Roxithromycin exposure induces motoneuron malformation and behavioral deficits of zebrafish by interfering with the differentiation of motor neuron progenitor cells
Roxithromycin (ROX), a commonly used macrolide antibiotic, is extensively employed in human medicine and livestock industries. Due to its structural stability and resistance to biological degradation, ROX persists as a resilient environmental contaminant, detectable in aquatic ecosystems and food products. However, our understanding of the potential health risks to humans from continuous ROX exposure remains limited. In this study, we used the zebrafish as a vertebrate model to explore the potential developmental toxicity of early ROX exposure, particularly focusing on its effects on locomotor functionality and motoneuron development. Early exposure to ROX induces marked developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos, significantly reducing hatching rates, body lengths, and increased malformation rates. Moreover, ROX exposure adversely affected the locomotive capacity of zebrafish embryos, and observations in transgenic zebrafish Tg(hb9:eGFP) revealed axonal loss in motor neurons, evident through reduced or irregular axonal lengths. Concurrently, abnormal apoptosis in ROX-exposed zebrafish embryos intensified alongside the upregulation of apoptosis-related genes (bax, bcl2, caspase-3a). Single-cell sequencing further disclosed substantial effects of ROX on genes involved in the differentiation of motor neuron progenitor cells (ngn1, olig2), axon development (cd82a, mbpa, plp1b, sema5a), and neuroimmunity (aplnrb, aplnra) in zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, the motor neuron defects induced by ROX can be rescued by administering ngn1 agonist. In summary, ROX exposure leads to early-life abnormalities in zebrafish motor neurons and locomotor behavior by hindering the differentiation of motor neuron progenitor cells and inducing abnormal apoptosis.