Rapid evolution of colistin resistance in a bioreactor model of infection of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Objectives. We seek to understand the dynamics of de novo resistant mutations arising during colistin treatment of an antibiotic-naïve population of K. pneumoniae. Methods. We used a bioreactor model of infection and colistin treatment against the colistin susceptible K. pneumoniae Ecl8. Whole-genome sequencing and MIC profiling was used to characterize genetic and phenotypic state of the bacterial culture at three time points: before treatment, immediately after regrowth following challenge, and at the end point of the experiment. A mathematical model based on the birth-death process was used to gain further insights on the population dynamics of emerging resistant variants. Results. We find that, after an initial decline, the population recovers within 24h due to the evolution of highly resistant clones which exhibit MICs >100-fold higher than the parental strain. Recovery is caused by a small number of “founder cells” which have single point mutations mainly in the regulatory genes encoding crrB and pmrB. The mutants arise through spontaneous mutations prior to colistin treatment. Conclusions. Development of colistin resistance during treatment of K. pneumoniae infections is readily achieved if colistin is used as a monotherapy.