Soil metagenomic analysis of farmland receiving long term manure derived organic fertilization
Soil samples were collected from a family-run farm in Jinghai District, Tianjin, China, at depth intervals of top, middle, and deep. The experimental field has a long-term history of manure application, with a sandy loam soil texture.This study aimed to disentangle the effects of optimized organic fertilization on antibiotic resistance gene dynamics across the soil-plant continuum under realistic field conditions. By profiling shifts in nutrient availability, microbial community assembly, and the fate of antibiotic resistance genes throughout the complete crop reproductive cycle, this work identifies critical biotic and abiotic drivers of ARG dissemination in manure-amended agricultural soils. Our results provide field-based evidence to mitigate antibiotic resistance risks through rational application of manure-derived organic fertilizers, offering practical insights for sustainable farmland management and food-safety protection within manure-amended agroecosystems.