PHLPP2 is a pseudophosphatase that lost activity in the metazoan ancestor
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is a major regulator of cell and organismal growth. Consequently, hyperactivation of PI3K and its downstream effector kinase, Akt, is observed in many human cancers. PH domain leucine-rich repeat-containing protein phosphatases (PHLPP), two paralogous members of the metal-dependent protein phosphatase family, have been reported as negative regulators of Akt signaling and, therefore, tumor suppressors. However, the stoichiometry and identity of the bound metal ion(s), mechanism of action, and enzymatic specificity of these proteins are not known. Seeking to fill these gaps in our understanding of PHLPP biology, we unexpectedly discovered that PHLPP2 has no catalytic activity in vitro. Instead, we found that PHLPP2 is a pseudophosphatase with a single zinc ion bound in its catalytic center. Furthermore, we found that cancer genomics data do not support the proposed role of PHLPP1 or PHLPP2 as tumor suppressors. Phylogenetic analyses revealed an ancestral phosphatase that arose more than 1000 Mya, but that lost activity at the base of the metazoan lineage. Surface conservation indicates that PHLPP2 may have lost catalytic activity, but retained substrate binding. Finally, using phylogenomics, we identify co-evolving genes consistent with a scaffolding role for PHLPP2 on membranes. In summary, our results provide a molecular explanation for the inconclusive results that have hampered research on PHLPP and argue for a new focus on non-catalytic roles of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2. Overall design: HEK293 cell lines (WT and PHLPP2 KO9 were cultured in DMEM high glucose (Sigma Aldrich) supplemented with 10 % FBS (Sigma Aldrich) and 1 % Penicillin/Streptomycin (Sigma Aldrich) at 37 °C and 5 % CO2.