Modulation of plant immunity and bacterial virulence by phage biocontrol
Bacteriophages are increasingly recognised as key players in modulating plant-microbe interactions, including their potential in the biocontrol of plant pathogenic bacteria.   In this study, we investigated the tripartite interaction between, Arabidopsis thaliana, the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), and the lytic phage Seregon. Using meta-transcriptomic profiling, we characterized host and pathogen responses during infection and phage treatment. While a single phage treatment did not lead to the eradication of Xcc, treatment with phage Seregon significantly mitigated Xcc-induced disease symptoms, restoring leaf growth to levels comparable to the uninfected control within 14 days post-inoculation. Our data revealed that phage-mediated protection is associated with early bacterial recognition and suppression of jasmonate (JA)-related responses in the host. Analysis of nuclear localized reporter plant cell lines further confirmed a significant reduction in ROS levels in phage-treated plants. Concurrently, Xcc exhibited significant transcriptional downregulation of key virulence factors in the presence of the phage, including the genes encoding the type III secretion system, its associated effectors, and components involved in flagella biosynthesis. Remarkably, phage treatment did not lead to a significant increase in bacterial resistance to phage infection, which is in stark contrast to in vitro conditions. Taken together, this study provides first mechanistic insight into how phages can be harnessed to shape plant-pathogen interactions and highlights their potential role in enhancing plant resilience through targeted modulation of both host immunity and pathogen behaviour. Overall design: RNA-Seq of a Tripartite interaction consisting of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 - Xanthomonas campestris (strain 8004) - Xanthomonas phage Seregon. Day 0, 2 and 7 post inocculation. Samples were double rRNA depleted.