Impact of plastic-related compounds on the gene expression signature of HepG2 cells transfected with CYP3A4
The presence of plastic and microplastic within the oceans as well as in marine flora and fauna have caused a multitude of problems which have been topic of numerous investigations for many years. However, their impact on human health remains largely unknown. Such plastic and microplastic particles have been detected in blood and placenta, underlining their ability to enter the human body. Plastics also contain other compounds, such as plasticizers, antioxidants, or dyes, whose impact on human health is currently being studied. Critical enzymes within the metabolism of endogenous molecules, especially of xenobiotics, are the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). Although their importance in maintaining cellular balance has been confirmed, their interactions with plastics and related products are poorly understood. In this study, the possible relationship between different plastic-related compounds and CYP3A4 as one of the most important CYPs was analyzed using hepatic cells overexpressing this enzyme. Beginning with virtual compound screening and molecular docking of more than 1,000 plastic-related compounds, several candidates were identified to interact with CYP3A4. In a second step, RNA-sequencing was used to study in detail the transcriptome-wide gene expression levels affected by the selected compounds. The results showed that three candidate molecules (2,2'-methylene bis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 1,1-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, and 2,2'-methylene bis(6-cyclohexyl-4-methylphenol) had an excellent binding affinity to CYP3A4 in silico as well as cytotoxic effects and interactions with several metabolic pathways in vitro. We identified common pathways influenced by all three selected plastic-related compounds. In particular, the suppression of pathways related to mitosis and 'DNA-templated DNA replication'. Furthermore, several mis-regulated metabolic and inflammation-related pathways were identified, suggesting the induction of hepatotoxicity at different levels. These findings imply that these compounds may cause problems in the liver, which could subsequently affect the entire organism. Overall design: To investigate whether plastic-related compounds may have a toxic effect on liver cells overexpressing cytochrome CYP3A4