ena-STUDY-UNIVERSITY OF BERN-05-02-2019-10:48:21:013-2
Novel Encephalomyelitis-Associated Astrovirus in a Muskox  (Ovibos moschatus) – a Surprise from the Archives
The small, single-stranded positive-sense RNA astroviruses are mostly known to be enteric viruses. In recent years, though, different astroviruses were reported in association with neurological disease in various species. In cattle, two distinct neurotropic astrovirus genotype species were described in numerous cases of nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, with one of these viruses also reported in similar circumstances in several sheep. Here, we retrieved archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissues of a muskox diagnosed with a comparable disease pattern in 1982 (ID 15375) and investigated them for the presence of both of these neurotropic astroviruses by immunohistochemistry. Initially, they scored positive for both viruses; however, unexpected results with further immunohistochemical testing, in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR prompted us to submit an RNA extract from the animal's brain material to next-generation sequencing. We were thus able to obtain the full genome of a novel astrovirus, muskox astrovirus CH18 (MOxAstV-CH18), whose closest relative is an enteric ovine astrovirus. Subsequently, viral RNA could be detected with a specific RT-PCR in the brain of the affected animal, but not in fecal samples from the current muskoxen herd of the animal park where animal 15375 was kept. Unfortunately, this and the fact that no material from other organs was available prevent any assumption about the epidemiology or pathogenesis of the novel virus. Still, these findings are yet another piece of evidence that the tropism and species specificity of astroviruses could be more deceptive than generally assumed
The small, single-stranded positive-sense RNA astroviruses are mostly known to be enteric viruses. In recent years, though, different astroviruses were reported in association with neurological disease in various species. In cattle, two distinct neurotropic astrovirus genotype species were described in numerous cases of nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, with one of these viruses also reported in similar circumstances in several sheep. Here, we retrieved archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissues of a muskox diagnosed with a comparable disease pattern in 1982 (ID 15375) and investigated them for the presence of both of these neurotropic astroviruses by immunohistochemistry. Initially, they scored positive for both viruses; however, unexpected results with further immunohistochemical testing, in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR prompted us to submit an RNA extract from the animal's brain material to next-generation sequencing. We were thus able to obtain the full genome of a novel astrovirus, muskox astrovirus CH18 (MOxAstV-CH18), whose closest relative is an enteric ovine astrovirus. Subsequently, viral RNA could be detected with a specific RT-PCR in the brain of the affected animal, but not in fecal samples from the current muskoxen herd of the animal park where animal 15375 was kept. Unfortunately, this and the fact that no material from other organs was available prevent any assumption about the epidemiology or pathogenesis of the novel virus. Still, these findings are yet another piece of evidence that the tropism and species specificity of astroviruses could be more deceptive than generally assumed