Steaming reduces Polygonum multiflorum hepatotoxicity by modulating gut microbiota-bile acid-FXR/NF-kB signaling in the gut-liver axis_16s-seq
Purpose: This study aims to clarify the mechanism by which processing reduces PM-induced hepatotoxicity, with a particular focus on the regulation of the gut-liver axis.Methods: We employed a comprehensive approach integrating histopathological examination, multi-omics analyses (including 16S rRNA sequencing, transcriptomics, and metabolomics), and molecular analysis to investigate the distinct effects of PM, SPM, and PPM in a mouse model.