A role for BCL6 in maintaining CX3CR1+ CD4+ T cells during helminth infection
Distinct subsets of T lymphocytes express CX3CR1 under inflammatory conditions, but little is known about CX3CR1+ CD4+ T cells during Type 2 inflammation in helminth infections. Here, we used a fate-mapping mouse model to characterize CX3CR1+ CD4+ T cells during both acute Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and chronic Schistosoma mansoni helminth infections, revealing CX3CR1+ CD4+ T cells to be an activated tissue homing subset with varying capacity for cytokine production. Tracking these cells over time revealed that maintenance of CX3CR1 itself along with a TH2 phenotype conferred a survival advantage in the inflamed tissue. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of fate-mapped CX3CR1+ CD4+ T cells from both the peripheral tissue and the spleen revealed a considerable level of diversity and identified a distinct population of BCL6+ TCF-1+ PD1+ CD4+ T cells in the spleen during helminth infections. Conditional deletion of BCL6 in CX3CR1+ cells result in fewer CX3CR1+ CD4+ during infection, indicating a role in sustaining CD4+ T cell responses to helminth infections. Overall, our studies revealed the behavior and heterogeneity of CX3CR1+ CD4+ T cells during Type 2 inflammation in helminth infections and identified BCL6 to be important in their maintenance Overall design: Single cell suspensions were obtained from livers and spleens .  For both tissues, cells were sorted on singlet cells, live cells, CD45+ cells, DumpNEG (CD11b+, CD11c+, CD49b+, CD19+, CD8+) cells, CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells. Cells were isolated from 2 mice and pooled together, with equal numbers of cells pooled from each animal used. 12,000 cells from each tissue were loaded on a 10X Genomics Next GEM chip and single-cell GEMs were generated on a 10X Chromium Controller