SUMOylation Regulates the Anti-Proliferative Gene Signature Programs of Glucocorticoid Receptor (ChIP-seq)
In addition to the glucocorticoids, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is regulated by post-translational modifications, including SUMOylation. We have analyzed how SUMOylation influences the activity of endogenous GR target genes and the receptor chromatin binding by using isogenic HEK293 cells expressing wild-type GR (wtGR) or SUMOylation-defective GR (GR3KR). Gene expression profiling revealed that both dexamethasone up- and down-regulated genes are affected by the GR sumoylation and that the affected genes are significantly associated with pathways of cellular proliferation and survival. The GR3KR-expressing cells proliferated more rapidly and their anti-proliferative response to dexamethasone was less pronounced than in the wtGR-expressing cells. ChIP-seq analyses indicated that the SUMOylation modulates the chromatin occupancy of GR on several loci associated with cellular growth in a fashion which parallels with their differential dexamethasone-regulated expression between the two cell lines. Moreover, genome-wide SUMO-2/3 marks, which were generally associated with active chromatin, showed markedly higher overlap with the wtGR cistrome than with the GR3KR cistrome. In sum, our results indicate that the SUMOylation does not simply repress the GR activity, but regulates the activity of the receptor in a target locus selective fashion, playing an important role in controlling the GR activity on genes influencing cell growth. Overall design: Examination of GR and SUMO-2/3 binding from isogenic HEK293 cell lines stably expressing either wtGR or GR3KR, in biological duplicates, using Illumina HiSeq 2000. GR binding from control HEK293 (FRT) cell line and input sample from FRT were used as controls for GR. Sequenced IgG sample from FRT cell line was used as control for SUMO-2/3