Patient-derived gliosarcoma organoids and their parental tumors
We report the establishment of patient-derived gliosarcoma organoids (GSOs) that preserve key histological features, genetic alterations, and tumor microenvironmental cell populations from the original tumors. GSOs demonstrated stable growth and viability over extended culture periods and maintained integrity following cryopreservation and recovery, supporting their long-term utility. Histological and molecular analyses revealed that GSOs retained glial and mesenchymal differentiation, diverse non-malignant stromal cells, and case-specific somatic alterations.