Biofilm-mediated Antibiotic Tolerance in Staphylococcus aureus from Spinal Cord Stimulation Device-Related Infections
Staphylococcus aureus is a predominant cause of infections in individuals with spinal cord stimulation devices (SCS). Biofilm formation complicates these infections, commonly requiring both surgical and antibiotic treatments. This study explored the biofilm matrix composition and antimicrobial susceptibility of planktonic and biofilm-growing S. aureus isolates from individuals with SCS-related infections.  Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) examined genotypes, virulome, resistome, and the pan-genome structure. The study also analyzed biofilm matrix composition, early surface adhesion, hemolytic activity, and antibiotic susceptibility testing.  WGS revealed genetic diversity among isolates. One isolate, though oxacillin-susceptible, contained the mecA gene. The median number of virulence factor genes per isolate was 58. All isolates harbored the biofilm-related icaA/D genes. When assessing phenotypic characteristics, all strains demonstrated the ability to form biofilms in vitro. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile indicated that oxacillin, teicoplanin, and rifampin showed the highest efficacy against S. aureus biofilm. Conversely, high biofilm tolerance was observed for vancomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin.  These findings suggest that S. aureus isolates are highly virulent and produce robust biofilms. In cases of suspected biofilm infections caused by S. aureus, vancomycin should not be the primary choice due to its low activity against biofilm. Instead, oxacillin, teicoplanin, and rifampicin appear to be more effective options to manage SCS infections.