Protein interaction landscape of human transcription factors
To participate in transcriptional regulation, transcription factors (TFs) interact with several proteins, such as cofactors and histone-modifying enzymes. Here, we identified 7233 and 2176 protein-protein interactions for 110 different human TFs through proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) and affinity purification using strep-HA tag, respectively. Eighty percent of the interactions were nuclear, and most of them were linked to transcriptional regulation. The BioID analysis resulted in more interactions than AP-MS, highlighting the transient and dynamic nature of the TF interactions.From clustering and correlation analysis, we identified subgroups of TFs associated with specific biological functions, such as RNA-splicing, actin signalling and chromatin remodelling. We also observed 203 TF-TF interactions, of which 175 were interactions to Nuclear Factor 1 (NFI) -family TFs, indicating cross-talk between NFI signalling and numerous other TF signalling. Moreover, TF interactions with basal transcription machinery were mainly observed through TFIID and SAGA complexes.This study provides not only an excellent collection of human TF protein-protein interactions, which can be used in subsequent studies, but also a set of interactomes against which TF interactomes can be profiled.