Comprehensive Toxicity Assessment of Rare Earth Elements to Earthworm (Eisenia andrei)
The increasing application of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) in modern technologies, leading to their growing release into terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their widespread use, the ecological risks associated with REE accumulation in soil remain insufficiently understood. This study aims to assess the toxicity of selected REEs using an earthworm behavioral and transcriptomic assays. This study contributes to a better understanding of the environmental risks posed by REEs and underscores the need for further investigation into their long-term ecological effects and regulatory management.