BMSC membrane-cloaked polymeric nanoparticles delivering tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside ameliorate postmenopausal osteoporosis by modulating the RANKL/OPG axis
Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is characterized by disrupted bone remodeling caused by excessive osteoclast activation and inadequate osteoblast-mediated bone formation. Current therapies are limited by variable long-term efficacy, safety concerns, and insufficient bone-specific delivery.