16S rRNA of gut microbiota
In UC colon mucosa, the metabolic mode of macrophages shifted more toward glycolysis, a process driven by HIF1a and key glycolytic proteins such as GLUT1, HK2, PKM2, and PFKFB3. PKM2, in particular, serves as a biomarker for microbial dysregulation in IBD, and HIF1a is essential in the adaptive response to alcohol-induced changes in intestinal microbiota. And it is well known that intestinal macrophages play an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis by regulating host-microbe symbiosis. As such, this study assessed whether decreased colitis severity in PFKFB3cKO mice was related to alterations in the gut microbiota by collecting stool samples from PFKFB3cKO(5 mice) and littermate(4 mice) to 16S rRNA sequencing.