Salmonella sequence from children with diarrhea, food and environmental samples
Salmonella is one of the most frequent causes of diarrhea globally. This  study used a One Health approach to identify Salmonella species in children  admitted with diarrhea and tested samples from the cases' household  environment to investigate their genetic similarity using whole genome  sequencing. Surveillance of hospitalized diarrhea cases among children  under 5? years was conducted in rural and urban Moshi Districts in the  Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania from July 2020 through November 2022.  Household visits were conducted for every child case whose parent/ caregiver provided consent. Stool samples, water, domestic animal feces,  meat, and milk were collected and tested for Salmonella. Isolates were  sequenced on the Illumina NextSeq platform. Multilocus Sequence Typing  and phylogenetic analyses were performed to map the genetic relatedness  of the isolates. Salmonella was isolated from 72 (6.0%) of 1,191 samples. The  prevalence of Salmonella in children with diarrhea, domestic animal feces,  food, and water was 2.6% (n? =? 8/306), 4.6% (n? =? 8/174), 4.2% (n? =? 16/382),  and 17.3% (n? =? 39/225), respectively. Four (1.3%) of the 306 enrolled children  had a Salmonella positive sample taken from their household. The common  sequence types (STs) were ST1208, ST309, ST166, and ST473. Salmonella Newport was shared by a case and a raw milk sample taken from the same  household. The study revealed a high diversity of Salmonella spp., however,  we detected a Salmonella clone of ST1208 isolated at least from all types  of samples. These findings contribute to understanding the epidemiology  of Salmonella in the region and provide insight into potential control of  foodborne diseases through a One Health approach.