Inceptor binds to and directs insulin towards lysosomal degradation in beta-cells
Blunted first-phase insulin secretion and insulin deficiency are indicators of ß-cell dysfunction and diabetes manifestation. Thus, insights into molecular mechanisms that regulate insulin homeostasis might provide entry sites  to replenish insulin content and restore ß-cell function. Here, we identify the insulin inhibitory receptor (short: inceptor; encoded by the gene IIR) as an insulin-binding receptor that regulates insulin stores by lysosomal degradation. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived islets, we show that IIR knockout (KO) results in enhanced stem cell (SC)-ß-cell differentiation and survival. Strikingly, extended in vitro culture of IIR KO SC-ß-cells leads to greatly increased insulin content and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). We find that inceptor localises to clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) close to the plasma membrane (PM) and in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), as well as in secretory granules (SGs), where it acts as a sorting receptor to direct proinsulin and insulin towards lysosomal degradation. Targeting inceptor using a monoclonal antibody (mAB) increases proinsulin and insulin content and improves SC-ß-cell GSIS. Overall design: Stage 6 iPSC derived islet-like clusters (SC-islets) from IIR KO and WT cell lines were analyzed by scRNA-seq