Pathogen-derived glyoxylate inhibits Tet2 DNA dioxygenase to facilitate bacterial persister formation
Resistance, tolerance and persistence enable pathogenic bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment and are associated with an elevated risk of treatment failure and relapsing infections. The mechanism underlying bacterial antibiotic persister formation is not well understood. Here, we show that glyoxylate, a metabolite originally evolved to allow bacteria to utilize alternative carbon sources for optimal growth and pathogenicity, also serves as a signaling molecule to alter host gene expression and support persister formation. Specifically, we discovered glyoxylate interacting with TET2 DNA dioxygenase through an in-silico screen of human metabolome. We further show that Salmonella-produced glyoxylate inhibits the activity of Tet2 to suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and attenuate host immune defense. Catalytic inactivation of Tet2, by genetic knock-in mutation, glyoxylate production by Salmonella, or exogenous glyoxylate treatment, facilitates bacterial persister formation in both murine and human macrophages. Conversely, stimulating TET2 with vitamin C or blocking Salmonella production of glyoxylate counters bacterial antibiotic resistance and improves the infection treatment outcomes. In conclusion, our study reveals a novel signaling function of glyoxylate in gene regulation beyond energetic and biosynthetic metabolism. Our findings also suggest that stimulating TET activity within host cells represents a potential therapeutic strategy to combat bacterial persistence. Overall design: We performed RNA-seq in BMDMs infected with different S. Tm strains to investigate the role of  glyoxylate-Tet2 in regulating transcription. The reads passed the quality check were aligned to the mouse mm10 genome. In this study, samples for each condition were collected in biological triplicates.