Biocontrol potential of raw olive mill waste against Verticillium dahliae in vegetable crops
Verticillium wilt caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae causes severe losses to a broad range of economically important crops worldwide. Chemical disease management in some cases is less effectiveineffective; thus, alternative control strategies are needed. Olive-producing countries face the challenge of managing olive mill wastewaters (OMW) in an environmentally friendly and agronomically beneficial manner. The proper use of OMW supported by scientific research has been proposed as a valuable mean for successful disease management. In this respect, we tested whether soil application of raw OMW can protect vegetable crops against V. dahliae and investigated the potential disease suppressive mechanisms. OMW inhibited significantly fungal growth, sporulation, hyphae width, conidial and microsclerotial germination in-vitro, and these effects were dose-depended. Moreover, the addition of OMW in the soil provided sufficient protection of eggplant and tomato against V. dahliae in-planta. The high OMW-conferred protection of eggplant was gradually decreased, possibly due to the decreased phenolic content in OMW over time. Bioassays with sterilized soil substrate and OMW, along with isolated microbial strains isolated from these substrates revealed that soil- and OMW- originated microbes had no role in disease suppression. Moreover, split-root set ups suggestedrevealed a non-systemic OMW-induced resistance mechanism. Root-drench application of OMW in eggplant and tomato plants did not cause significant alterations in the structure of their endophytic microbiome that could be associated with disease suppressiveness.