Macrophage phenotypes modulate neoangiogenesis and fibroblast profiles in synovial-like organoid cultures.
To investigate the interaction among the cells thought to be foundational to inflammation, fibrosis, and angiogenesis in the synovial membrane. Overall design: We encapsulated fibroblasts, polarized macrophages, and endothelial cells in a 3D culture system. We used this model to determine the cellular transcriptional profiles, cytokine secretion, and vascular formation associated with different macrophage phenotype conditions.