Prenatal diisononyl phthalate exposure induces the development of  pulmonary dysplasia in offspring
As a widely used plasticizer, Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) has been considered an emerging environmental pollutant. Epidemiological evidence shows that prenatal DINP exposure is linked to an increased risk of lung diseases in offspring and adults. However, little is known about their relationship at the molecular level. We exposed pregnant mice to DINP (100 mg/kg/day) by intragastric administration throughout gestation. On postnatal days (PNDs) 21 and 42 offspring were sacrificed and the lungs were collected. We found that prenatal DINP exposure significantly caused hypoalveolarization on PND 21 in male offspring, which was reversed during postnatal development. Moreover, prenatal DINP exposure significantly caused pulmonary fibrosis on PND 42 in male offspring. However, neither of these changes were observed in female offspring. KEGG enrichment showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the lungs of male offspring were closely associated with the calcium signaling and IL-17 signaling pathways. Importantly, decreased Htr4 expression might contribute to hypoalveolarization, and the elevated Il-17a expression might be responsible for prenatal DINP exposure-induced pulmonary fibrosis in male offspring. Our results demonstrated that prenatal DINP exposure had a persistent impact on the lung development of the offspring, including early-stage reduced alveolarization and later-stage fibrosis. Overall design: Six-week-old ICR mice (30 females and 15 males) were used in our study. One male mouse and two female mice per cage were mated. Female mice with positive vaginal plug were considered pregnant, and the day at which the positive plug was detected was regarded as GD0.5 of gestation. Pregnant mice were randomly divided into the control (n=7) and DINP-exposed groups (n=6), and they were exposed to DINP (100 mg/kg bw, dissolved in corn oil) or corn oil by intragastric administration once every days, starting at GD0.5 and continuing throughout gestation.Lung issues were collected from male offspring on postnatal days (PNDs) 21 and 42. for mRNA sequencing. RNA-seq profiling of 3-CM2, 3-CM6, 3-CM7,3-DM5, 3-DM6, 3-DM7, 6-CM5, 6-CM6, 6-CM7, 6-DM6, 6-DM7, 6-DM8.