MASH with MDBs mice model
MDBs were induced using DDC. One-month-old male C3H mice were first fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks and then switched to an HFD supplemented with 0.1% DDC for 10 weeks (n = 3). In the metformin treatment arm, mice received daily oral gavage of metformin starting at week 5 and continuing until the end of DDC feeding (n = 3). Age-matched controls were maintained on standard chow for 14 weeks (n = 3).