Negative feedback of cyclic di-GMP levels optimizes switching between sessile and motile lifestyles in Vibrio cholerae [ChIP-seq]
The signaling molecule cyclic di-GMP (cdG) controls the switch between bacterial motility and biofilm production, and fluctuations in cellular levels of cdG have been implicated in Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis. Intracellular concentrations of cdG are controlled by the interplay of diguanylate cyclase (DGC) enzymes, which synthesize cdG to promote biofilms, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes, which hydrolyse cdG to drive motility. To track the complete regulatory logic of how V. cholerae responds to changing cdG levels, we followed a time course of overexpression of either the V. harveyi diguanylate cyclase QrgB or a variant of QrgB lacking catalytic activity (QrgB*). We find that QrgB increases cdG levels relative to QrgB* for 30 minutes after overexpression, but the effect of QrgB on cdG levels plateaus at 30 minutes, indicating tight adaptive control of cdG levels. In contrast, loss of VpsR, a master regulator activating biofilm formation upon binding to cdG, leads to higher baseline levels of cdG and continuously increasing cdG through 60 minutes after QrgB induction, revealing the existence of a negative feedback loop on cdG levels operating through VpsR. Through a combination of RNA polymerase ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, and genetic approaches, we show that the PDE CdgC is activated by VpsR at high cdG concentrations, mediating this negative feedback on cdG levels. We further identify a transcript encoded within, and antisense to, the cdgC open reading frame which we name sRNA negative regulator of CdgC (SnrC). RNA polymerase ChIP-seq and RNA-seq demonstrate SnrC to be expressed specifically under conditions of high cdG in the absence of VpsR. Ectopic SnrC expression increases cdG levels in a manner depending on CdgC, demonstrating that its effect on cdG levels is likely through interference with CdgC production. Further, although cells lacking cdgC exhibit enhanced biofilm formation, these mutants are outcompeted by wild type V. cholerae in colonization assays that reward a combination of attachment, dispersal, and motility. These results underscore the importance of negative feedback regulation of cdG to maintain appropriate homeostatic levels for efficient transitioning between biofilm formation and motility, both of which are necessary over the course of the V. cholerae infection cycle. Overall design: Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of RNA polymerase in Vibrio cholerae in the following genotypes: WT, delta-vpsR, delta-vpsT