Mitochondrial activity dictates definitive hematopoietic stem cell production and lympho-myeloid lineage segregation during mouse mouse embryogenesis [bulkRNAseq]
Mitochondrial metabolism determines bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) heterogeneity, and influences long-term blood repopulation potential.Self-renewal and multilineage engraftment capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are key properties leveraged for their clinical use in bone marrow transplantation. Variations in long-term blood reconstitution ability are partly attributed to the functional heterogeneity in HSCs, which is influenced by the dynamic mitochondrial metabolic state, in addition to differences in gene expression. However, when and how this mitochondrial regulation of definitive HSCs originates is unexplored.  Whether metabolic variation is an outcome of the diverse HSC milieu, or an inherent property of the emergent HSCs, is not known. Here, Wwe show that dynamic changes in mitochondrial activity during endothelial to hematopoietic transition (EHT) drives the production of mature HSCs in the mouse embryo. Pharmacological and genetic manipulations show that  hematopoietic emergence during the endothelial to hematopoietic transition (EHT) in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region involves mitochondrial remodelling. reduced mitochondrial activity activates Wnt signalling to promote expansion of mature HSCs in the AGM. Further, single cell transcriptomics and functional assays uncovered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) driven functional heterogeneity within the mature HSC pool. MMPlow HSCs are myeloid-biased and exhibit enhanced differentiation potential. Contrarily, MMPhigh HSCs are lymphoid-biased with diminished differentiation potential. Mechanistically, low mitochondrial activity upregulates PI3K signalling to fuel embryonic HSC differentiation. We provide insights into the metabolic regulation of HSC origin and function, that can be leveraged to direct HSC fate decisions for clinical interventions. Overall design: To investigate the mechanims of how mitochondrial activity regulates embryonic HSC maturation, E10.5 AGM was treated with CCCP and bulk-RNA transcriptome analysis was carried out in control and CCCP treated c-kit+ HSCs.