Microplastic pollution induces algae blooms in experimental ponds but bioplastics are less harmful
An ever-growing sea of plastic waste permeates even the most remote ecosystems; however, its ecological impact is unclear. Less persistent bioplastic alternatives are available but also have unknown environmental effects. We conducted a three-month experiment exposing plankton in mesocosms to 10 concentrations of three different thermoplastic polyurethane (TPUs) microplastics, including two biodegradable bioplastics. Algal blooms with dense chlorophyll occurred consistently at high concentrations of the fossil-fuel based TPU, but only occasionally with the two bioplastics. Herbivorous zooplankton density was strongly reduced by typical TPU and only weakly by bioplastics, therefore the effect on algae is at least partly due to reductions in top-down grazing pressure. Microbial communities analyzed using 16S and 18S rRNA data exhibited changes in response to all three materials. Our results show that plastic pollution may contribute to the growing global problems of eutrophication, coastal hypoxia and harmful algae blooms, and that biodegradable plastics may have smaller environmental footprints.