients with T-ALL. Overall design: To compare PAMD-Ch17 treated Jurkat cells (PAMD-Ch17 Treated Jurkat Cells 0.6uM) to wild type Jurkat cells (Wild Type Jurkat Cells Untreated), cells were treated with either 0.6uM of PAMD-Ch17 or vehicle for 24 hours. To compare CXCR4 Knock Out Jurkat cells (CXCR4 KO 2) to wild type Jurkat cells (Wild Type Jurkat Cells), cells were plated in fresh media for 24 hours. Triplicates were plated for each condition. Wild type Jurkat cells or untreated wild type Jurkat cells serve as the control for the experiments.