Early antibiotics and vaccination
In this prospective observational study, blood and stool samples were collected from 69 preterm infants (<32 weeks gestational age; 34 without and 35 with antibiotic exposure during the first postnatal week) at postnatal day 14 and at four months corrected age. We assessed vaccine-induced antibody titers against Bordetella pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae, immune cell profiles (flow cytometry), gut microbiome composition (16S rRNA sequencing), and plasma amino acid and acylcarnitine levels (tandem mass spectrometry).