V583 and DAP strain Illumina resequencing
Genetic basis for daptomycin resistance in enterococci
Resequencing of Enterococcus faecalis V583 and three daptomycin-resistant V583 variants
The emergence of multidrug resistant enterococci as leading causes of hospital acquired infection is an important public health concern. Little is known about the genetic mechanisms by which enterococci adapt to strong selective pressures, including the use of antibiotics. The lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin is approved to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections including those caused by enterococci. Since its introduction, resistance to daptomycin by strains of Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium has been reported, but is still rare. We evolved daptomycin resistant strains of the multidrug resistant E. faecalis strain V583. Based on the availability of a fully closed genome sequence for V583, we used whole genome resequencing to identify the mutations that became fixed over small time scales (~ 2 weeks) upon serial passage in the presence of daptomycin. By comparison of the genome sequences of the three adapted strains to parental V583, we identified seven candidate daptomycin resistance genes and three different mutational paths to daptomycin resistance in E. faecalis. Mutations in one of the seven candidate genes, encoding a putative cardiolipin synthase (EF0631), were found in each of the adapted E. faecalis V583 strains, as well as in E. faecalis and E. faecium daptomycin resistant clinical isolates. Alleles of EF0631 from daptomycin resistant strains are dominant in trans, and confer daptomycin resistance upon a susceptible host.   These results demonstrate a mechanism of enterococcal daptomycin resistance that is genetically distinct from that occurring in staphylococci, and indicate that enterococci possessing alternate EF0631 alleles are selected for during daptomycin therapy. However, our analysis of E. faecalis clinical isolates indicates that resistance pathways independent from mutant forms of EF0631 also exist.