Allogeneic transplant can abrogate the risk of relapse in the patients of first remission acute myeloid leukemia with detectable measurable residual disease by next-generation sequencing
In patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) consolidation treatment options are between allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) and chemotherapy, based on disease risk at the time of initial presentation and age. Depth of remission following induction chemotherapy is not taken into consideration for this. The present study evaluated treatment outcomes according to the next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based measurable residual disease (MRD) status and the type of consolidation therapy in patients with normal karyotype (NK)-AML. By sequencing 278 paired samples collected at diagnosis and first remission (CR1), we identified 361 mutations in 124 patients at diagnosis and tracked them at CR1. After excluding mutations associated with age-related clonal hematopoiesis, 82 mutations in 50 of the 124 patients (40.3%) were detected at CR1. A survival benefit was observed in favor of HCT over chemotherapy consolidation in the MRDpos subgroup with respect to overall (HR 0.24, p=0.004), relapse-free survival (HR 0.25, p=0.003) and cumulative incidence of relapse (HR 0.15, p=0.001), but not in MRDneg subgroup. In summary, these data strongly support allogeneic HCT in NK-AML patients with detectable MRD by NGS in CR1. However, survival benefit from allogeneic HCT is minimal in the group achieved MRDneg after induction chemotherapy.