Systematic Profiling of Essential Fungal Transcription Factors of Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans is a global fungal pathogen that causes fatal cryptococcosis, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutics given the limitations of current antifungals. Here, we systematically investigate essential transcription factors (TFs) in C. neoformans, focusing on their roles in growth and their potential as drug targets. We developed experimental pipelines to assess growth requirement, essentiality, and function using conditional gene expression, constitutive overexpression, and meiotic spore analysis. Through these systematic analyses, we identify one quasi-essential (growth-required but non-essential) TF, Fhl1, and 13 essential TFs, including three (Ezt1, Ezt2 and Cbf1) that are highly divergent from counterparts in other eukaryotes. Notably, Ezt1 emerged as a central TF regulating over 1,200 genes, controlling growth, antifungal drug and stress responses, sexual development, and virulence. Collectively, our findings define the essential TF landscape of C. neoformans and provide a framework for leveraging these regulators, particularly Ezt1, to develop targeted therapies for cryptococcosis.