Dietary Astaxanthin Improves Growth, Modulates Skin Antioxidants and Transcriptomics in Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) under Acute Cold Stress
Cold stress disrupts redox homeostasis and skin structural integrity in ornamental koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). To address the unclear long-term effects of astaxanthin (AX), this study examined 90-day dietary supplementation on growth and skin-derived antioxidant mechanisms during cold shock and recovery.