Influence of the urinary microbiota on high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and BCG immunotherapy
BCG immunotherapy is the standard treatment to prevent bladder cancer recurrence, yet 30–50% of patients experience treatment failure. To investigate the potential influence of the urinary microbiota on BCG response and identify microbial signatures associated with treatment failure, mid-stream urine samples from 47 male patients diagnosed with  non-muscle invasive bladder cancer were collected before the first (preBCG1) and last (preBCG6) BCG administrations. The V3–V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced, and patients were classified based on recurrence status within 12 months into recurrence (R) or non-recurrence (N) groups.
BCG immunotherapy is the standard treatment to prevent bladder cancer recurrence, yet 30–50% of patients experience treatment failure. To investigate the potential influence of the urinary microbiota on BCG response and identify microbial signatures associated with treatment failure, mid-stream urine samples from 47 male patients diagnosed with  non-muscle invasive bladder cancer were collected before the first (preBCG1) and last (preBCG6) BCG administrations. The V3–V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced, and patients were classified based on recurrence status within 12 months into recurrence (R) or non-recurrence (N) groups.