Comparative assessment of six carotenoids on pigmentation, growth, health, and flavor in Penaeus vannamei
Carotenoids are vital dietary components in aquaculture, commonly used to enhance pigmentation, improve stress resilience, and strengthen immune responses in aquatic species. This study conducted an eight-week feeding trial to investigate the effects of different dietary carotenoid levels on growth performance, carotenoid deposition, antioxidant capacity, intestinal microbiota composition, biochemical parameters, and immunophysiological responses in Penaeus vannamei.