Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Derived  GABAergic Neuron Differentiation in Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder (BP) is a recurring psychiatric condition characterized by alternating episodes of low energy (depressions) followed by manias (high energy). Cortical network activity produced by GABAergic interneurons may be critical in maintaining the balance in excitatory/inhibitory activity in the brain during development. Initially, GABAergic signaling is excitatory; with maturation, these cells undergo a functional switch that converts GABAA channels from depolarizing (excitatory) to hyperpolarizing (inhibitory), which is controlled by the intracellular concentration of two chloride transporters. The earliest, NKCC1, promotes chloride entry into the cell and depolarization, while the second (KCC2) stimulates movement of chloride from the neuron, hyperpolarizing it. Perturbations in the timing or expression of NKCC1/KCC2 may affect essential morphogenetic events including cell proliferation, migration, synaptogenesis and plasticity, and thereby the structure and function of the cortex. We derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from BP patients and undiagnosed control (C) individuals, then modified a differentiation protocol to form GABAergic interneurons, harvesting cells at sequential stages of differentiation. qRT-PCR and RNA sequencing indicated that after six weeks of differentiation, controls transiently expressed high levels of NKCC1. Overall design: skin biopsis were taken from patients diagnosed with bipolar I disorder (BP) who carry the rs1006737 risk allele(AA) in CACNA1C and from control (C) patients with no psychiatric diagnosis.  The rs1006737 risk allele in three BP iPSC were targeted for correction via CRISPR-Cas9- mediated editing and repair (BP-C). After 6 weeks of differentiation of GABAergic nuerons from iPSC, total RNA was extracted from 4 controls(C), 4 bipolar(BP), and 3 BP-Corrected samples. Two independent biological differentiations were performed per sample.