Assessing the risk of spreading Clostridioides difficile and its toxins within the dairy farm
Clostridioides difficile currently constitutes a major pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract, which poses a significant growing burden on medicine and veterinary medicine in many regions. The farm was assessed (feed table, silage pit and feces (healthy animals, emaciated animals, and animals with mastitis) for the presence of C. difficile toxins using the PCR method and for the microbiome in cow feed and feces using NGS technology, one month apart. C. difficile toxin A and binary toxin were detected in feed samples. C. difficile toxins genes were detected in sick animals feces several times more often than in healthy ones. Analysis of the microbial community of cow feces revealed that, during the month, the animals experienced major changes in the community structure associated with the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria, in particular Paeniclostridium sordellii, as well as with the development of methanogenic archaea of the Methanobacteriaceae and associated microorganisms (Lachnospiraceae and Anaerovoracaceae), which may speak of a decrease in feed efficiency and, subsequently, animal productivity. Thus, it seems likely that C. difficile enters the gastrointestinal tract of animals with feed, while animals weakened by diseases are more sensitive to the reproduction of pathogens in the GIT due to a weakened organism.