Multi-time point transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals toxic responses of imidacloprid exposure in Aquatica leii (coleoptera: lampyridae)
Imidacloprid (IMI), a neonicotinoid insecticide, is widely used in crop protection during plant growth. However, the high water solubility and stability of IMI allow it to be transported into aquatic systems via rainfall, drainage, spray drift, and other pathways, causing severe damage to aquatic invertebrates. Limited information exists on the physiological, transcriptional, and metabolic mechanisms of IMI toxicity to aquatic fireflies. In this study, we investigated the effects of multi-time-point acute IMI stress on physiology, transcription, and metabolism in Aquatica leii.