Identification of Class-1 integrons carried in gut microbiota of celiac patients and non-celiac relatives.
Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disease triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. Although around 40% of the worldwide population has the associated genes with the disease, only 3% of these gene carriers develop it. Gut microbiota perturbation is already acknowledged to contribute to its onset or exacerbation, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) may further aggravate it. The current study explored the presence of AMR genes and class 1 integrons, a mobile genetic element involved in AMR horizontal gene transfer, in faecal samples of celiac patients and their first-degree relatives. Almost all individuals' faecal samples harboured AMR genes.