Veterinary Feed Directive of Swine Manure Resistome
The U.S. FDA implemented the Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) in 2017 to restrict non-therapeutic antibiotic use in livestock. Here, we collected pig manure samples spanning ten years before and after VFD implementation, and evaluated the impact of VFD on the ecological and health risks of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) using a high-resolution functional metagenomic approach.