Smoke exposure triggers rapid transcriptional changes and reveals glycosyltransferases linked to smoke taint in ripening grape berries
With the increasing frequency of wildfires, vineyards are more often exposed to smoke, resulting in a higher risk of smoke taint in wine. This taint imparts undesirable smoky and ashy aromas and causes significant economic losses. Smoke-derived volatile phenols (VPs) in grape berries, metabolized into stable, non-volatile glycoconjugates via glycosyltransferases (GTs), underlie smoke taint formation. Here, we present the dwarf grapevine cultivar Pixie as a model system for smoke taint research. We generated a phased, telomere-to-telomere diploid genome using HiFi long-read sequencing, along with an expression atlas spanning 30 replicated samples across various tissues and developmental stages. We also constructed a second telomere-to-telomere assembly for Pinot Noir to assess GT expression during berry ripening in the field. Controlled smoke-exposure experiments profiled GT expression and enabled transcriptome-wide analyses at multiple time points. We measured VPs in both smoke-exposed and control samples, revealing 12 GT1 genes significantly upregulated by smoke, named Vitis vinifera smoke-inducible UGTs (VviSIUGTs). Their expression peaked one day post-exposure and declined by day three, mirroring glycoside accumulation dynamics. Gene co-expression network analyses highlighted stress-responsive modules enriched in these VviSIUGTs, while transcription factor binding site analyses pinpointed stress-related regulatory elements in their promoters. These findings provide new insights into the molecular basis of smoke taint and identify potential targets for breeding and biotechnological interventions aimed at developing grapevine cultivars with reduced susceptibility to smoke damage.