Chronic environmental and dietary sulfur species cause gut microbial dysbiosis and impair the gut health in adult zebrafish
Chronic SS exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations induced gut dysbiosis in zebrafish, marked by increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens (Enterobacter, Vibrio, and Klebsiella spp.) and reduced beneficial bacteria such as Cetobacterium. This microbial shift was accompanied by elevated H2S production, reduced short-chain fatty acids, compromised antioxidant and digestive enzyme activities, upregulated inflammatory mediators, and intestinal tissue damage.