Influence of TAK1 signaling on the cardiac fibroblasts transcriptome
Organ health and function depend on communication between cell types to coordinate tissue growth and repair. Recent studies have indicated that fibroblasts are critical to this process; however, their role in regulating inflammatory responses to injury have remained ambiguous.  Here, we demonstrate that transforming growth factor ß-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a gatekeeper of the inflammatory cardiac fibroblast phenotype. We find that TAK1 propagates IL-1ß and TNF-a signaling in cardiac fibroblasts and coordinates the synthesis and secretion of chemokines  as well as inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators. Deletion of TAK1 specifically in fibroblasts improves cardiac structural and functional remodeling after MI in male mice, which is associated with decreased immune cell recruitment and lower levels of resident macrophages . Nevertheless, we found the effects of TAK1 deletion to be sexually dimorphic in nature, providing support to the idea that the protected phenotype of the female sex may be based in disparate immune and inflammatory responses. Moreover, TAK1 signaling controlled the acquisition of novel markers of the inflammatory fibroblast phenotype, having a biological basis in redox stress, chemokine  and lipid mediator biosynthesis, metalloproteinase activity, and damage-associated molecular pattern recognition. Using genes associated with these processes as guides, we find that cardiac inflammatory fibroblasts arise xxx after MI in both mouse models and humans . Collectively, these results further resolve the nature and function of inflammatory cardiac fibroblasts  in cardiac responses to injury and identify TAK1 signaling in fibroblasts as a potential target for therapy. Overall design: Isolated cardiac fibroblasts from TAK1fl/fl mice were transduced with LacZ or iCre prior to stimulation with bFGF, TNFa, IL-1b, or TGFb for 24 hours.