Long-Term Vineyard Cultivation Reshapes Soil Organic Phosphorus Speciation, Phosphatase Activities, and phoC- and phoD-Harboring Bacterial Communities
Organic phosphorus (OP) transformation in perennial vineyard soils is greatly affected by long-term cultivation, fertilization and altered soil properties. Nevertheless, how soil OP speciation, phosphatase activities, and phoC-/phoD-harboring bacterial communities interact with one another remains largely unclear. In this work, we collected soils from 20-year-old vineyards (Y20) and adjacent uncultivated reference soils (CK) in Penglai, China. Long-term vineyard cultivation markedly elevated soil available P (AP), orthophosphate, corrected monoesters (cMonoesters), as well as specific monoesters including myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP), scyllo-IHP and choline phosphate. Vineyard cultivation increased acid phosphomonoesterase (ACP) activity but decreased alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ALP) activity. The alpha-diversity of phoC-harboring bacteria decreased, while the community composition of phoD-harboring bacteria underwent pronounced shifts. Correlation analyses revealed that soil OP species were positively associated with ACP activity and phoD community composition, yet negatively correlated with ALP activity. Collectively, long-term vineyard cultivation improves soil P availability mainly through phosphorus chemical-form redistribution, and meanwhile facilitates the accumulation of stable cMonoesters. Such processes are primarily governed by phosphomonoesterase activities and the phoD-harboring bacterial community. Our results underscore the joint contributions of phosphorus speciation, phosphatase enzymes and functional microbiomes to P transformation in perennial vineyard soils. Although this study focuses on vineyard soil phosphorus cycling similar to PRJNA1516858, it represents an independent dataset with distinct sampling sites, soil chronosequence backgrounds and different scientific hypotheses, and will be submitted for a separate manuscript.