Insect symbiotic bacteria Raw sequence reads
The effect of pesticides on natural enemies of pests is key to harmonizing biological and chemical control. However, there is currently very limited information on the effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam (THM) on parasitic natural enemies. Binodoxys communis, as an important natural enemy of aphids, will inevitably be directly or indirectly exposed to insecticides during biological control. Therefore it is important to explore the potential harmful effects of THM on B. communis. In this study, we found that both indirect and direct exposure to sublethal concentration of THM (LC10 and LC25) negatively affected parasitism rate, emergence rate, development time and adult longevity of B. communis F0 and F1. Based on transcriptomics, significant changes in metabolic and detoxification genes were found in B. communis at sublethal concentration, while 16S rRNA analysis showed that THM reduced microbial diversity in concentration, and all of them significantly affected concentration at phylum and genus levels. At sublethal concentration, indirect and direct exposure to THM affected B. communis differently and triggered different coping strategies in B. communis while producing transgenerational effects. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of insecticides with different exposure routes on B. communis to provide theoretical basis and data support for the integrated management of cotton aphids.