GSE183087
The thiolation modification of tRNA is essential for plant immunity
Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to regulate gene expression to activate immune responses against pathogen infections. However, how the translation system contributes to plant immunity is largely unknown. The evolutionarily conserved thiolation modification of tRNA ensures efficient decoding during translation. Here we show that tRNA thiolation is required for plant immunity in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis cgb mutant is hyper-susceptible to the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. CGB encodes ROL5, a homolog of yeast NCS6 required for tRNA thiolation. ROL5 physically interacts with CTU2, a homolog of yeast NCS2. Mutations in either ROL5 or CTU2 result in loss of tRNA thiolation. Further analyses reveal that tRNA thiolation is required for both transcriptional reprogramming and translational reprogramming during immune responses. The translation efficiency of immune-related proteins reduces when tRNA thiolation is absent. Our study not only uncovers a new biological function of tRNA thiolation but also reveals a new mechanism for plant immunity. Overall design: We performed the mRNA profiles of  21-day old leaf tissues from tRNA modification mcm5s2U mutant (cgb) and the complementation line (COM) before or after the pathogen infection.