Chromatin binding by HORMAD proteins regulates meiotic recombination initiation
The meiotic chromosome axis coordinates chromosome organization and interhomolog recombination in meiotic prophase, and is essential for fertility. In S. cerevisiae, the HORMAD protein Hop1 mediates an enrichment of axis proteins at nucleosome-rich genomic islands through a central chromatin-binding region (CBR). Here, we use cryoelectron microscopy to show that the Hop1 CBR directly recognizes bent nucleosomal DNA through a composite interface in its PHD and winged helix-turn-helix domains. Targeted disruption of the Hop1 CBR-nucleosome interface causes a loss of axis-protein enrichment at nucleosome-rich genomic islands, reduces meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and causes defects in chromosome synapsis. Synthetic effects with the disassemblase Pch2 suggest that nucleosome binding delays a conformational switch in Hop1 from a DSB-promoting, Pch2-inaccessible state to a DSB-inactive, Pch2-accessible state to regulate the extent of meiotic DSB formation . Phylogenetic analyses of meiotic HORMADs reveal an ancient origin of this domain,  suggesting that these mechanisms are broadly conserved. Overall design: ChIP-seq analysis of binding dynamics of meiotic factors in S. cerevisiae during meiosis, and CC-seq analysis of DSB occurences in the S. cerevisiae genome during meiosis. Each txt file is the location of detected DSB locations, represented in Hits per Million results for the CC-seq samples. Each bedgraph file is the results from paired Input and ChIP samples.