Gut Microbiome Composition of Striped Mullet and Environmental Microbiome of Lake Al Manzalah Raw sequence reads
The diversity and functions of microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems, particularly within the gut of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758) and the surrounding environment of Al Manzalah Lake in Egypt, significantly influence ecosystem dynamics. This study utilized 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and ITS markers through next-generation sequencing to elucidate Archaeal, Bacterial, and Eukaryotic microbial compositions in water, sediment, fry, and adult striped mullet. The analysis revealed distinct microbial community compositions in different sample types. Bacterial and archaeal communities displayed variations between adult and fingerling guts, water, and sediment samples, indicating the influence of developmental stages, diet, gut physiology, and environmental factors on microbial diversity. Dominant phylotypes were shared between gut and environmental samples, suggesting the acquisition of core gut microbiota from both water and sediment sources. Microbial communities within the gut and the lake environment play essential roles in nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and supporting aquatic food webs. Bacterial taxa like Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Planctomycetes, found across samples, indicated potential roles in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. Furthermore, distinct bacterial and archaeal phylotypes in guts and environments highlighted their contributions to primary production, energy flow, and biogeochemical transformations. However, the study identified potential pathogenic phylotypes like Vibrionaceae and Aeromonas within adult mullet guts, raising concerns about fish health, ecosystem balance, and food safety. Mitigation strategies including regular gut microbiome monitoring, maintaining water quality, health management for mullet, and safe handling for human consumption were proposed to address these challenges. This comprehensive analysis emphasizes the intricate relationships between microbial communities, mullet gut, and Al Manzalah Lake's ecosystem health. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for managing and conserving these ecosystems, ensuring sustainability, and promoting the well-being of aquatic environments.