Senescence-specific translation dysregulation desensitizes cells to stress by inhibiting activation of the integrated stress response
Senescence is a state of indefinite cell cycle arrest associated with aging, cancer, and age-related diseases. Here we find that translational deregulation and a corresponding maladaptive integrated stress response (ISR) is a hallmark of senescence that desensitizes senescent cells to stress. We present evidence that senescent cells maintain high levels of eIF2? phosphorylation, typical of ISR activation, but translationally repress production of the stress response transcription factor 4 (ATF4) by ineffective bypass of the inhibitory upstream open reading frames (uORFs). Surprisingly, ATF4 translation remains inhibited even after acute proteotoxic and amino acid starvation stressors, resulting in a highly diminished stress response. We also find that stress augments the senescence associated secretory phenotype with sustained remodeling of inflammatory factors expression that is suppressed by non-uORF carrying ATF4 mRNA expression. Our results thus show that senescent cells possess a unique response to stress that entails an increase in their inflammatory profile. Overall design: Ribosome sequencing analysis of cycling, senescent, quiescent, and Tg-stressed IMR90 fibroblasts. RNA and Ribo-seq material harvested in parallel. Ribo-seq footprints generated by incubating RNA with RNAse I at 4C for 20 minutes.