Ramadan fasting shift the human gut microbiota with influence of diet changes
Background/objectives: The human gut composed of trillions of microorganisms. The Ramadan fasting, ethnicity with diet can alter the human gut microbiota and are commonly shared by persons from the comparable ethnic origin. The eating habits of Chinese are much different than those of Pakistani, and our objective was to compare the fecal microbiota of the Chinese and Pakistani population also both combine and each one separately before and after Ramadan fasting.Subjects/methods: Structural profiling of human gut microbiota across two ethnic and six fasting groups populations. Illumina MiSeq deep sequencing was used to test the gut microbiota of 68 total samples, 16 Chinese and 18 Pakistani both combine 34 each before and after Ramadan fasting. Results: We found that the composition of the gut microbiota of Chinese was significantly different from that of Pakistani. The genetic origin of the population explained more variance in the composition of this bacterial community. The Ramadan fasting with diet was also reshaped the human gut microbiota. we show that individuals living in the same city, but their gut microbiota characteristics didn't similar to others due to their different ethnic backgrounds. Ethnicity and Ramadan fasting contributed to explaining the interindividual dissimilarities in gut microbiota composition, with operational taxonomic units (OTUs) classified as Firmicutes was significantly more abundant in the fecal microbiota of TP and PBF groups than that in the TC and PAF groups respectively, while Bacteroidetes was significantly less abundant in the fecal microbiota of CAF and PBF groups than that in the CBF and PAF groups respectively. Proteobacteria differed between CBF and CAF groups, as same as in TBF and TAF groups. Pakistan exhibited the greatest gut microbiota a-diversity and China the smallest, with corresponding enrichment or depletion in numerous OTUs. While a-diversity in the remaining fasting paired three groups were not statistically significant. We found that ethnicity and fasting significantly contributed to inter-individual dissimilarities in ß-diversity; permutational multivariate analysis of variance showed significant difference among the ethnic (TC & TP) and one fasting (PBF & PAF) group. Ethnic as well as Ramadan fasting differences in (a & ß) diversity and interindividual dissimilarities were independent of ethnic and fasting related characteristics including sociodemographic, lifestyle, or diet intake time factors. Hence, the ethnic origin and Ramadan fasting of individuals may be an important factor to consider in microbiome research and its potential future applications in ethnically diverse societies.Conclusions: We find that ethnicity explains the most variance in, and has the strongest association with, gut microbiota composition in between two ethnic populations as well as one fasting group. To summarise, the present study identifies genetic specific and effect of Ramadan fasting with diet on microbial interactions in gut microbiomes.