Controlling DNA-deletion sizes, chromosomal translocations and aneuploidy in CRISPR-edited human T cells by the strength of TCR stimulation and pifithrin-a
CRISPR/Cas9-engineered human T cells hold great promise in improving T cell effector functions for adoptive T cell therapies. To ensure safety during CRISPR/Cas9-editing optimized gRNAs, novel variants or prediction tools for indel outcomes have been developed. Still, several reports describe the occurrence of CRISPR-induced chromosomal aberrations, such as loss of large DNA fragments or even aneuploidy. So far, the measures to increase the safety of T cell products focused on the CRISPR Cas9 system. However, T cell-intrinsic features, such as their massive expansion after TCR stimulation, have not been fully taken into consideration. Here, we describe driving forces of indel formation in primary human T cells. Increased T cell activation and proliferation speed correlate with larger deletions. Editing of non-activated T cells reduces the risk of unwanted large deletions but with the downside of reduced knock-out efficiencies. An alternative strategy to reduce the risk of large deletions is the addition of the small molecule pifithrin-a after CRISPR/Cas9 editing. Pifithrin-a treatment results in smaller, more defined deletions and reduces the risk of CRISPR-induced chromosomal translocations and aneuploidy in a p53-independent manner while maintaining the functionality of CRISPR-engineered T cells. Controlling T cell activation and the addition of pifithrin-a are easily accessible strategies for safer CRISPR/Cas9-engineering for adoptive T cell therapies. Overall design: To investigate the effects of Pifithrin alpha on the DNA-Damage-Repair, primary human T-cells were genetically edited with CRISPR/Cas9 with or without the presence of Pifithrin alpha. The following are not used in the manuscript: GSM7967669, GSM7967672, GSM7967674, GSM7967675, GSM7967676, GSM7967677, GSM7967680, GSM7967681, GSM7967682, GSM7967683, and GSM7967686.