Allochthonous groundwater microorganisms affect coastal seawater ecology
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a globally important process supplying nutrients and trace elements to the coastal environment, thus playing a pivotal role in sustaining marine primary productivity. Along with nutrients, groundwater also contains allochthonous microbes that are discharged from the terrestrial subsurface into the sea. Currently, little is known about the interactions between groundwater-borne and coastal seawater microbial populations, and their role upon introduction to coastal seawater populations. The aim of this study is to investigate seawater microbial abundance, activity and diversity in a site strongly influenced by SGD, and through laboratory-controlled bottle incubations mimicking different mixing scenarios between SGD (either ambient or filtered through 0.1 um/0.22 um) and seawater.Our results demonstrate that the addition of <0.1 um SGD stimulated heterotrophic activity and increased microbial abundance compared to control, whereas <0.22 um filtration treatments induced primary productivity rates and Synechococcus growth. Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed a strong shift from a SAR11-rich community in the reference SGD-unaffected coastal samples to a Rhodobacteraceae-dominated one in the <0.1 um treatment, in agreement with their in-situ enrichment in the SGD field site. These results suggest that despite the significant nutrient input, microbes delivered by SGD may affect the abundance, activity and diversity of intrinsic microbes in coastal seawater. Our results highlight the cryptic interplay between groundwater and seawater microbes in coastal environments, which has important implications for carbon cycling and climate.