cfDNA 5hmC-Seal in HCs and SLE patients
The cfDNA of plasma from stable SLE, active SLE, validation SLE, and HC groups were isolated by the QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid kit (Qiagen, Valencia, USA). Then, the selective 5hmC chemical labeling was performed. After cfDNA purification, the biotin-labeled cfDNA was pulled down using C1 Streptavidin beads (Life Technologies). Next, the captured cfDNA was amplified and purified. The libraries were quantified by a Qubit fluorometer (Life Technologies, CA, USA). The library preparations were sequenced on the Illumina Novaseq platform, and 150 bp paired-end reads were generated.