Beneficial effects of ultrafine bubble shower on a mouse model of atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease. Recent studies have established genetic factors, deranged skin microbiome, skin barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation as critical etiologies of AD.  Bathing and showering is the most important treatment to maintain physiological cutaneous barrier function and avoid an AD flare.   Ultrafine bubbles (UFBs) are tiny bubbles in water with diameters of several tens to hundreds of nanometers. UFBs have also been used in showering or bathing. In a recent study comparing the UFB shower with a tap-water shower, the UFB shower resulted in a significantly higher stratum corneum water content 15 and 30 min after the shower (20). However, the effectiveness of UFB showers for skin diseases has not been studied. In the present study, we examined the effects of UFB shower on mouse models of AD. The effectiveness of UFB showers for skin diseases has not been studied. We examined the effects of UFB shower on mouse models of AD.