Chronic stress of nitrate nitrogen on Penaeus vannamei
This study conducted a 40 day chronic exposure experiment using a nitrate nitrogen gradient of 0 to 250 mg/L to systematically evaluate water quality dynamics, growth performance, key enzyme activity, and histopathological changes. Furthermore, by combining gut microbiome, transcriptome, and metabolome analyses, the environment microbe host interaction network was elucidated, identifying the threshold range and key biological pathways of nitrate nitrogen effects. This provides a theoretical basis for optimizing nitrate nitrogen risk control and management parameters in aquaculture waters.