Local growth hormone facilitates aging of the colon epithelial microenvironment
We elucidate mechanisms underlying loca non-pituitary GH (npGH) action in the non-tumorous colon tissue microenvironment. We demonstrate autocrine npGH action in normal human colon cells (hNCC) infected with lentivirus-expressing hGH (lentiGH), as well as paracrine npGH action in hNCC co-cultured with lentiGH hNCC and in intact human 3-dimensional intestinal organoids co-cultured with organoids infected with lentiGH. Enriched gene ontology and pathway analysis of intact organoids exposed to paracrine npGH identified distorted extracellular matrix (ECM) and focal adhesion pathways concurrent with altered expression of ECM and cytoskeletal proteins. Significant phosphoprotein changes associated with cytoskeleton and cell migration pathway occurred in GH-exposed hNCC. Paracrine npGH triggers these changes by activating epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as shown by suppression of E-cadherin and induction of Twist2 in cellular models, as well as in the colon of nude mice inoculated with GH-secreting xenografts. These changes are consistent with observed increased migration of hNCC overexpressing lentiGH, or in those co-cultured with GH-secreting hNCC or with GH-secreting normal colon fibroblasts. Furthermore, whole exome sequencing detected increased structural variation in intact organoids co-cultured with lentiGH-infected organoids, likely as a consequence of GH-mediated suppressed DNA damage repair, thereby favoring cell transformation. Overall design: human colon entestinal organoids were infected with lentivirus expressing GH or lentivirus expressing vector  and cultured for 2 month. Organoid cells growing in a presence of lentiGH or lenti V were selected and compared.