Selectively targeting the AdipoR2-CaM-CaMKII-NOS3 axis by SCM-198 as a rapid-acting therapy for advanced acute liver failure
In acute liver failure (ALF), liver regeneration deficiency is frequently observed, which is the leading cause of ALF and has a high mortality rate. If not treated promptly, ALF may lead to the need for a liver transplant due to limited treatment options. Here, we report the discovery of a 4-guanidino-n-butyl syringate (Leonurine), which has a hepatoprotective effect and can promote regeneration in mouse liver and human embryonic stem cell-induced liver organoids after acute liver injury (ALI). Leonurine demonstrated excellent safety and pharmacokinetics in vivo and was able to significantly reduce mortality in mice after administration of a lethal 24-hour dose of thioacetamide (TAA) or acetaminophen (APAP), which is fully protective compared to treatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) loss of protection. We have synthesized a Leonurine biotinylation probe and have identified adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2), a progesterone and adiponectin receptor family member, as a selective binding partner of Leonurine with a dissociation constant at micromolar levels. Depleting nitric oxide (NO) levels in hepatocytes is the leading cause of liver regeneration deficiency following ALI. The reduction of AdipoR2-Calmodulin (CaM)-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) complex activity decreased NO production in hepatocytes, a significant contributor to the ALF phenotype induced by liver regeneration deficiency. Leonurine can form a guanidine-arginine pairing with the AdipoR2 arginine 335 (R335) site to enhance the activity level of AdipoR2 and increase the NO content in hepatocytes, promoting liver regeneration, and quickly antagonize ALF. The oxygen atom of AdipoR2 tyrosine 274 (Y274) interacts with the oxygen atom of Leonurine through hydrogen bonds, significantly enhancing the hydrophobicity of AdipoR2 arginine 275 (R275) residue, thereby activating its surface activity, reducing the molecular switch stability of R275 and aspartate 117 (D117) configurations, which increased the hydrophilic effect, thus regulating Ca2+ inflow but not significantly affecting the AMP level of hepatocytes and finally increasing CaM activity to upregulate the activity of the AdipoR2-CaM-eNOS complex, resulting in increased NO production. In vitro, the knockdown of AdipoR2 or the introduction of a mutant that does not bind to Leonurine blunts the effect of Leonurine's up-regulation of AdipoR2-CaM-eNOS complex activity. In vivo, the knock-out of AdipoR2 or NOS3 eliminated liver protection and regeneration, which Leonurine mediates. The evidence suggests that Leonurine possesses therapeutic benefits for patients without significant adverse effects. Our findings indicate that Leonurine possesses the potential to provide a rapid-acting treatment for the exercise of therapeutic benefits in ALF. Overall design: To investigate the role of Leonurine binding to AdipoR2 receptor in the treatment of hepatic pharmacologic injury, we injected wild-type and Adipor2 knock-out mice with APAP, followed by injection of Leonurine and saline for the treatment. Mouse liver RNA samples were collected for sequencing. We then performed gene expression analysis by RNA-seq of four groups (APAP-WT-Leo, APAP-WT-Saline, APAP-Adipor2KO-Leo, APAP-Adipor2KO-Saline) to obtain differentially expressed genes for investigate the mechanism of Leonurine action in the treatment of drug-induced liver injury through Adipor2.