Insights into the effects of gut microbiota and circulating metabolites on oral cancer
We recruited a total of 12 patients diagnosed with oral cancer and 12 matched healthy controls who had not received any treatment before sampling. All participants were recruited from our hospital between July and October 2025. To ensure comparability between groups, we maintained consistency in all factors other than oral cancer, including gender, age, lifestyle, and dietary habits. Healthy controls were recruited from the physical examination center of our hospital.